fc.141 the aftermath of stalin’s death (1953-56) peace talks in korea resume two wks later...

FC.141 THE AFTERMATH OF STALIN’S DEATH (1953-56)

Peace talks in Korea

resume two wks later

Uncertainty about direction of US-Sov. relations

Polish workers feel encouraged to agitate for liberal reforms (1956)

Khruschev, now in charge, wants more moderate rule

Withdraws troops fr. Austria (1955) to promote better relations w/US

NATO admits W. Germany (1954) & lets it rearm (1955)

Denounces Stalin’s harsh rule (1956) to signal more relaxed rule

Sov. army crushes uprising

Worker riots in E. Ger.

nearly over-throw Com’s

Khruschev moves forces toward Warsaw, but then grants Poland more freedom as long as it stays loyal to Warsaw Pact

Encourages anti-Commun. reform movement in Hungary

Soviet tanks & troops driven from Budapest-> More radical anti-Soviet govt. encouraged by US propaganda

Sov. forces crush Hung. rev. w/o US intervention (10/1956)

Eisenhower admin. split on how to treat new Sov. govt.

Beria, Stalin’s old right hand

man, is executed

Suez Crisis diverts US attention from

Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)

Stalin’s death in March, 1953 Moderate coalition takes over in Kremlin

(FC.140)

Restores normal relations w/Yugoslavia

Korean War (1950-3) Strain on US milit. resources

(FC.140)

US-Soviet relations deteriorate in late 1950s (FC.143)

USSR forms Warsaw Pact as a counter-measure (FC 140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

AFTERMATH OF STALINFC.141 THE AFTERMATH OF STALIN’S DEATH (1953-56)Stalin’s death in March, 1953 Reaction

of Soviet people?

Reaction of Soviet people?

AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now?

FC.141 THE AFTERMATH OF STALIN’S DEATH (1953-56)Stalin’s death in March, 1953 Govt

that took over?

Govt that took over?

AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov.

FC.141 THE AFTERMATH OF STALIN’S DEATH (1953-56)Stalin’s death in March, 1953

Moderate coalition takes over in Kremlin (FC.139)

(L-R Nikolai Bulganin,Georgi Malenkov, Maxim Z Saburov and Premier of Russia Nikita S. Khrushchev during a garden party at the Indian Embassy

AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov. Rule that no one man should hold all top offices




AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov. Rule that no one man should hold all top offices-Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges




AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov. Rule that no one man should hold all top offices-Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges Put in charge w/Beria to rebld post war SU




AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov. Rule that no one man should hold all top offices-Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges Put in charge w/Beria to rebld post war SU Styled himself a technocrat




AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov. Rule that no one man should hold all top offices-Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges Put in charge w/Beria to rebld post war SU Styled himself a technocrat Despite backgrd, West saw him as best hope for better rel’s




AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov. Rule that no one man should hold all top offices-Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges Put in charge w/Beria to rebld post war SU Styled himself a technocrat Despite backgrd, West saw him as best hope for better rel’s Not tough enough to stay on top




AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners Some crushed Who will save Russia now? Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of Collect. Gov. Rule that no one man should hold all top offices-Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges Put in charge w/Beria to rebld post war SU Styled himself a technocrat Despite backgrd, West saw him as best hope for better rel’s Not tough enough to stay on top- Amnesty for all arrested last 5 yrs.






Korea?


(FC.139)







(FC.139)







(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

How did Comm. Leaders in E. Europe feel about Stalin’s death?


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous





(FC.139)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach





(FC.139)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach




Ulbricht’s policy?


(FC.139)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases




Reaction by E.

Germans?


(FC.139)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16)







(FC.139)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's







(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread







(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse




Who acted & how?




(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

Who acted & how?


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953


E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

Whom did Moscow blame?

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia Kremlin saw US behind this








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

What shocked Polish leaders?

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia Kremlin saw US behind this Polish leaders shocked that workers were behind strikes








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia Kremlin saw US behind this Polish leaders shocked that workers were behind strikes Fiercer power struggle








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia Kremlin saw US behind this Polish leaders shocked that workers were behind strikes Fiercer power struggle Beria saw opport. to take over








(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

What happened?

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia Kremlin saw US behind this Polish leaders shocked that workers were behind strikes Fiercer power struggle Beria saw opport. to take over Denounced as W agent Convicted & shot, the only Sov. leader to die like that






nearly over-throw Com’sBeria,

Stalin’s old right hand

man, is executed


(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases Huge demo (6/16) Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's Demos spread- Gov. near collapse Beria brought in tanks Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's Strikes collapsed Ulbricht eventually eased up Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia Kremlin saw US behind this Polish leaders shocked that workers were behind strikes Fiercer power struggle Beria saw opport. to take over Denounced as W agent Convicted & shot, the only Sov. leader to die like that "Times had Changed"








man, is executed


(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953


INITIAL US REACTION








man, is executed


(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953


INITIAL US REACTION-Ike had just taken over-> no contingency plan for Stalin's death








man, is executed


(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953


INITIAL US REACTION-Ike had just taken over-> no contingency plan for Stalin's death Hinted peaceful approach;








man, is executed


(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953


INITIAL US REACTION-Ike had just taken over-> no contingency plan for Stalin's death Hinted peaceful approach; -Sec of St. Dulles & NSC less nice Talks of "rolling back" Comm.








man, is executed


(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953

INITIAL US REACTION-Ike had just taken over-> no contingency plan for Stalin's death Hinted peaceful approach; -Sec of St. Dulles & NSC less nice Talks of "rolling back" Comm. Mixed signals to Moscow






nearly over-throw Com’s Eisenhower

admin. split on how to treat new Sov. govt.


man, is executed


(FC.140)

Sign truce in July,

1953




resume two wks later NATO admits W. Germany

(1954) & lets it rearm (1955)






man, is executed


(FC.140)


(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

What did West do to ease strain on manpower?





(1954) & lets it rearm (1955)






man, is executed


(FC.140)


(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Soviet reaction?

US REACTION-Ike had just taken over-> no contingency plan for Stalin's death Hinted peaceful approach; -Sec of St. Dulles & NSC less nice Talks of "rolling back" Comm. Mixed signals to Moscow




(1954) & lets it rearm (1955)






man, is executed


(FC.140)


(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953












man, is executed


(FC.140)


(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953












man, is executed


(FC.140)


(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

New leader to emerge?


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971)














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Khruschev’s personality?


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

1956

1958

Khruschev exhibited a much more personable style of leadership than Stalin ever had.

But he could also be very confrontational as seen in his “Kitchen Debate” with Nixon in 1959 when they argued over who had better color TV’s and his shoe pounding incident at the UN in 1960.

1961

When Eisenhower showed up for the 1956 Geneva Conference in a plane twice the size of Khrushchev was irate and ordered a giant plane of his own. The result was the TU114 seen here at a Paris air show. Despite microscopic cracks in the engine, Khrushchev insisted on flying it the the U.S. for his visit there in 1959. It was so big that there weren’t any stairways at Andrews Air Force Base that could reach the main door.


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's






Austria?








man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Occupied Austria (1945-55)


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's














man, is executed


(FC.140)

Yugoslavia?


(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Changing of the US-Soviet guard in Vienna


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's1955- Restored rel's w/Yugosl.














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Marshall Tito


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's1955- Restored rel's w/Yugosl. -Promoted more consumer ind's, artistic freedom, better pensions,








Shocking speech?






man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's1955- Restored rel's w/Yugosl. -Promoted more consumer ind's, artistic freedom, better pensions, -Freed 1000's of polit prisoners














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's1955- Restored rel's w/Yugosl. -Promoted more consumer ind's, artistic freedom, better pensions, -Freed 1000's of polit prisoners-Even opened Kremlin to visitors & kids' parties "Socialism w/a human face” More popular














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro Joined Politburo (1938) Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII Saw more dest. than most Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's1955- Restored rel's w/Yugosl. -Promoted more consumer ind's, artistic freedom, better pensions, -Freed 1000's of polit prisoners-Even opened Kremlin to visitors & kids' parties "Socialism w/a human face” More popular-Showed Com. as beacon of hope to former Asian & Afr. colonies, Enthus. welcome in India (‘55) Had to be rescued from crowd Also visited Burma & Indonesia














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971-Instinctive & spontaneous Unpredict. Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China Better Sino-Sov. rel's1955- Restored rel's w/Yugosl. -Promoted more consumer ind's, artistic freedom, better pensions, -Freed 1000's of polit prisoners-Even opened Kremlin to visitors & kids' parties "Socialism w/a human face” More popular-Showed Com. as beacon of hope to former Asian & Afr. colonies, Enthus. welcome in India (‘55) Had to be rescued from crowd Also visited Burma & Indonesia

July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies”














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies” Called a "Bold espionage plot"














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies” Called a "Bold espionage plot"








Shocking speech?






man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Khrushchev banging his shoe in protest at

the UN


July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies” Called a "Bold espionage plot"Feb, 19, 1956- 20th cong. of Sov. Comm Party Deleg's from all over world














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies” Called a "Bold espionage plot"Feb, 19, 1956- 20th cong. of Sov. Comm Party Deleg's from all over world Speech: War b/w E & W not inevitable since Comm’s superiority power by vote














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies” Called a "Bold espionage plot"Feb, 19, 1956- 20th cong. of Sov. Comm Party Deleg's from all over world Speech: War b/w E & W not inevitable since Comm’s superiority power by vote Last day closed session 6 hr. speech denounced Stalin as patholog. criminal & exposed purges as fraud














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies” Called a "Bold espionage plot"Feb, 19, 1956- 20th cong. of Sov. Comm Party Deleg's from all over world Speech: War b/w E & W not inevitable since Comm’s superiority power by vote Last day closed session 6 hr. speech denounced Stalin as patholog. criminal & exposed purges as fraud Sensation














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


1) US convinced true changes were taking place














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


1) US convinced true changes were taking place 2) China offended, basing its repression & personality cult on Stalin more ind. from SU














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


1) US convinced true changes were taking place 2) China offended, basing its repression & personality cult on Stalin more ind. from SU 3) E. Eur. leaders fear pop. unrest, esp. after exile of hardliner Molotov to Mongolia














man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953
















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Next country that tries to win more indep?



POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953



POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953



POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953



POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com.















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Feb, 19, 1956- 20th cong. of Sov. Comm Party Deleg's from all over world Speech: War b/w E & W not inevitable since Comm’s superiority power by vote Last day closed session 6 hr. speech denounced Stalin as patholog. criminal & exposed purges as fraud Sensation


POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953



POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners Rising hopes for reform Discontent spread















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953



POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners Rising hopes for reform Discontent spread Leaders refuse to go to SU Khr. went to Warsaw Unannounced (10/19/56)















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners Rising hopes for reform Discontent spread Leaders refuse to go to SU Khr. went to Warsaw Unannounced (10/19/56) Pol. fighters bounce his plane Khr. furiously denounces this while Red Army advances













Khruschev moves forces toward Warsaw



man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Did this intimidate Gomulka?

POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners Rising hopes for reform Discontent spread Leaders refuse to go to SU Khr. went to Warsaw Unannounced (10/19/56) Pol. fighters bounce his plane Khr. furiously denounces this while Red Army advances Gomulka threatened to resist













Khruschev moves forces toward Warsaw/

Khrushchev’s reaction?



man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners Rising hopes for reform Discontent spread Leaders refuse to go to SU Khr. went to Warsaw Unannounced (10/19/56) Pol. fighters bounce his plane Khr. furiously denounces this while Red Army advances Gomulka threatened to resist Khr. stopped troops Let Gomulka rule if Poland stayed in Warsaw Pact
















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

POLAND -Strike vs work cond's Protest vs. gov Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners Rising hopes for reform Discontent spread Leaders refuse to go to SU Khr. went to Warsaw Unannounced (10/19/56) Pol. fighters bounce his plane Khr. furiously denounces this while Red Army advances Gomulka threatened to resist Khr. stopped troops Let Gomulka rule if Poland stayed in Warsaw Pact Gomulka faithful ally 14 yrs, promoting ec. reforms
















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Next country?


HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles

















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles Secret police shot sev.

















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles Secret police shot sev. Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue

















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

“Uncle Joe” has a bad day in Budapest

A colonel of the “state defense authority” who was hung upside down & beaten to death by an angry mob.

Two members of Hungary’s Soviet-controlled secret police instinctively shield themselves from a firing squad of Hungarian patriots. Somehow, both of them survived.


HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles Secret police shot sev. Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue Sov. troops seal off Budapest

















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles Secret police shot sev. Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue Sov. troops seal off Budapest Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters















Soviet tanks & troops driven from Budapest More radical anti-Soviet govt.



man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles Secret police shot sev. Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue Sov. troops seal off Budapest Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M.


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles Secret police shot sev. Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue Sov. troops seal off Budapest Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles -> Secret police shot sev. -> Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue -> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles -> Secret police shot sev. -> Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue -> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border -> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, & hold elections in some villages - 1000's of Hung. troops defect to rev's w/weapons


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

Who encouraged them?

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles -> Secret police shot sev. -> Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue -> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border -> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, & hold elections in some villages - 1000's of Hung. troops defect to rev's w/weapons -> Radio Free Eur. announced support for fighters in 3 wks


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles -> Secret police shot sev. -> Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue -> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border -> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, & hold elections in some villages - 1000's of Hung. troops defect to rev's w/weapons -> Radio Free Eur. announced support for fighters in 3 wks -> Nagy announced end of 1 party system & intention to form coalition of other groups, incl. Rev councils -> Even army est. rev. councils


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demos for Poles -> Secret police shot sev. -> Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue -> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border -> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, & hold elections in some villages - 1000's of Hung. troops defect to rev's w/weapons -> Radio Free Eur. announced support for fighters in 3 wks -> Nagy announced end of 1 party system & intention to form coalition of other groups, incl. Rev councils -> Even army est. rev. councils -> SU recog. justice of workers' demands & agrees to pull troops from Hung.


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953


















man, is executed


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

-> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border -> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, & hold elections in some villages - 1000's of Hung. troops defect to rev's w/weapons -> Radio Free Eur. announced support for fighters in 3 wks -> Nagy announced end of 1 party system & intention to form coalition of other groups, incl. Rev councils -> Even army est. rev. councils -> SU recog. justice of workers' demands & agrees to pull troops from Hung.


















man, is executed

Diversion?Diversion?


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

-> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border -> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, & hold elections in some villages - 1000's of Hung. troops defect to rev's w/weapons -> Radio Free Eur. announced support for fighters in 3 wks -> Nagy announced end of 1 party system & intention to form coalition of other groups, incl. Rev councils -> Even army est. rev. councils -> SU recog. justice of workers' demands & agrees to pull troops from Hung.

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis -> Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr


















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality


















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises

US Reaction?



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises ->US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises ->US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's ->Fight 3 wks w/Molot. cocktails



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises ->US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's ->Fight 3 wks w/Molot. cocktails -> Kill 700 Sov's & wound 1500; 3-4k Hung's killed while 200k flee, mostly to Austria



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises ->US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's ->Fight 3 wks w/Molot. cocktails -> Kill 700 Sov's & wound 1500; 3-4k Hung's killed while 200k flee, mostly to Austria -> Sov's replace Nagy w/Kadar who welcomed Sov's vs. counter-rev's & promised reforms & new agreements w/other E Bloc nations



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises ->US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's ->Fight 3 wks w/Molot. cocktails -> Kill 700 Sov's & wound 1500; 3-4k Hung's killed while 200k flee, mostly to Austria -> Sov's replace Nagy w/Kadar who welcomed Sov's vs. counter-rev's & promised reforms & new agreements w/other E Bloc nations - Arrest 35k & exec. 300 ,incl Nagy, lured from hiding



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)


Sign truce in July,

1953

- Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises ->US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's ->Fight 3 wks w/Molot. cocktails -> Kill 700 Sov's & wound 1500; 3-4k Hung's killed while 200k flee, mostly to Austria -> Sov's replace Nagy w/Kadar who welcomed Sov's vs. counter-rev's & promised reforms & new agreements w/other E Bloc nations - Arrest 35k & exec. 300,incl Nagy, lured from hiding



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)

US/Soviet relations?


Sign truce in July,

1953


AFTERMATH- Events of 1956 showed how far SU would go w/Destalinization



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)



Sign truce in July,

1953


AFTERMATH- Events of 1956 showed how far SU would go w/Destalinization1957- While gone in Finland, unsucc. coup to remove Khr. -> Leaders exiled to outlying prov's & made heads of Elec. & concrete Fact's



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)



Sign truce in July,

1953


AFTERMATH- Events of 1956 showed how far SU would go w/Destalinization1957- While gone in Finland, unsucc. coup to remove Khr. -> Leaders exiled to outlying prov's & made heads of Elec. & concrete Fact's1961- Khr removed Stalin’s body from next to Lenin to less prestig. spot by Kremlin



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)



Sign truce in July,

1953

AFTERMATH OF STALIN-Huge crowds of mourners -> Some crushed -> Who will save Russia now? -> Progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader of collect. Gov. -> Rule that no one man should hold all top offices-Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges -> Put in charge w/Beria to rebld post war SU -> Styled himself a technocrat -> Despite backgrd, West saw him as best hope for better rel’s ->Not tough enough to stay on top-Gen’l amnesty for all arrested in last 5 yrs.-Ike had just taken over-> no contingency plan for Stalin's death -> Hinted peaceful approach; -Sec of St. Dulles & NSC less nice -> Talks of "rolling back" Comm. -> Mixed signals to Moscow

E. GERMANY-Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous - Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger. -> Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more lib approach -> Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases -> Huge demo (6/16) -> Labor protest became polit. vs state owned fact's -> Demos spread- -> Gov. near collapse -> Beria brought in tanks -> Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's ->Strikes collapsed -> Ulbricht eventually eased up -> Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia -> Kremlin saw US behind this -> Polish leaders shocked that workers were behind strikes ->Fiercer power struggle -> Beria saw opport. to take over -> Denounced as W agent -> Convicted & shot, the only Sov. leader to die like that -> "Times had Changed"

NIKITA KHRUSCHEV (1884-1971)-Poor illit. parents-> Crude side that often masked his cunning -> Often not taken seriously-Joined Rev (1917)-> Commissar -> Studied @ Stalin Ind. Acad. -> Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw bldg Moscow Metro -> Joined Politburo (1938) -> Involved in purges & exterm. of Ukrainian intellectuals.- Political Commissar in WWII -> Saw more dest. than most ->Deeply affected by it-Instinctive & spontaneous -> Unpredict.->Dangerous in crisis- As brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,-Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled-Outmaneuv. Malenkov for power 1954- Negot. Trade Tr. w/China -> Better Sino-Sov. rel's 1955- Restored rel's w/Yugosl. -Promoted more consumer ind's, artistic freedom, better pensions, -Freed 1000's of polit prisoners-Even opened Kremlin to visitors & kids' parties -> "Socialism w/a human face” -> More popular-Showed Com. as beacon of hope to former Asian & Afr. colonies, ->Enthus. welcome in India (‘55) ->Had to be rescued from crowd ->Also visited Burma & Indonesia

July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945 -> Nothing really accompl., but seemed to signal better rel’s - Ike proposed "Open skies” -> Rejected as "Bold espionage plot."Feb, 19, 1956- 20th cong. of Sov. Comm Party -> Deleg's from all over world -> Speech: War b/w E & W not inevitable since Comm’s superiority-> power by vote -> Last day closed session -> 6 hr. speech denounced Stalin as patholog. criminal & exposed purges as fraud -> Sensation-> 1) US convinced true changes were taking place 2) China offended, basing its repression & personality cult on Stalin-> more ind. from SU 3) E. Eur. leaders fear pop. unrest, esp. after exile of hardliner Molotov to Mongolia

POLAND -Strike vs work cond's -> Protest vs. gov -> Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300 -> Bulganin & Zhukov arrive & claim "imper’s" stirred strikes -> Polish reformers want to restore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito & more indep. Nat'l versions of Com. -> Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners -> Rising hopes for reform -> Discontent spread -> Leaders refuse to go to SU -> Khr. went to Warsaw Unannounced (10/19/56) -> Pol. fighters bounce his plane -> Khr. furiously denounces this while Red Army advances -> Gomulka threatened to resist -> Khr. stopped troops -> Let Gomulka rule if Poland stayed in Warsaw Pact -> Gomulka faithful ally 14 yrs, promoting ec. reforms->

HUNGARY10/24/56- Student demosfor Poles -> Secret police shot sev. -> Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue -> Sov. troops seal off Budapest -> fierce fighting -> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters -> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. -> Call for amnesty for demos & econ. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty -> Khr withdrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border -> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, & hold elections in some villages - 1000's of Hung. troops defect to rev's w/weapons -> Radio Free Eur. announced support for fighters in 3 wks -> Nagy announced end of 1 party system & intention to form coalition of other groups, incl. Rev councils -> Even army est. rev. councils -> SU recog. justice of workers' demands & agrees to pull troops from Hung.

SUEZ CRISIS-Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez ->2nd crisis just before election ->Ike distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis ->Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr - Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality ->15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3) - Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises ->US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's ->Fight 3 wks w/Molot. cocktails -> Kill 700 Sov's & wound 1500; 3-4k Hung's killed while 200k flee, mostly to Austria -> Sov's replace Nagy w/Kadar who welcomed Sov's vs. counter-rev's & promised reforms & new agreements w/other E Bloc nations - Arrest 35k & exec. 300,incl Nagy, lured from hiding

- Events of 1956 showed how far SU would go w/Destalinization1957- While gone in Finland, unsucc. coup to remove Khr. -> Leaders exiled to outlying prov's & made heads of Elec. & concrete Fact's1961- Khr removed Stalin’s body from next to Lenin to less prestig. spot by Kremlin



















man, is executed


Hungary (FC.146A)


Hungary (FC.146A)


(FC.140)



(FC.140)



Sign truce in July,

1953

AFTERMATH OF STALIN'S DEATH- Huge crowds of mourners-> some crushed

-> Who will save Russia now?-> Collective Govt. w/progressive Georgi Malenkov apparent leader-> Rule that no one man should hold all top offices

- Malenkov (b.1902) a top official for Stalin, leading purges-> Put in charge w/Beria to rebld post war SU-> Styled himself a technocrat-> Despite this backgrd, W saw him as best hope for better relations

-> Not tough enough to keep his position- Stalin's death-> resume peace talks at Pyongyang in 2 wks

- Gen'l amnesty for all arrested in last 5 yrs.- Ike had just taken over & had no contingency plans for Stalin's death

-> Hinted more peaceful approach; Sec of State Dulles & NSC less nice-> Talks of "rolling back" Comm.-> Mixed signals to Moscow

E. GERMANY- Stalin's death-> Mini-Stalins, like Ulbricht in E. Ger. nervous

- Leaders in SU toyed w/idea of reunified but neutral Ger.-> Summon Ulbricht to Moscow to encourage more liberal approach-> Instead he imposed new work quotas w/o pay increases-> Huge demo (6/16) to ease quotas-> Labor protest became polit. protest since state owned fact's-> Demos spread-> Gov. near collapse-> Beria brought in tanks-> Killed 40, wounded 400, arrested 1000's-> strikes collapsed-> But Ulbricht eventually did ease up

-> Riot & strikes in Czech, Hung, Romania, & even Siberia-> Kremlin saw US behind this

-> Polish leaders shocked that workers were behind strikes-> fiercer power struggle in Kremlin

-> Beria saw opport. to seize power-> Denounce as W agent by opponents-> Convicted & shot, the only Sov. leader to die like that-> "Times had Changed"

KHRUSCHEV (B.1884)- Poor illit. parents-> crude side that often masked his cunning

-> Rivals often didn't take him seriously- Joined Rev (1917)-> Pol. Commissar-> studied at Stalin Ind. Acad. in Mosc.

-> Rose to #2 in Mosc. party org & oversaw Metro-> full Politburo (1938)- Involved in purges, denouncing sev. students, & exterm. of Ukr. Intellig.- Pol. Comm. in WWII-> Saw more dest. than most-> deeply affected

- Instinctive & spontaneous-> unpredictable-> dangerous in high stakes crises- Could be as brutal & aggressive as Stalin at 1 time & peacemaker the next,

- Fully aware of the destructive power he controlled- Outmaneuvered Malenkov for PR & power

- Negot. new Trade Tr. w/China (1954)-> Better Sino-Sov. rel's - Restored rel's w/Yugosl. (1955)- Promoted more consumer ind's, freed. of arts, better pensions, freed

1000's of pol prisoners, & even opened Kremlin to visitors & kids' parties-> "Soc. w/a human face"-> More popular

- Showed Com. as beacon of hope to former Asian & Afr. colonies, -> Wildly enthus. welcome in India (1955)-> Had to be rescued from crowd-> Other succ. visits to Burma & Indonesia

- Conrad Adenauer got US, tied down in Korea, to agree to Ger rearm.-> Fr mad-> Having convinced Fr, end occup. of W Ger. & admit it to NATO (1955),

- Couldn't have nukes-> Warsaw Pact (1955)-> completed div. of Ger. b/w E & W

July, 1955- 1st E-W summit in Ger. since Potsdam in 1945-> Nothing really accom., but seemed to symbolize more friendly atmos.- Ike proposed "Open skies"-> Rejected as "Bold espionage plot."

Feb, 19, 1956- 20th cong. of Sov. Comm Party-> Deleg's from all over world-> Speech: War b/w E & W not inevitable since its super.-> power by vote-> Last day closed session-> 6 hr. speech denouncing Stalin, exposing

purges as fraud & Stalin as pathol. criminal-> Sensation->

1) US convinced true changes taking place2) China offended, basing its author. syst. & personality cult on Stalin

-> China more indep. from Moscow3) E. Eur. leaders fear for stability of regimes while pop's were excited,

esp. after hardliner, Molotov was relieved & exiled to Mongolia->

POLAND - Strike vs work cond's-> protest vs. gov-> Pol. army kills 74, hurts 300

-> Bulganin & Zhukov sent to Pol. & proclaim strikes stirred by "imperialists"-> Pol. reformers wanted to resore Wladislaw Gomulka who'd supported Tito

& more ind. Nat'l versions of Comm.-> Sov's agree to restore him, but along w/hardliners-> Rising hopes for reform-> discontent spread-> Leaders summoned to SU-> Refuse-> Khr. went to Warsaw (10/19/56) unnannounced-> Pol. fighters bounce his plane-> Khr. furious-> Denounces "treacherous acts" while Sov. troops in Pol. move on cities-> Gomulka defied him & threatened resistance-> Khr. stopped troops-> Agreed to let Gomulka rule while Pol. stayed faithful to Warsaw Pact-> Gomulka ruled as faithful ally 14 yrs, promoting ec. reforms->

HUNGARY- Student demos in Hung. in support of Poles (10/24)

-> Secret police shot sev.-> Workers join students & pull down Stalin statue-> Sov. troops seal off Budapest-> fierce fighting-> Hung. & even Rus. soldiers fraternize w/rioters-> Restore Imre Nagy as Pr. M. & Janos Kadar -> Call for amnesty for demos & ec. & pol. reforms but assure SU of loyalty-> Khr withrew troops from Budapest, but moved more to border-> Hung's mad-> seize bldg's, free elections in some villages, challenges to

Gov. auth., & 1000's of Hung. troops defec to rev's w/weapons-> Radio Free Eur. announced support for Hung's freedom fighters-> Nagy announced end of 1 party system & intention to form coalition of

other groups, incl. Rev councils-> Even army est. rev. councils-> SU recog. just. of workers' demands & agrees to pull troops from Hung.

SUEZ CRISIS- Meanwhile Br. & Fr seize Suez-> 2nd crisis just before election

-> Distracted from Hungary at most critical phase of crisis-> Khr 1st delayed, not wanting to look like imper. agressors Br & Fr-> Nagy (11/1) repudiated Warsaw Pact & decl. neutrality-> 15 Sov div's w/4k tanks (-> hard to fraternize) move on Budap. (11/3)-> Hung's fight back, buoyed by Radio Free Eur's promises-> US, not wanting to risk war, abandoned Hung's-> 3 wks fighting w/Molotov cocktails-> kill 700 Sov's & wound 1500;

3-4k Hung's killed while 200k flee, mostly to Austria-> Sov's replace Nagy w/Kadar who welcomed Sov's vs. counter-rev's &

promised reforms & new agreements w/other E Bloc nations- 35k arrested & 300 leaders exec., incl Nagy, lured from hiding

- Events of 1956 showed how far SU would go w/Destalinization1957- While gone in Finland, unsucc. coup to remove Khr.

-> Leaders exiled to outlying prov's & made heads of Elec. & concrete Fact's1961- Khr removed Stalin from next to Lenin to less prestig. spot by Kremlin

The ubiquitous Molotov Cocktail, drink of choice for anti-Soviet protesters during the Cold War.Recipe: Fill a bottle with gasoline and stuff its opening with a gasoline soaked rag. Light the rag, throw it against the nearest tank, and run like hellBelow right: Hungarian rebels drop a Molotov cocktail on a Soviet tank from an apartment window.

Captured Soviet tanks with insurgents’ markings

fc.141 the aftermath of stalin’s death (1953-56) peace talks in korea resume two wks later...

Documents

aftermath of stalins

aftermath of stalin

kremlin fc

hungary fc

offices fc

resources fc

stalins harsh rule

countermeasure fc