fasting ramadan the essentials

7/31/2019 Fasting Ramadan the Essentials

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Fasting&Ramadan:TheEssentials

SMHasanAlBanna

FASTING & RAMADAN:

THE ESSENTIALS

SM HASAN AL-BANNA

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SMHasanAlBanna

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IslamicInstituteforDevelopment&Research(IIDR)2011

Allrightsreserved.

Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,stored,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,

electronicorotherwise,includingphotocopying,recording,Internet,oranystorageorretrieval

systemwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromIIDR.

FirstPublicationinDecember2000

SecondPublicationinMarch2003

ThirdPublicationinJuly2011

IslamicInstituteforDevelopment&Research(IIDR)

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SMHasanAlBanna

SMHasanAlBannaisthefoundingdirectoroftheIslamicInstituteforDevelopment

&Research(IIDR).Heisthetranslatorofseveralclassicalandcontemporaryworks

onIslamichistory,thoughtandspiritualityandistheauthorofthebestselling

bookSirahoftheFinalProphet(s).

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SMHasanAlBanna

CONTENT

Introduction..

Definition

of

Fasting

.

PillarsofFasting....

LegalStatusofFasting..

PurposeofFasting..

VirtuesofFasting..

RecommendedActsofFasting..

DifferentLevelsofFasting..

VirtuesofRamadan.

Tarawih.

Itikaf....

LaylatulQadr....

EndNotes..

6

8

8

9

11

13

15

17

21

24

27

29

31

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INTRODUCTION

Allah the Exalted in His infinitewisdom has ordained a system for everything in

creation.ScholarstermthisastheSunnahofAllah.Onesuchisthatofpreference.

The

All

Mighty

and

the

All

Wise

has

preferred

certain

people

over

others,

certain

placesoverothersandcertaintimesoverothertimes.

PREFERENCEOFPEOPLE

Everyhumanbeing isasonofAdam,yetAllahhaschosenfromamongstthemthe

Prophets,theMessengersandtheScholars:

)!$##ss$#t y#u%[n ut#uuz t/)t#uut tn?ttn=y9$#Allah

did

choose

Adam

and

Nuh,

the

family

of

Ibrahim.

And

the

family

of

Imran

aboveallpeople.(AlImranv33)

TheExaltedalsosays:

st!$#t%!$#(#t#u3t%!$#u(#?&z=9$#;My_u y4Allahwill raiseup to [suitable] ranks [andposition] thoseofyouwhobelieveand

havebeengrantedknowledge.(AlMujadilahv11)

From amongst the Messengers, He ordained for the preference of the Final

Messenger.

It

was

His

beloved

who

was

chosen

to

lead

all

the

Prophets

in

prayer

inMasjid AlAqsa during the night of AlIsra. It is only he who will be able to

intercedeforus(shafaah)ontheDayofJudgementwheneveryotherProphetwill

beunabletodoso.

PREFERENCEOFPLACES

Allah preferred certain places over others. Abu Hurayrah narrates that the

MessengerofAllahsaid:Salah inmymosqueof this isbetter thana thousand

SalahelsewhereexceptMasjidAlHaram.(Muslim)

WeseethepreferenceofMasjidAlAqsa(thefarthestMosque)intheQuranwhen

Allahsays:

zys6%!$#3 u r&7y/Ws9ify9$##tys9$#n


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PREFERENCEOFTIME

Allahhaspreferredcertainmonthsoverothers,certaindaysoverothersandcertain

nightsoverothers.

AllahhaspreferredthedayofJumuahamongstalltheotherdaysoftheweek.Even

atthelevelofasinglenight.Allahpreferscertainpartsofittoothers.Forexample,

theperformanceofnawafil ibadah(supererogatoryworship)inthelastthirdofthe

nightismorebelovedtoAllahthanitsperformanceinanyotherpartsofthenight.

Inasimilarvein,AllahhaspreferredthemonthofRamadanoverallothermonths.It

isonly thenameof thismonth that ismentioned in theQuran. It isonly in this

monththatmankindhasbeenblessedwithmostofthefavoursofAllah.Itisinthis

month that theTorah, Injil,Zaburand theQuranwereall revealed. It is theonly

monthin

which

Allah

has

gathered

goodness,

light

and

guidance

that

stretches

from

onepartof theglobe to theother.AbuHurayrahnarrates that theMessengerof

Allahsaid:ThemonthofRamadanhascome toyou,ablessedmonthwherein

Allahhasmadeobligatoryfasting,openedthedoorsofParadiseandclosedthedoors

ofHell.(Ahmad)


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LEGALSTATUSOFFASTING

QURAN

The

ruling

related

to

fasting

has

passed

by

three

stages:

2

FIRSTSTAGE

Fastingwasmadeoptional.Sowhoeverwantedtofast,fastedandwhoeverdidnot

want to fast,didnot fast.However, ifonewascapableof fastinganddidnot fast

thenhewouldhavetofeedthepoor.

SECONDSTAGE

Fastingbecame

obligatory

and

not

optional.

However,

the

sick

and

those

travelling

wereallowedtofastafterRamadaninsteadoftheobligatorydaysofRamadan.

THIRDSTAGE

Permissionwasgiventoeatandenjoyconjugalrelationsfromsunsettosunrise. In

thefirstandsecondstage,ifthepersonfastingfellasleep,itisprohibitedforhimto

indulgeinsuchactivitiestillthefollowingday.ThisbecametoohardfortheMuslims.

HenceAllahsays:

m&6s9s's#s9$u_9$#]s9$#4n


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Allah made obligatoryfromfasting. The Prophet replied: [tofast] in the

monthofRamadan.(Bukhari)

ThustheMuslimscholarsareallunanimousontheobligationoffastinginthemonth

ofRamadan. Itwasmadeobligatoryafter thechangeof theqiblahon the10th

of

Shaban,two

years

after

the

hijrah.


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PURPOSEOFFASTING

ForeveryactionintheShariahthereisapurposeorwisdom.Eveninthemajoracts

ofworship,we find thatAllah has explained thewisdom behind its obligation or

performance:

3

Intheverserelatedtowudu,weread:

$t!$#yfu96n=ti8ltym3s9 u.tds9G9 utGy3n=t6=ys93n@

Allah does not wish to place you in difficulty, but to make you clean, and to

completeHisfavouruponyou,[so]thatyoumaybegrateful.(AlMaidahv6)

Asregards

to

the

purpose

of

salah,

we

read:

)#$9=n4n?sSs4t#$9xst$!u#$93s3Verilysalahrestrains[one]fromshamefulandunjustdeeds.(AlAnkabutv45)

Intheverserelatingtozakah,weread:

{; ur&Zs%y|ds?j.t?uOftheirgoods,takealms,[so]thatyoumightpurifyandsanctifythem.(AtTawbah

v103)

Inthecontextofhajj,wereadtheverse:

(#yuj9yots9Thattheymaywitnessthebenefitsprovidedforthem.(AlHajjv28)

Insimilarvein,theobligationof fastinghasapurposeandwisdombehind it.Allah

theExaltedsays:

$y r'tt%!$#(#t#u|=G.6n=t$u_9$#$yx.|=G.n?t%!$#6=7s%3=ys9t)Gs?

Oyouwhobelievefastinghasbeenprescribeduponyouas ithadbeenprescribed

uponthosebeforeyousothatyoumaybecomegodconscious.(AlBaqarahv183)

Thus thepurposeoffasting istoattaintaqwa (godconsciousness).Thegreattabii

TalqIbnHabibdefinedtaqwaasactinginobediencetoAllah,hopingforHismercy,

andtaqwaisleavingactsofdisobediencetoAllah,outoffearforHim.4Thismeans

todevelop

the

quality

of

performing

every

action

that

Allah

loves

and

refraining

fromthoseactionsthatHedetests.

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VIRTUESOFFASTING

Fastinghasnumerouscharacteristicsandvirtues.Sufficeitwouldbetomentionthe

followingfew:

1. FastingleadstoAllahsforgiveness2. FastingprotectsonefromHellfire3. FastingcausesonetoenterParadise4. Therewardoffastingisimmense5. Fastingwillintercedeforaperson

1. FASTINGLEADSTOALLAHSFORGIVENESSFasting in themonthofRamadan leads toAllahs forgiveness.He, theExalted,will

forgiveallsinsinthismonth.AbuHurayrah,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narrates

that

the

Messenger

of

Allah

,

said:

Whosoever

fasts

[the

month

of]

Ramadan

with

imanandwiththehopeofseekingthereward[ofAllah],allhissinswillbeforgiven.

(Bukhari)

2. FASTINGPROTECTSONEFROMHELLFIREAbuSaid,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah,

said:WhoeverfastsadayforthesakeofAllah,hisfacewillbedistancedfromthe

Hellfire[atadistanceequalling]seventyyears.(Bukhari). Iffastingforadaymeans

thatthefaceofthepersonfastinghasbeendistancedseventyyearsawayfromthe

Hellfire,whatthenoftheonewhofastallofRamadanforthesakeofAllah?

3. FASTINGCAUSESONETOENTERPARADISEAbuUmamah,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,said:Isaid:OMessengerofAllah,

tellmeofanactionbywhichImayenterParadise.Hereplied:Taketofasting,there

isnothinglikeit.(AnNasai)

Furthermore, inParadise itselfaspecialgatehasbeenreservedfor thosewhofast

and it is through thisgate thatsuchpeoplewillenterParadise.Sahl IbnSad,may

Allahbepleasedwithhim,narrated that theMessengerofAllah, said:Indeed

there isagateofParadisecalledArRayyan.OnthedayofResurrection,thosewho

fastwill

enter

through

it;

no

one

enters

it

except

for

them,

and

when

they

have

entered,itisclosedsothatnooneentersit.(Bukhari)

4. THEREWARDOFFASTINGISIMMENSEAbuHurayrah,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah

,said:AllahsaidthatalloftheactionsofthesonofAdamareforhimexceptfor

fasting,foritisforMeandIwillrecompenseit.Fastingisa shieldandwhenitisthe

daywhenoneofyoufasts,thenlethimnotspeakindecentlyorargue,andifanyone

abusesorseekstofighthimthenlethimsayIamfasting.ByHiminwhosehandis

the soulofMuhammad the smell comingfrom themouthof thefastingperson is

betterin

the

sight

of

Allah

than

the

smell

of

musk.

For

the

fasting

person

there

are

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twotimesofjoy,whenhebreakshisfastheishappyandwhenhemeetshisLordhe

ishappyduetohisfasting.(Bukhari)

5. FASTINGWILLINTERCEDEFORAPERSONFastingwill intercede for thebelieveron theDayof Judgement.

7Amru IbnAlAas,

may Allah be pleased with him, narrated that theMessenger of Allah, said:

FastingandtheQuranwill intercedefortheservantontheDayofJudgment.The

fastwill say: OMy Lord, Iprevented himfrom [eating]food and indulging inhis

desires during the day, so allowme to intercedefor him. TheQuranwill say: I

preventedhimfrom sleepingatnight soallowme to intercedeforhim.Theywill

both[thenbegiventhepermissionto]intercedeforhim.(Ahmad)


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RECOMMENDEDACTSOFFASTING

The following are recommended (mustahab) acts of fasting that should be

performedduringthemonthofRamadan:

1. SUHURThesuhuristhepredawnmeal(whichshouldbetakenbeforethebeginningofFajr).

Anas,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah,said:

Takethesuhurforthereisblessinginit.(Bukhari&Muslim)

AbuSaidAlKhudri,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerof

Allah,said:Thesuhurisamealofblessings,sodonotleaveit,evenifoneofyou

just takes a [gulp] of water, since Allah sends mercy and His angels who seek

forgivenessforthosewhotakesuhur.(Ahmad)

2. HASTENINGTOBREAKTHEFAST(IFTAR)It isrecommendedthatthepersonfastingbreakshisfast(iftar)assoonasthesun

sets.8SahlIbnSad,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerof

Allah,said:Thepeoplewillnotceasetobeupongoodas longastheyhasten in

breakingthefast.(Bukhari&Muslim)

3. BREAKINGTHEFASTWITHDATESTheMessengerofAllah,used toencourage thebreakingof the fastwithdates

and if theywerenot available, thenwithwater.Anas,mayAllahbepleasedwith

him,said:

The

Messenger

of

Allah

used

to

break

the

fast

with

fresh

dates

before

praying,and ifnotwithfreshdatesthenwitholddates,and ifnotwithdatesthen

withsomemouthfulsofwater.(Ahmad)

4. TOMAKEDUAATTHETIMEOFBREAKINGTHEFASTAbuHurayrah,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah

,said:Threesupplicationsareanswered: thesupplicationof thefastingperson,

thesupplicationoftheonewho isoppressedandthesupplicationofthetraveller.

(IbnMajah)

AbuHurayrah,

may

Allah

be

pleased

with

him,

narrated

that

the

Messenger

of

Allah

, said: Thereare threewhose supplicationsarenot rejected: thefastingperson

when he breaks his fast, the just ruler and the supplication of the oppressed.

(Tirmidhi)

Indeedwhen theMessengerofAllah,brokehis fast,heusedtosay:Thethirst

has gone, the veins aremoistened and the reward is certain, ifAllahwills. (Abu

Dawud)

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5. INVITINGOTHERSTOIFTARTheMessengerofAllah,said:Hewhogivesfoodforafastingperson tobreak

fast,willreceivethesamerewardashim,exceptthatnothingwillbereducedfrom

therewardofthefastingperson.(Ahmad)

6. GENEROSITYANDSTUDYINGTHEQURANItisrecommendedtobegenerous(inspendingfromoneswealth)andtoreadthe

QuranatalltimesbutespeciallyinthemonthofRamadan.IbnAbbas,mayAllahbe

pleasedwithhim, said:TheMessengerofAllah,was themostgenerousofall

peopleespecially inRamadanwhenJibrailused to come tohim.Heused tomeet

JibrailoneverynightofRamadanandstudytheQuranwithhim.(Bukhari)

7. STRIVINGINWORSHIPOFTHELASTTENDAYSOFRAMADANAisha,mayAllahbepleasedwithher,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah,said:

TheMessenger

of

Allah

used

to

exert

himself

in

the

last

ten

nights

more

than

he

wouldatothertimes.(Muslim)

8. REFRAININGFROMACTSWHICHENDANGERTHEFASTOneshouldrefrainfromeveryactwhichwillendangerthefastandmakeitdevoidof

anyrewardsandbenefits.TheMessengerofAllahencouraged theMuslimwho

fasts to display noblemanner; to be far from foul speech and evil actions; and

abstainfromrudeandobscenetalk.Twoactswhichshouldbecarefullyavoided in

hismontharefalsehoodandignorantandindecentspeech.AbuHurayrah,mayAllah

bepleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah,said:Whoeverdoes

notabandon

falsehood

in

word

and

action

then

Allah

the

Mighty

and

Majestic

has

no

needthatheshouldleavehisfoodanddrink.(Bukhari)

In the contextof indecent speech,AbuHurayrah,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,

alsonarratedthattheMessengerofAllah,said:Fastingisnot[merelyabstaining

fromeatinganddrinking,ratheritis[abstaining]fromignorantandindecentspeech,

so if anyoneabusesor behaves ignorantlywith you, then say: Iamfasting, Iam

fasting.(IbnKhuzaimah)


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DIFFERENTLEVELSOFFASTING

ImamAbuHamidAlGhazalimentions inhis IhyaUlumuddin that fastinghasmany

levels:9

It should be known that there are three grades of fasting: ordinary, special and

extraspecial.

OrdinaryFastingmeansabstainingfromfood,drinkandsexualsatisfaction.

SpecialFastingmeanskeepingoneseyes,ears,tongue,handsandfeetandallother

organs,freefromsin.

Extraspecial Fasting means fasting of the heart from unworthy concerns and

worldlythoughts,intotaldisregardineverythingbutAllah,GreatandGloriousisHe.

This kind of fast is broken by thinking of anything other than Allah, Great and

GloriousisHe,andtheHereafter;it isbrokenbythinkingofworldlymattersexcept

thoseconducivetoreligiousends,sincetheseconstituteprovisionsfortheHereafter

andarenotofthis lowerworld.Thoseversed inthespiritual lifeofthehearthave

evensaid thatasin is recordedagainstonewhoconcernshimselfalldaywith the

arrangements for breaking his fast. Such anxiety stems from lack of trust in the

bounty of Allah, Great and Glorious is He, and from lack of certain faith in His

promisedsustenance.

TothisthirddegreebelongtheProphets,thetruesaintsandtheintimatesofAllah.It

doesnot

lend

itself

to

detailed

examination

in

words,

as

its

true

nature

is

better

revealedinaction.ItconsistsinutmostdedicationtoAllah,GreatandGloriousisHe,

to the neglect of everything other than Allah, Exalted isHe. It is bound upwith

significanceofHiswords:

%!$#(Osyzt7y=tSay:Allah!thenleavesthemtotheiridleprattling.(AlAnamv91)

INWARDREQUIREMENTS

AsforSpecialFasting,thisisthekindpractisedbytherighteous.Itmeanskeepingall

onesorgansfreefromsinandsixthingsarerequiredforitsaccomplishment:

1. SEENOTWHATDISPLEASESALLAHA chaste regard, restrained from viewing anything that is blameworthy or

reprehensible,or thatdistracts theheartanddiverts it from the remembranceof

Allah,GreatandGloriousisHe,SaidtheProphet:Thefurtiveglanceisoneofthe

poisonedarrowsofSatan,onhimbeAllahscurse.Whoeverforsakes itforfearof

AllahwillreceivefromHim,GreatandGloriousisHe,afaiththesweetnessofwhich

hewill

find

in

his

heart.

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Jabir relates fromAnas that theMessengerofAllah, said: Five thingsbreaka

mansfast:lying,backbiting,slandering,perjuryandlustfulgaze.

2. SPEAKNOTGuarding ones tongue from twaddle [useless talk]. Lying, backbiting, slandering,

obscenity, rudeness, wrangling and controversy; making it observe silence and

occupying itwith the remembrance of Allah, Great and Glorious is He, andwith

recitationof theQuran.This is the fastingof the tongue.Sufyansaid:Backbiting

corrupts the fast. Layth quotesMujahid as saying: Two habits corrupt fasting:

backbitingandtellinglies.

TheProphet,said:Fastingisashield;sowhenoneofyouisfastingheshouldnot

usefoul orfoolish talk. If someone attacks him or insults him, let him say: I am

fasting,Iamfasting.

According to tradition, two women were fasting during the time of Allahs

Messenger.Theyweresofatiguedtowardstheendoftheday,fromhungerand

thirst that theywereon thevergeofcollapsing.They thereforesentamessage to

theMessengerofAllah, requestingpermission tobreak their fast. In response,

theProphet,sentthemabowlandsaid:Tellthemtovomitintoitwhattheyhave

eaten.Oneofthemvomitedandfilledhalfofthebowlwithfleshbloodandtender

meat,whiletheotherbroughtupthesamesothattheyfilleditbetweenthem.The

onlookerswereastonished.ThentheProphet,said:Thesetwowomenhavebeen

fastingfromwhatAllahmade lawful to them. They sat together and indulged in

backbiting,

and

here

is

the

flesh

of

the

people

they

maligned!

3. HEARNOTClosing ones ear to everything reprehensible; everything unlawful to utter is

likewiseunlawful to listen to.That iswhyAllah,GreatandGlorious isHe,equated

theeavesdropperwiththeprofiteer,inHiswords,ExaltedisHe:

y>s3=9t=2r&Ms=94Listenerstofalsehood,consumersofillicitgain.(AlMaidahv42)

Allah,Great

and

Glorious

is

He,

also

said:

Why

do

their

rabbis

and

priests

not

forbid

themtouttersinandconsumeunlawfulprofit?Silence inthefaceofbackbiting is

thereforeunlawful.Allah,ExaltedisHe,said:

/3)#])=Vi3Youarethenjustlikethem.(AnNisav140).ThatiswhytheProphet,said:The

backbiterandhislistenerarecopartnersinsin.

4. DONOTKeeping

all

other

limbs

and

organs

away

from

sin:

the

hands

and

feet

from

reprehensible deeds, and the stomach from questionable food at the time for

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breaking fast. It ismeaningless to fast, toabstain from lawful food,only tobreak

onesfastonwhat isunlawful.Amanwhofasts likethismaybecomparedtoone

whobuildsacastlebutdemolishesacity.Lawfulfoodisinjurious inquantitynot in

quality, so fasting is to reduce the former.Apersonmaygiveupexcessiveuseof

medicine,fromfearofilleffects,buthewouldbeafooltoswitchtotakingpoison.

Theunlawful

is

apoison

deadly

to

religion,

while

the

lawful

is

medicine,

beneficial

in

smalldosesbutharmfulinexcess.Theobjectoffastingistoinducemoderation. The

Prophet,said:Howmanyofthosewhofastgetnothingfrom itbuthungerand

thirst!Thishasbeen taken tomean thosewhobreak their fastonunlawful food.

Somesayitreferstothosewhoabstainfromlawfulfood,breaktheirfastonhuman

flesh throughbackbiting,which isunlawful.Othersconsider itanallusion to those

whodonotguardtheirorganfromsin.

5. AVOIDOVEREATINGNot to overindulge in lawful food at the time of breaking fast, to the point of

stuffingones

stomach.

There

is

no

receptacle

more

odious

to

Allah,

Great

and

GloriousisHe,thanabellystuffedfullwithlawfulfood.Ofwhatuseisthefastasa

meansofconqueringAllahsenemyandabatingappetite,ifatthetimeofbreakingit

onenotonlymakesupforallonehasmissedduringthedaytime,butperhapsalso

indulges inavarietyofextrafoods?Ithasevenbecomethecustomtostockupfor

Ramadanwithallkindsoffood,sothatmore isconsumedduringthattimethan in

thecourseofseveralothermonthsputtogether.Itiswellknownthattheobjectof

fasting is to experience hunger and to keep check of your desire, in order to

reinforcethesoulinpiety.Ifthestomachisstarvedfromearlymorningtillevening,

so that no appetite is aroused and its craving intensified, and it is then offered

delicaciesand

allowed

to

eat

its

fill,

its

taste

for

pleasure

is

increased

and

its

force

exaggerated;passionsareactivatedwhichwouldhave laindormantundernormal

conditions.

The spirit and secret nature of fasting is toweaken the forceswhich are Satans

meansofleadingusbacktoevil.Itisthereforeessentialtocutdownonesintaketo

whatonewouldconsumeonanormalnight,whennotfasting.Nobenefitisderived

fromthefastifoneconsumesasmuchasonewouldusuallytakeduringthedayand

nightcombined.Moreover,oneofthepropertiesconsistsintakinglittlesleepduring

thedaytime,sothatonefeelsthehungerandthethirstandbecomesconsciousof

theweakening

of

ones

powers,

with

the

consequent

purification

of

the

heart.

One should let a certaindegree ofweakness carry over into the night,making it

easier toperform thenightprayers (tahajjud)and to recite the litanies (award). It

maythenbethatSatanwillnothoveraroundonesheart,andthatonewillbehold

the Kingdom of Heaven. The Night of Destiny represents the night on which

somethingofthiskingdom isrevealed,this iswhat ismeantbythewordsofAllah,

GloriousandExaltedisHe:

!$)o9 t r&'s#s9s)9$#We

surely

revealed

it

on

the

Night

of

Power.

(Al

Qadr

v1)

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Anyonewhoputsabagoffoodbetweenhisheartandhisbreastbecomesblindto

thisrevelation.Butmerelykeepingthestomachemptyisinsufficienttoremovethe

veil,unlessonealsoemptiesthemindofeverythingbutAllah,GreatandGloriousis

He.Thatistheentirematter,andthestartingpointofitalliscuttingdownonfood.

6. LOOKTOALLAHWITHFEARANDHOPEAfterthefasthasbeenbroken,thebelievershouldswinglikeapendulumbetween

fearandhope.Foronedoesnotknowifonesfastwillbeaccepted,sothatonewill

find favourwithAllah,orwhether itwillberejected, leavingoneamong thoseHe

abhors.Thisishowoneshouldbeattheendofanyactofworshiponeperforms.

It is relatedofAlHasan IbnAbilHasanAlBasri thatheoncepassedbyagroupof

peoplewhowere laughingmerrily.He said: Allah,Great andGlorious isHe,has

made themonthofRamadanaracecourse,onwhichHiscreaturescompete inHis

worship.Some

have

come

in

first

and

have

won,

while

others

have

lagged

behind

andlost.Itisabsolutelyamazingtofindanybodylaughingandplayingaboutonthe

daywhen successattends thevictorsand failure thewastrels.ByAllah, if theveil

were liftedoff,thedoorofgoodwouldsurelybepreoccupiedwithhisgoodworks

andtheevildoerwithhisevildeeds.Inotherwords,themanwhosefasthasbeen

accepted will be too full ofjoy to indulge in idle sport, while for one who has

sufferedrejection,laughterwillbeprecludedbyremorse.

OfAlAhnaf IbnQays it isreported thathewasonce told:Youareanagedelder;

fastingwouldenfeebleyou.Buthereplied:By this Iamgetting ready fora long

journey.Obedience

to

Allah,

Glorified

is

He,

is

easier

to

endure

than

His

punishment.10


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SMHasanAlBanna

VIRTUESOFTHEMONTHOFRAMADAN

ThemonthofRamadanhasmanycharacteristicsandvirtues.Itisthe:

1.Month

of

the

Quran

2. MonthofJihad3. MonthofSpending4. MonthofDua5. MonthofRepentance

1. MONTHOFQURANAllahtheExaltedsays:

)t%!$#=Gt|=tG.!$#(#$s%r& un4n=9$#(#)xr& u$u%y u#uZutu_tZtpgB9u7s?uj u9 u_&ytuis4)x

6xIndeed, thosewhorecite theBookofAllahandestablishprayerandspend [inHis

cause] out of what We have provided them secretly and publicly, can expect a

transaction [i.e.profit] thatwill neverperish. ThatHemay give them infull their

rewardsandincreaseforthemHisbounty.IndeedHeisforgivingandmostreadyto

appreciate.(AlFatirv2930)

Aisha,mayAllahbepleasedwithher,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah,said:

Read theQuranforverily itwillcomeasan intercessorfor itscompanionon the

DayofJudgment.(Muslim)

Reciting the Quran is described in the above Quranic verse as a profitable

transaction, theprofitofwhichshallneverend.This is thecaseatanytimeof the

yearbut inRamadantherecitationandstudyoftheQuranhasgreaterstatusand

significantduetomanyreasons:

The

first

reason:

the

beginning

of

the

revelation

of

the

Quran

was

in

Ramadan.

The

nightinwhichJibrailarrivedwiththefirstfiveversesoftheQuran[SurahAlAlaqv

15]wasinthemonthofRamadan.Itispossiblethatthisiswhatismeantbysaying

ofAllah:

!$)o9 t r&'s#s9s)9$#VerilyWerevealeditinLaylatulQadr,(AlQadrv1)and

!$)o9 t r&7's#s9>x.tt64VerilyWerevealeditinaBlessednight.(AdDukhanv3)

11

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SMHasanAlBanna

Thesecondreason:itwasthemonthofRamadanthattheQuranwasrevealedfrom

the allauh almahfudh to the heavens of the world. This is what has been

transmittedbythesalaf.ThereweretworevelationsoftheQuran:onefromtheal

lauhalmahfudhtothebaitalizza intheheavensoftheworldonLaylatulQadr in

Ramadan;andtheotherrevelationwasfrombaitalizzatotheMessengerofAllah

gradually

over

aperiod

of

twenty

three

years

depending

on

the

condition

and

situation.12

Thethirdreason:JibrailusedtocometotheMessengerofAllaheverynight in

RamadaninordertostudytheQuranwithhim.IntheyearinwhichtheMessenger

ofAllahpassedawayJibrailcametwicetorevisetheQuranwithhim.

Thus,itisrecommendedthatonefinishesacompleterecitationoftheQuraninthe

monthofRamadan,13

rather it isthesunnahtocompleterecitingthewholeQuran

onceeverymonth (Bukhari), ifpossible,onceeveryweek (Bukhari)and ifpossible,

onceevery

three

days.

(Tirmidhi)

SuchwastheimportancegiventorecitingtheQuraninthismonththatmanyofthe

piouspredecessorsdevotedmostoftheirtimeinRamadantorecitingandstudying

theQuran.WhenRamadanentered, ImamMalikusedto leavehisstudyofhadith

anddevotehistotalattentiontothereadingoftheQuran. It isalsorelatedthata

groupofthepiouspredecessorssuchasAlNakhaI,IbrahimandAswad[andothers]

usedtocompletethereadingoftheQuranonceeverythreenights,andifRamadan

enteredthentheycompleted itonceeverytwonights,andwhenthe lasttendays

[ofRamadan]entered,thentheycompleteditonceeverynight.14

Some even went to extraordinary lengths in their aspiration to complete the

recitationoftheQuraninRamadan.IbnAlisaid:IheardAlRabiIbnSulaymansay:

Muhammad IbnAlisaid,IheardAlRabi IbnSulaymansay: Muhammed Ibn Idris

AshShafiiwouldaccomplishsixtycompletionsoftheQuran inRamadan,all inthe

formofprayers.15

2. MONTHOFJIHADIntheeraoftheMessengerofAllah,hiscompanionsandthepiouspredecessors,

thisblessedmonthwasamonthofJihad.Thetwomostimportantbattlesduringthe

eraof

the

Final

Messenger

took

place

in

Ramadan

the

Battle

of

Badr

and

the

ConquestofMakkah.Andulus(Spain)wasalsoliberatedandbroughtundertherule

ofIslaminthemonthofRamadan.16

3. MONTHOFSPENDINGAfter salah, spending (infaq) in theway of Allah is the utmost importance. Infaq

means to spend fromwhat Allah has given one from his time, health butmost

importantlywealth.Therootofallloveforthisworldiswealth;spendingfromitwill

weakenthatattachmenttothisworld.

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SMHasanAlBanna

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Spending, generally, is ameansbywhich the servantdraws closer tohisCreator.

Withspecificregardtothismonth,theMessengerofAllahusedtospendmoney

in thewayofAllahmore than in anyothermonths. Furthermore the reward for

righteousactsismultipliedinthismonth.(Theperformanceofafardisrewardedby

seventytimesandtheperformanceofanaflisrewardedwiththerewardofafard).

TheMessengerofAllahwasthemostgenerouswhenitcametogivingtopeople;

but when he used to meet Jibrail in Ramadan he used to spend unlimitedly

(Bukhari).AllahhasalsopromisedintheQuran,abook inwhichthereisnodoubt,

that those who spend in His cause will not lose anything; rather they will be

rewardedwithmorethantheyhavespent.

Thebelievershouldopenhishandandspendforthedawahandestablishmentof

Islam. The believer should alsohelphis relatives, thepoor, theorphans, and the

needyandspendinthewayofAllahasmuchashecan.Inthesamewaythathunger

andthirst

can

be

tolerated;

spending

in

the

way

of

Allah

should

also

be

tolerated.

It

isadvisabletocalculatethezakahandgiveitinthisblessedmonth.17

4. MONTHOFDUAAllahtheExaltedrespondstothedua(supplication)ofabelieverregardlessofthe

time it ismade.(Ahmad)However, inRamadan,Allahassuresthebelieverthatthe

duaofafastingpersonwillbeanswered.AbuHurayrah,mayAllahbepleasedwith

him, narrated that the Messenger of Allah , said: Three supplications are

answered:thesupplicationofthefastingperson,thesupplicationoftheonewho is

oppressedandthesupplicationofthetraveller.(IbnMajah)

Oneshouldsupplicateatthetimeof iftar. It isnarratedbyAbdullah IbnAmruthat

thepersonfastinghasaduaatthetimeoftheiftarwhichwillnotberejected.(Ibn

Majah)

5. MONTHOFREPENTANCEInRamadan,theservantsreturntotheirLordbecauseoftworeasons:thegraceof

AllahinforgivingHisservantsinthisgloriousmonthandsecondlyduetoSatanbeing

chainedwhen Ramadan approaches.Hence, Ramadan is the ideal opportunity to

repent toAllahandshun thepathofevil,disobedienceand falsehood. Ifonedoes

notrepentinthismonth,whenthenwillonerepentandseekAllahsforgiveness?


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SMHasanAlBanna

TARAWIH

TarawihprayersareprayersperformedafterIshaandbeforeWitrduringthenights

ofRamadan.TheyareaformofQiyamulLayl.

GenerallyprayingatnightafterIsha(QiyamulLayl)isanactverydearinthesightof

Allah,and inthemonthofRamadan it isevendearer.AbuHurayrah,mayAllahbe

pleasedwithhim,narratedthattheMessengerofAllah,said:Whoeverpraysin

the[nightsof]Ramadanwith imanandhopeofseekingtherewardofAllah,allhis

sinswillbeforgiven.(Tirmidhi)

TheMessenger of Allah, performed the tarawih prayers. Aisha,mayAllah be

pleasedwithhernarratedthattheMessengerofAllahwentoutinthemiddleof

thenightandprayedinthemosque,andthepeopleprayedbehindhim,theninthe

morning

the

people

spoke

about

it.

Then

a

large

number

gathered

[the

second

night],andheprayedandtheyprayedbehindhim,thenthepeoplespokeaboutitin

themorning.Onthethirdnightthemosquewascrowded,sotheMessengerofAllah

came out and the people prayed behind him. Then on the fourth night the

mosquecouldnotaccommodatethenumberofpeople,butheonlycameoutforthe

morningprayer.Thenwhenhefinishedthemorningprayerheturnedtothepeople,

repeatedtheshahadahandsaid:Indeedyourpresencewasnothiddenfromme,but

Ifearedthatitwouldbemadeobligatoryuponyouandthatyouwouldnotbeableto

manage it.SotheMessengerofAllahpassedawayandthesituationremained

likethat.(Bukhari&Muslim)

DuringthekhilafahofAbuBakr,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,andthefirstyearsof

thekhilafahofUmar IbnAlKhattab, tarawihprayerswereofferedonan individual

basis.However, itwas in the lastpartof thesecondyearof thekhilafahofUmar,

that tarawihprayerswereorganisedcollectively.AbdurRahman IbnAbdinAlQari

narrates: Iwentout alongwithUmar IbnAlKhattab,mayAllahbepleasedwith

him,inRamadantothemosqueandfoundthepeopleprayinginseparategroupsa

manprayingaloneoramanleadingasmallgroup.SoUmarsaid:Ithinkitwouldbe

betterifIgatheredthemallbehindasinglereciter.Thenhemadeuphismindand

gatheredthembehindUbayyIbnKab.Thenwentoutwithhimonanothernightand

the

people

were

praying

behind

their

reciter,

so

Umar

said:

What

an

excellent

innovationthisis.(Bukhari)

THENUMBEROFRAKAHS

Thenumberofrakahsintarawihistwenty(twentythreeincludingwitr).Thisisthe

opinionof themajorityof the scholars and theopinionof theHanafi, Shafii and

Hanbalischoolsofthought.18

However,ImamMalikwasoftheopinionthatthirtysix

rakahs (thirty nine including witr) have to be performed.19

Shaykh AlIslam Ibn

Taymiyahwrites:

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SMHasanAlBanna

IthasbeenprovenwithoutdoubtthatUbayyIbnKabusedtoleadtheCompanions,

during Ramadan, for twenty rakahs and three rakahs of witr. Hence, it is the

positionofmostof the scholars that it is the sunnah,becauseUbayy IbnKab led

twenty rakahs in the presence of theMuhajirun and theAnsar and not a single

Companionrepudiatedit.20

However, there are some scholarswho are of the opinions that the number of

rakahs in tarawih is eight (eleven including witr). Although this is an isolated

opinion,itmaybepossibletocombinethetwoopinionsasithasbeencombinedby

Imam IbnHajrAlAsqalani,whosaid:It ispossible that the [numberof rakahs in

tarawih]dependon the [varying] conditions andneedsof thepeople. Sometimes

they used to pray eleven rakah, sometimes twenty one and sometimes twenty

three;allofthisdependsontheactivitiesandstrengthofthepeople.Iftheyprayed

elevenrakahs,theywouldprolongtheprayerssomuchsothattheywouldhaveto

restonsticksbecauseofthelongtime[theyspentin]standing.21

Muchcontroversyhasbeenraisedinrecenttimessurroundingtheexactnumberof

rakahs intarawih.Suchcontroversy isunnecessaryanddamagingtotheunityand

brotherhoodoftheMuslims.Thestrongestopinionisthattarawihprayersistwenty

rakahs; however if anyone performs anything other than this, one should not

condemnitandturnitintoanissueofparamountimportance.Afterall,ImamMalik

prayed thirty six andmany of the salaf prayed forty rakahs.22

Thus condemning

others for praying other then twenty is not the character ofMuslims who are

concerned for thewelfare of theMuslimUmmah. Those engaged in the field of

dawah should be more cautious in avoiding fitna and controversy among the

Muslims.Our

efforts

should

be

geared

towards

creating

harmony

and

intimacy

betweentheMuslims.Onelucidexampleofsuchaneffortcanbeseeninastoryof

ImamShaheedHasanAlBanna,oneofthereviversof Islam inthe20th

Century, in

thecontextoftarawihprayersitself.

OnedayduringRamadan,ImamHasanAlBannawasinvitedtodeliveralectureina

smallvillageinEgypt.Thepeopleinthatvillageweredividedintotwogroupswhich

held different opinions regarding the number of rakahs in salat al tarawih.One

grouparguedthataccordingtothetraditionofUmarIbnAlKhattab,theyshouldbe

twenty.Theothergroupinsistedthattheymustbeeight,maintainingitwasknown

thatthe

Prophet

never

exceeded

this

number

at

any

time.

Accordingly,

each

group

accused the other of bidah, and their disagreement reached a dangerous level,

almost leading toopenphysicalconflict.When ImamHasanAlBannaarrived they

agreedtoreferthemattertohim.

Thewayhehandledthiseventisinstructivetoallofus.Hefirstasked:Whatisthe

juristic status of salat al tarawih: The answer was: A sunnah, and those who

perform itarerewardedand thosewhodonotarenotpunished.He thenasked:

Andwhat isthejuristicstatusofbrotherhoodamongsttheMuslims?Thepeople

replied Fard (obligatory) and it is one of the fundamentals of iman. He then

concluded:

Is

it

therefore

logical

or

permissible

according

to

the

Shariah

to

abandon a fard for a sunnah? He then told them that if they preserved their

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SMHasanAlBanna

ITIKAF

Itikaf inRamadanreferstostaying inthemosque inthe lasttendaysofRamadan

forworship. Itspurpose is topurify theheartbydirectingones totalattention to

Allah

and

leaving

the

daily

mundane

matters

of

everyday

life.

It

is

one

of

the

beloved

actions in the sightofAllah andan actionbywhich thenearnessofAllah canbe

attained.

Imam Ibn AlQayyim says: The basic purpose of Itikaf is that the heart is fully

occupiedwithAllah,theMostHigh,concentrateduponHimalone,andcutofffrom

preoccupationwiththecreation.RatheritisengrossedwithHimalone,theOnefree

ofalldefects,suchthatrememberingHim, lovingHimandturningtoHimtakesthe

place of all anxieties of the heart and its suggestions, such that he is able to

overcome them. Thus all his concerns are for Him. His thoughts are all of

remembranceofHim,andthinkingofhowtoattainHispleasureandwhatwillcause

nearness toHim.This leadshim to feel contentwithAllah insteadof theperson,

whichprepareshimforbeingatpeacewithHimaloneonthedayoflonelinessinthe

grave,where there isnooneelse togivecomfort,noranyone togranthimsolace

exceptHim.Sothisisthegreatergoalofitikaf.24

ShahWaliullah further remarks: Since itikaf in themosque is ameans to the

attainment of peace of themind and purification of the heart, and it affords an

excellentopportunity for forgingan identitywith theangelsandhavingashare in

theblissfulnessof theNightofPower (LaylatulQadr) and fordevotingoneself to

prayer and meditation, Allah has set aside the last ten days of the month of

Ramadanfor

it

and

made

it

asunnah

for

His

pious

and

virtuous

slaves.25

The Messenger of Allah always observed the itikaf in the last ten days of

Ramadan. Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, narrated that the

MessengerofAllah,usedtoperformitikaftendayseveryRamadan,thenwhenit

wastheyearinwhichhewastaken,heperformeditikaffortwentydays.(Bukhari)

CommentingonthepracticeofmanyMuslimswhodonotpayimportancetoitikaf,

ImamAzZuhrisays:Itissurprisinghowpeoplehaveleft[theobservanceof]itikaf

despitethefactthattheMessengerofAllah,usedtodoacertainthingandalso

leave it,howeverhedidnot leavethepracticeofperforming itikafuntilhepassedaway.

26

To reap the full benefits if itikaf, one should formulate a plan or a constructive

timetableofworship.Thetimetableshouldincluderegularactivitiessuchasreciting

theQuran,memorising theQuranand studying theQuran,performing tahajjud,

invokingblessingsontheProphetrepeatedly,seekingLaylatulQadr,studyingand

teaching Islamicsciencesandallocatingtimefordhikrandtafakkur (ponderingand

deliberating).Matters relating to themundane affairs of daily life should be left

behind.Themindshouldbe freeofanysuchworldlyconcerns.Only thatwhich is

absolutelynecessary

should

be

undertaken.

The

itikaf

should

be

viewed

as

an

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SMHasanAlBanna

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intensive spiritual program which will help the slave to gain the nearness and

pleasureofhisMaster. IfRamadan isamonthofphysicalandspiritual training for

thebelievers,then itikaf inthe lasttendays isan intensificationandconsolidation

ofthattrainingandLaylatulQadrisitsclimax.


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SMHasanAlBanna

LAYLATULQADR

In themonthofRamadan, certainnightshavegreater significanceandholdmore

barakah (blessings) than others. One such night is Laylatul Qadr (The Night of

Power).

Allah,

the

Exalted,

has

described

this

night

as

better

than

a

thousand

nights.TheExaltedsays:

!$)o9 tr&'s#s9s)9$#!$tuy71 u r&$t's#s9s)9$#'s#s9s)9$#y{i#9 r&9y ts?s3n=y9$#y9$#u$p*/h5 ui .9 r&n=y}4Lym

n=tfx9$#VerilyWehaverevealedthis[Quran]intheNightofPower.Andwhatwillexplainto

youwhat

the

Night

of

Power

is?

The

Night

of

Power

is

better

than

athousand

months.TheangelsandtheSpirit(Jibrail)descendtherein,bythepermissionoftheir

Lord,withalldecrees.Peaceitis,tillthebreakofdawn.(AlQadrv15)

Theabovesurahindicatestothemanyvirtuesofthisnight:

First Virtue: Allah the Exalted revealed theQuran on this night as guidance for

mankindandfortheirsuccessinthisworldandtheHereafter.

SecondVirtue:ThequestionAndwhatwillexplaintoyouwhattheNightofPower

is?

indicates

to

the

unparalleled

greatness

of

this

night.

ThirdVirtue:Thisnightisbetterthanathousandmonths

FourthVirtue:Angelswilldescendonthisnightandtheydonotdescendexceptwith

goodness,blessingsandmercy.

Fifth Virtue: This night is a manifestation of peace as it saves many from the

punishment[ofHellfire].

SixthVirtue:Allahrevealedacompletesurahinhonourandgreatnessofthenight,a

surahwhichwillberecitedtilltheDayofJudgement.

AsregardstotheexactdateofLaylatulQadr,ithasnotbeenconclusivelydisclosed.

However, it isreportedfromtheProphet,that it is inthe lasttenoddnightsof

Ramadan (i.e. the21st,23

rd,25

th,27

th,29

thor the lastnightofRamadan).

27Aisha,

mayAllahbepleasedwithher,said:TheMessengerofAllah,used topractice

itikafinthelasttennightsandsay:SeekoutLaylatulQadrinthe[oddnights]ofthe

lasttendaysofRamadan.(Bukhari)

ConcealingtheexactdateofLaylatulQadrwasnotahaphazarddecisionbutrathera

divinewisdom.AllahtheExaltedhasconcealed[theexactdateof]LaylatulQadrso

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SMHasanAlBanna

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thatMuslimsmay seek it and their keenness forworshipmay grow and all their

nights during the concluding part of themonth be spent in prayer and seeking

forgiveness.28

However,many scholars are of theopinion that themost likely date for Laylatul

Qadris

the

night

of

the

twenty

seventh

of

Ramadan.

Ibn

Umar,

may

Allah

be

pleased

withhim,narrated that theMessengerofAllah, said: LaylatulQadr ison the

twentyseventh[night].(AbuDawudandAhmad)

Ibn Abbas,may Allah be pleasedwith him, was among those who were of the

opinionthatLaylatulQadrfallsonthetwentyseventhnightofRamadan.

Although there isamultitudeofevidence tosubstantiate thisopinion, there isno

absolute surety that LaylatulQadr falls on the twenty seventh night.Hence, it is

advisable to seek this blessed night in the odd nights of the last ten days of

Ramadan.

Thereareno specificacts tobeperformed forLaylatulQadr.Thenight shouldbe

spentbyofferingmuchnafl(voluntary)prayersasonecanoffer,inrecitationofthe

GloriousQuran,indhikr,durudandtasbih.AbuHurayrah,mayAllahbepleasedwith

him,narrated that theMessenger ifAllah,said:Whoeverstands inprayerand

worship during Laylatul Qadr, with complete iman and sincere hope of gaining

rewards,willhaveallhisprevioussinsforgiven.(Bukhari)

The forgivenessandmercyofAllahshouldbesought.29

It is reported fromAisha,

mayAllah

be

pleased

with

her,

that

she

once

asked:

O

Messenger

of

Allah

!

If

I

happentofindLaylatulQadr,thenwhatshouldIsayinit?Hesaid:SayOAllah

youarethemostforgiving,youlovetoforgivesoforgiveme.(Tirmidhi)

Oneshouldensurethatworshiponthisnightisnotneglectedorgivenpriorityover

otherworldlyduties.TheMessengerofAllah,oncesaid:Whoeverisdeprivedof

theblessingsofLaylatulQadr[i.e.neglectstoworshiponthisnight]isdeprivedofall

good.(Ahmad)

MayAllahgiveustheabilitytoreapthebenefitsofRamadanandLaylatulQadrand

depriveus

not

of

any

of

its

blessings.

May

He

also

enable

us

to

build

along

lasting

relationshipwiththeBookwhichhasmadeRamadanablessedandgloriousmonth.

Itisonlythroughtherecitation,study,propagationandimplementationofthisvery

sameBook,thatultimatesuccesscanbeattainedinthisworldandthenext.


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SMHasanAlBanna

ENDNOTES

1ShaykhWahbahAlZuhaily,AlFiqhAlIslamiwaAdillatuhu,vol.2p.5662ShaykhFaisalMawlawi,TayseerFiqhAlIbadaat,p.1183ShaykhYusufAlQaradawi,MadkhalliDirasatAlShariahAlIslamiyyah,p24ImamIbnAbiShaybah,KitabAlIman,no.995ImamAbuHamidAlGhazali,IhyaUlumuddin,vol1p.1526ImamIbnAlQayyim,ZadAlMaad,vol.1p,1527ShaykhMuhammedAlawiAlMalaki,FadhailRamadanwaAhkamuhu,p.108MuftiTaqiUsmani,IslamicMonths,MeritsandPrecepts,pp.1041059ImamAbuHamidAlGhazali,IhyaUlumuddin,vol.1p,31031110

AlGhazali,InnerDimensionsofIslamicWorship,translatedbyMukhtarHolland,pp758011

ShaykhSalmanAlAwdah,DurusRamadan,p2112

ShaykhMannaAlQattan,MabahhithfiUloomAlQuran,p.10413

ShaykhSaeedHawwa,AlIslam,p.17814

ShaykhSalmanAlAwdah,DurusRamadan,p.315

ImamAbdulHaiLucknawi,BidahandtheSalafsWorship,editedbyShaykhGhuddah,p.6816

Dr.AbdulMajid,AlTarikhalSiyasiliDuwalAlArabiyyah,vol.2p.20417

Ustadh

Khurrum

Murad,

Istaqbale

Ramadan,

p.33

18ShaykhAbdulKarimZaidan,AlMufassalfiAhkamAlMarahwalBaitAlMuslim,vol.1p.330

19QadiSahnun,AlMudawwanah,vol.1pp.193194

20ShaykhAlIslamIbnTaymiyah,Fatawa,vol.1p,191

21ShaykhSalmanAlAwdah,DurusRamadan,p.47

22ShaykhYusufAlQaradawi,FiqhAlSiyam,p.123&IbnHajrAsqalani,FathulBari,Vol.1p.330

23ShaykhYusufAlQaradawi,IslamicAwakeningBetweenRejectionandExtremism,p.124

24ImamIbnAlQayyim,ZadAlMaad,vol.1p.178

25ShahWaliullah,HujjatullahAlBaligah,vol.2p.43:MaulanaNadwi,FourPillarsofIslam,p.207

26ShaykhWahbahAlZuhaily,AlFiqhAlIslamiwaAdillatuhu,vol.2p.694

27ShaykhSayyidSabiq,FiqhAlSunnah,vol.1p.348

28ShaykhSalimAlHilali&AliAbdulHamid,FastinginRamadan,p.83

29Shaykh

Al

Hadith

Maulana

Zakariya,

Fadhail

Ramadan,

pp.57

58

fasting ramadan the essentials

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