fatigue and damage tolerance assessment of aircraft structure under uncertainty lorens s. goksel...
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FATIGUE AND DAMAGE TOLERANCE ASSESSMENT OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE UNDER UNCERTAINTY
Lorens S. Goksel
5/1/2013Committee Members: Dr. Seung-Kyum Choi, Chair Dr. Roger Jiao Dr. David Scott
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Outline
Introduction Research Questions
Probability of Failure (PF) Predictable Range of Risk Risk Mitigation
Damage Tolerance Risk Assessment (DTRA) Comparison Proposed Framework
Validation Example Conclusion
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Create a tool for an engineer that assesses the life of a component using ‘cradle-to-grave’ approach which includes Manufacturing defects Design loading conditions Component failure mitigation approaches
Methodology needs to provide economic solutions
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Purpose
Determine how cracks in a component grow with variation of parameters
Obtain an optimal range for inspection and refurbishment
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4What is Fatigue? Fatigue is the degradation of materials
due to repeated loads Degradation occurs due to
Mechanically induced loads Load rate Caustic environmental effects
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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Caustic Environment
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
3X Less Life
Sump Tank
Lab Air
Examples of Fatigue Degradation
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Load Rate
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Wind only conditions provide more than twice the life compared to Ground-Air-Ground
Examples of Fatigue Degradation
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7Sources of Fatigue? Material in-homogeneity (voids,
inclusions, etc.)
Damage (scratches, stress concentration)
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Stress Risers
Manufacturing quality is essential for good
fatigue life!
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Damage Tolerance/Crack Growth Crack Growth assumes the material has
some initial defect Cracks are two dimensional
Failure occurs at critical crack length (fracture)
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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How is Risk Related to Fatigue? Each time there is an accumulation of
damage, the chance of failure becomes a little higher.
Failure is considered the last stage of crack growth i.e. Fracture
Usually occurs when critical crack length is reached (potentially catastrophic to system)
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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10Research Question #1 How does one determine the Probability
of Failure for aerospace structures? Hypothesis: When the Fatigue loads
exceeds the material strength, failure occurs. Probability of this occurrence depends on the occurrence and size of both the load and material strength.
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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11Research Question #1
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Pro
babili
ty
Strength
Residual Strength
Interference = Probability of Failure
Extreme Rare Occurrence
Flight Design Case
Will see this load level every flight
Pro
babili
ty
Strength
Environmental Input
Residual Strength Distributions
Interference = Probability of Failure
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12Research Question #2 How can one predict risk failure based
on a crack growing for aerospace systems?
Hypothesis: By knowing the material properties, geometry of crack, and all load conditions, and started from the smallest computational crack size.
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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13Research Question #2
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Slow Crack
Growth
Predictable (Paris)
Area
Fast Crack
Growth
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14Research Question #3 How can one mitigate crack growth risk, economically?
Hypothesis: By detecting a crack before it reaches a critical length, but during its predictable growth period.
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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15Summary
Need to understand how crack grows in a part with certain parameters
Need for a method that can provide an optimal range for inspections
All need to account for: Probability of failure Predict risk associated with failure Minimize Failures
Damage Tolerance Risk Assessment incorporates all
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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Comparison to Other Methods
White [64] proposed risk analysis Includes loading history, material properties and
flaw size Indicates gradual increase is fast crack growth
area Wang [65] performed risk analysis at bolted
connection. Approach: at what crack length can one start
inspections based on an acceptable risk level Neglects to provide a range of inspection
periods
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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Comparison to Other Methods
Grooteman [64] Equivalent initial flaw size to and probability of
detection curves to determine optimum inspection intervals
Computationally arduous Cavallini and Lazzeri [65] Probabilistic
Investigation for Safe Aircraft (PISA) Accounts for Initial Flaw Size Material Variability Probability of Detection Computation limitation cannot provide risk
associated with small cracks
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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18Proposed Framework Step 1: Specify Geometry, Loading
Conditions and Material Statistic Properties (Crack Growth) Obtain Residual Strength based on
distribution Step 2: Discontinuity Check
Obtain more clear data Step 3: Obtain Probability of Failures,
Probability of Detection Setup the DTRA
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
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Proposed Framework – Step 1
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Grow Flaw Until Critical Crack Length
Initial Flaw
Final Crack
Assume Initial Flaw Size
Obtain residual strength PDF
based on variability of
fracture toughness
Lays foundation for residual strength distribution needed for PF
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Proposed Framework – Step 2
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Obtain residual strength PDF
based on variability of
fracture toughness
Phantom Distribution
Discontinuities?
YesCreate
‘Phantom’ Distribution
No Self-check to increase resolution
Residual strength due only to local loading
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Proposed Framework – Step 3
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Discontinuities?
No
Intersect Flight Design with Residual
Strength Case
Flight Design
Plot Probability of Failures for each
crack interval
RQ #1 Answer
Insert Probability of Detection for crack
size
RQ #3 Answer
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Proposed Framework – Setup DTRA
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Pro
babi
lity
of
Fai
lure
Time
10-50
10-7
Conservative High Risk
99%
Probability of Detection
Optimal
Probability of Failure at Each Crack Length
RQ #2 & #3 Answer
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23Summary
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Discontinuities?Yes
Create ‘Phantom’ Distribution
No
Assume Initial Flaw Size
Grow Flaw Until Critical Crack Length
Obtain residual strength PDF based on variability of fracture toughness
Insert Probability of Detection for crack size
in plot
Intersect Flight Design with Residual Strength Case
Plot Probability of Failures for each crack interval
RQ #1 Answer
Optimal Area determined based on DTRA, PD and FAA minimum
allowable
RQ #2 & #3 Answer
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Validation: Engine Nacelle Inlet
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Internal Loading (Engine Noise)
External Loads (Aerodynamic Loads)
When is the optimum time to inspect the nacelle inlet for
fatigue cracks?
Step 1
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25Internal Loads
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Loading is assumed only to act in hoop direction, thus circumferential natural
frequency examined
Need to determine most pertinent loading mode: longitudinal vs. circumferential
Step 1
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26Internal Loads
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
FEM & Hand Method Engine Specification Internal Pressure
Internal stresses derived using standard static techniques for hoop
load conditionsStep 1
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27Crack Growth Assume manufacturing flaw
Flaw is two dimensional Use previous internal loading
Determine Residual Strength at some crack length Assume normal material distribution
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Step 1
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Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Critical crack Length
Initial crack Length
This progression only accounts for internal loads
Crack Growth
Step 1
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Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Failure accounts for internal and external loads
Each failure accounts for crack growth iteration
Determine POF
Steps 2 & 3
Failure Region
Flight Design Case
Critical Crack
Phantom Distribution
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Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Risk Mitigation
…this crack length can be found
There is a 90% chance…
Each crack length is
associated with a flight time
Step 3
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Step 3
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Damage Tolerance Risk Assessment
Probabilities of Failure
FAA Minimum
90% Certainty of Flaw Detection
The optimal inspection range
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Single Visual Aid that accounts for Manufacturing defects as initial flaw size
from processes (machining, castings) Material strength variability (fracture
toughness assumed to conform under statistical distribution)
Aircraft maneuver variability (Passenger vs. fighter jet, extreme value distribution)
Flaw detection resolution (Type of material, minimum desired crack detection size, non-destructive techniques)
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Contributions
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Further Research Account for bulging effects (crack growth
more arduous under cylindrical shape) Hammershock Condition (backpressure
pulse results in shock during supersonic flight)
Statistical range of initial flaws
Introduction
Research
Question
DTRA Validation
Conclusion
Further Research
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Acknowledgements
Advisor: Dr. Seung-Kyum ChoiReading Committee: Dr. Roger Jiao Dr. David Scott Funding: Gulfstream Aerospace
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References
http://www.tamarackhti.com/tools/FADT_capabilities.asp http://avstop.com/maint/corrosion/ch5.html http://www.vgblogger.com/tom-clancys-hawx-briefing-
extreme-maneuvers-and-enhanced-reality-system-explained/4329/
http://matdl.org/failurecases/images/thumb/9/91/SchenectadyShip.png/500px-SchenectadyShip.png
http://pressurevesseltech.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/data/Journals/JPVTAS/926532/pvt_134_6_061213_f002.png
http://www-old.me.gatech.edu/jonathan.colton/me4210/castdefect.pdf
Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Assessment of Aircraft Structure Under Uncertainty, Goksel, L