EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON FASCIOLIASIS AMONG CATTLE AND BUFFALOE

PRESENTED BY:

Dr. SEHAM FAWZY HASSAN

INTRODUCTION

FASCIOLAAs a parasite

Taxonomy

Kingdom : AnimaliaPhylum : PlatyhelminthesClass : TrematodaSubclass : Digenea Order : EchinostmifomisFamily : FasioloidaGenus : FasciolaSpecies : hepatic

gigantica

They are flat leaf-like ,greyish brown in colour ,

reached in length to 30 mm and width 13 mm.

Fasciola egg

Length 130-145 µm Width 70-90 µm Regular ellipse Thin shell Operculum at one pole Granular yellowish-brown contents filling whole egg.

MORPOLOGY

LIFE CYCLE

Fascioliasis is one of the world wide parasitic disease common in ruminants (sheep, goat, cattle, buffaloes, camels), swine, horses, donkeys and rabbits caused by trematode called Fasciola spp characterized by animal poor condition, decrease in productivity and liver damage and has zoonotic importance.

FASCIOLIASIS

The suscebtibility differed according to:

SpeciesAgeSex

Season Management

EPIDEMILOGY OF FASCIOLIASIS

1 -The susceptibility

EX:1In study made by ( ALI.,2013 ) in Qena , Sohag , Aswan.

He founded that the prevalence of fascioliasis differed according to age,sex,species.

Buffalo Cattle Sheep

9.27% 9.54% 15.9% female

3.7% 3.6% 2% male

10.15% 20.5% 17.37% Over 2 years

3.58% 3.18% 1.23% Less than 2 years

1 -The susceptibility

J. A. Kucahai et al.,(2011) reported in el-hend that there differences in fascioliasis prevalence according to season, age and sex.

household Livestock farm slaughtered

21.9% 27.69% 51.42% Result

Dry season Wet season Season

24.40% 45.19%

3-8 years 0-2 years Age

28.04% 40.02%

Male Female Sex

29.09% 38.07%

EX 2:1 -The susceptibility

EX 3:(Azhar 2002 ) studied in Pakistan the prevalence of

fascioliasis according to managemental view and seasons she found that:

Livestock farms Household Veterinary hospitals

Slaughtered Management

26.16% 10.5% 13.7% 25.59% Results

Summer Winter Spring Autumn Season

9% 13% 20% 24% Results

1 -The susceptibility

Ingestion of encysted metacercaria .

2 -source of infection:

Vegetation contained encysted metacercaria.

3 -mode of transmition:

Risk factors:1-Environmental risk

factors 2-Host risk factors3-Managemental risk factors

The annual loss in the world due to fascioliasis is 3.2 billion dollars.

In Egypt losses in meat and milk due to fascioliasis was 30% per year= one milliard pound (according to issue of June 1998 of the General Organization of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture)Decrease in live weight gain and wool production.Decrease in milk yield amount and quality.Reduction in animal fertility.

Zoonotic importance

WHO reported that in 2002 there are 2.4 million people were infected with fasciola.

Economic importance

Infection occur through ingestion of the encysted metacercaria on green fodders the metacercaria excysted in the lumen of intestine The cercaria migrated to the liver the mature worm fed on the parenchyma of the liver destroying it resulting in wide

spread hemorrhage .

Pathogenesis

Acute type I fascioliasis Occurs when the animal ingests more than 5000 metacercariae, which may lead to its sudden death, especially sheep and goats without showing any previous clinical

signs. Acute type II fascioliasis Infection occurs by the ingestion of 1000-5000 metacercariae. the animal dies and showing signs of pallor, loss of condition and ascites.

Subacute fascioliasis occurs due to the ingestion of 800-1000 metacercariae. The animal becomes weak, anemic and weight loss may occur resulting in death of the animal.

Chronic fascioliasis occurs when 200-800 metacercariae are ingested.Chronic Fasciolasis is prolonged and does not have clear key symptoms except for gradual weight loss, pallor of mucous membranes, ventral oedema and wool break.

Clinical signs:

-Emaciated, anemic, edematous and/or icteric carcass due to liver damage.

-Liver enlargement with bumpy, raised and/or depressed areas, dark blue to black discolorations, hardness in consistence.

-Hemorrhagic tracts of migratory immature flukes in the liver in an acute infection.

-Black parasitic material (excrement) in the liver . -Cirrhotic effect on the liver (scarred surface) .

-Enlarged, thickened and calcified bile ducts

Post mortem lesions

Liver enlargement with bumpy, raised and/or depressed areas, dark blue to black discolorations, hardness in consistence

Hemorrhagic tracts Cirrhotic effect on the liver

(scarred surface.)

Case history :Clinical signs:Coprological diagnosis:

fecal examination through sedimentation technique . finding the egg in the feces the main method of

diagnosis.

Serodiagnotic techniques:

As agar gel precepitation technique , indirect haemagglutination test and

indirect ELISA .

Diagnosis

Bacteriological features of infected liver with fasciola:

Fasciola plays an important role in aiding microbial invasion to the infected animals either by transportation as a result of migration of immature liver flukes or depressing the hepatic tissue resistance to be a good media for bacterial growth

Fasciola infection plays an important role in stimulation of Clostridium infection especially Cl. perfringens due to the changes which were attributed to toxic environment created by the organisms in liver tissues. The micro-organisms played a role in initiating hepatic affections like hepatitis ,hepatic necrosis and hepatic abscesses

Aerobic contaminationE.Coli

Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus saprophyticusStreptococcus pyogensKlebseilla Anaerobic contamination:

Closteridium perfringesClosteridium novyiClosteridium sordelliBacteriodes sppPeptostreptococcus

Bacteriological features of infected liver with fasciola:

1 -Studying the prevalence of animal fascioliasis among cattle and buffaloes in Assiut Governorate through liver inspection in slaughtered animals and fecal examination of live animals.

2 -Comparing between the prevalence of fascioliasis in slaughtered, household and livestock farms cattle and buffaloes.

3 -Rerecording the prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle and buffaloes in Assuit in relation to species (cattle or buffaloes), climatic factors, age and sex.

4-Evaluation of bacteriological features associated with fasciola infection.

Aim of these work:

2-slaughtered animals: will be collected randomly from different slaughter houses in Assuit governorate.

Protocol of work

A) Source of samples:1-live animals: cattle and buffaloes will be randomly

selected from different herds and farms in Assuit governorate.

B) Sample collection and handling:From each sampled live animal:

faecal samples: for detection of eggs of fasciola From each slaughtered animal:

Routine post mortem examination of liver and gall bladder of each animal will be carried out to check for the presence of Fasciola.From each liver infected with fasciola taking 4-8 gm, from infected tissue for bacteriological examination with minimum delay on ice box.

C) Detection of fasciola in live animals:

1 -Macroscopic examination:The physical characters of the faeces studied (colour, consistency, presence of blood /or mucus).

2 -Microscopic examinationA- Direct smear methodB- Sedimentation technique

D) Bacteriological examination of infected liver with fasciola:

Aerobic cultivation Anaerobic cultivation

A loopful from each affected livers will be streaked onto blood agar and MacConkey's agar. Then incubate it at 37 c for 24-48 hours.

Isolated colonies will be identified morphologically and characterized biochemically.

A) Aerobic cultivation:

A loopful from each affected deep tissue of livers will be inoculated into 2 tubes of freshly prepared cooked meat broth. One of them will be heated at 80 c for 10 minutes, to eliminate non-spore forming organisms while the other tube will be left without heating. A loopful from each affected deep tissue of livers will be inoculated into 2 tubes of freshly prepared cooked meat broth.

Both tubes will be incubated anaerobically at 37 c for 2-3 days.

B) Anaerobic cultivation:

A loopful from each heated tube will be streaked onto blood agar plate for isolation of spore forming anaerobes while, loopful from non-heated tubes will be streaked onto neomycin blood agar and brain-heart infusion blood agar plates for isolation of clostridium perfringes and non-spore forming anaerobes.

All plates incubated anaerobically at 35-37 c for 2-3 days

B) Anaerobic cultivation:

The data obtained will be tabulated in relation to difference in species, sexes, ages, locality, season and different secondary bacterial infection.

E) Stastical analysis:

WISH ME LUCK