f.b.l. guide gases
DESCRIPTION
mining gasesTRANSCRIPT
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MARTIN CHIKAMHI
F.B.L. GUIDELINE(NOTES)
MIMOSA MINE
Bsc (Hon) MINING ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
GASES
1. Oxygen
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2. Nitrogen3. Hydrogen4. Carbon dioxide5. Carbon monoxide6. Nitrous fumes7. Methane8. Hydrogen Sulphide9. Ammonia10. Hydrogen cyanide11. Hydrogen chloride12. Sulphur dioxide13. Aldehydes14. Propane15. Acetylene16. Freon17. Chlorine18. Phosgene
Definitions:-
Choke damp =>Atmosphere with high CO-2 content and 0-2 deficiency
Black damp =>An atmosphere deficient in O-2(CO-2,N-xO-y,CH-4,N-2)
After damp => An atmosphere remaining after explosion of CH-4
Fire damp => An atmosphere with an explosive mixture composing of ‘mathane’ and other gases. E.g. O-2,CO-2,N-2 etc
White damp =>
Watergas =>
1.0 OXYGEN
Sources:--is a normal constituent of air.-Important to preserve life.
Properties:--forms 20.93% of atmosphere.-is colourless, odourless and tasteless.-slightly soluble in water.-supports combustion.
Effects:-20.93% =>Nil, 19% =>Flame of safety lamp reduced by 50%,17% =>Flame of safety lamp extinguished. Slight increase in pulse and respiration rate
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observed. 14% =>respiration disturbed, abnormal fatigue upon slight exertion, headaches and dizziness, faulty judgement.- No ill effects observed from oxygen enriched atmosphere.Deficiency caused by U/G fires ,breathing of persons, slow oxidation of timber and is also adsorbed by fine coal(exothermic hence spontaneous combustion)another cause for deficiency is by displacement during N-2 injection during mine fires.
Treatment:-The casualty must be removed to fresh air and resuscitation applied as soon as possible.
Detection:-A flame safety lamp or an electronic detector can be used to detect oxygen deficiency.A drager gas detector.Limit:-The quality of the fresh air intake must be preserved, no drop in O-2 levels must be tolerated.
2.0 NITROGEN
Sources:-Nitrogen injection in U/G fires to eliminate oxygen(old system).- also used as an inert shield in welding.Extreme caution must be exercised around fire seals, as pressure imbalance would transform fresh air(intake) into oxygen deficient atmosphere
Increased N-2 proportions in mine atmospheres are due to oxygen deficiencies, and consequently form the major constituents of After damp and Black damp.
…/Nitrogen.
Properties:-Lighter than air S.G.=>0.97Colourless, odourless and tasteless.Chemically inert.Slightly soluble in water. Effects:-The only adverse effect of nitrogen in the mining environment is the resultant oxygen deficiency.
Treatment:-The victim must be removed (carried) too fresh air as soon as possible with resuscitation applied if necessary.
Detection:-Oxygen content which is easily measured can be used to calculate approx. N-2 conc.
Limit:-No O-2 deficiency must exist.
3.0 HYDROGEN
Sources:-Battery charge bays(2/3 of gases emitted =>H-2).Decomposition of NH-3 at high temp.Incomplete combustion during explosions, U/G fires or blasting operations for temps.>250 deg.
Properties:-Lighter than air.(S.G. =>0.07)Colourless- tasteless-odourless.Non- toxic, does not support combustion but readily combustible.
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Flammability:-Burns with a blue flame up to 4%conc.Explodes violently in accumulations between 4% - 74% with burning velocities ranging from 0.02 to 3.35 m/s
Effects:-Same as methane.
Treatment:-As in all asphyxiant gases, resuscitation with oxygen will provide a complete and rapid recovery.(see N-2 and CO-2)
…/Hydrogen.Detection:-There is no available method of detecting and measuring H-2 in the presence of other flammable gases underground. However 500ml samples can be analysed with drager tubes in a gas free atmosphere
Limit:-Can be set as per methane =>1.25%(S.A. Regs.)
4.0 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO-2) ‘‘Miner’s friend ’’
Sources:-* Product of complete combustion *Blasting, breathing, decay of timber, diesel exhaust fumes, u/g fires welding & cutting torch, burning of explosives and explosions.Can also be produced by action of acid waters on carbonate rocks.
Properties:-Normal atmosphere contains 0.03% or 300ppm CO-2colourless - odourless - slight acidic tastesoluble in waterheavier than air ( s.g. =>1.53) toxicdoes not support combustion.Asphyxiant.
Effects:- It is harmful in the following 3 manners. 1.Asphyxiant - will displace oxygen and if in sufficient quantities oxygen deficiency will pose a threat to life 2.Respiratory stimulant - respiratory volume is doubled at 4% CO-2 and redoubled at 5% CO-2 Stimulant and depressant of C.N.S. - will stimulate the CNS by causing palpitation
increased blood pressure and sweating occurs at7.5% headaches, mental depression, visual disturbance shaking, exhaustion, collapse, unconsciousness and death can result from CO-2 overexposure.
Treatment:-Quick removal of victim to fresh air -vital. Resuscitation, oxygen administration, keep warm and no exertion should be tolerated.Professional medical assessment to be obtained as soon as possible.
…/Carbon dioxide
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Detection:-Auer gas tester, drager detector pump extinguishes candle at 3%(Flame safety lamp)- turns lime water milky - headache.
Dispersion:-- water blast- auxiliary ventilation(fresh air blown in)- ventilation- watering down
Limit:-5000ppm [0.5%]
5.0 CARBON MONOXIDE
Sources:-* product of incomplete combustion*- blasting- diesel engine (defective)exhaust fumes - u/g fires, methane explosions- fuse ignition- overheated lubricants in air compressors- a constituent of watergas, white damp, afterdamp.
Properties:-- has no warning properties.- is always present if smoke is visible.- colourless, tasteless and odourless.- is lighter than air(s.g. 0.97) but can be encountered in winzes as well as raises.- burns with a blue flame (up to about 12%).- explodes between 12% and 74% at 605 0C.- very poisonous.- slightly soluble in water.- does not support combustion.
Effects:-- gassed persons found (if unconscious) in the state they were when they where attacked.- the poisonous effect of the gas is to rob the body of oxygen which is necessary to preserve life(by formation of carboxy-haemoglobin =>300 time faster than oxy-haemoglobin)- tightness across forehead.-severe headache, weakness, dizziness, dimness of vision, nausea and vomiting and collapse.- increased pulse and respiration, comma with intermittent convulsions, depressed heart action and respiration.-death …/Carbon monoxide
Cumulative effect:-- a person exposed to the gas for a number of short durations within a limited time span will become more and more susceptable to its effects since the absorbed gas would not have had enough time to be expelled from the system.
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