Famous FDR Speech before the War

• Quarantine Speech – October 1937– FDR’s appeal to help Europeans from fascist

aggressors– “quarantine of aggressor nations”

• Four Freedoms Speech– Made January 1941– Freedom of:

• Speech• Worship• Fear• Want

– Became basis for United Nations

Relationship with Japan Worsens

• 1940: Japan invades French Indochina– U.S. stops exporting oil to Japan– U.S. moves Pacific Fleet to Pearl Harbor

• 1941: Japan begins to plan attack against U.S.– Japan wants to invade Dutch East Indies for

oil– Believes the U.S. will try to prevent

• Both sides engaged in negotiations to prevent war– Only the U.S. was serious

Attack on Pearl Harbor• December 7,

1941– 353 Japanese

Airplanes– 6 Japanese

Aircraft Carriers

– 2 hours– 2,403 killed

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

A date which will live in infamy!

War Declared

• December 8, 1941 the U.S. declares war on Japan– Only 1 dissenting

vote in Congress

• December 11, 1941 Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S.

The Big Three• Un-easy alliance

between Stalin, FDR & Churchill– The enemy of my

enemy is my friend

• Work together to 1st defeat Hitler, then concentrate on Japan

• Stalin wanted Britain & U.S. to re-open the Western Front

Battle of StalingradAug 1942 - Feb 1943

• Biggest battle between Germany & Soviet Union

• Intense city battle• Germany loses, but Soviet Union

sustains heavy losses• Turning Point of European Theater

– Hitler now fighting defensively

Operation TorchNorth African Campaign

• Axis powers, led by General Rommel, control North Africa

• Allies believe this is the weakest area & plan to invade

• Operation lasts from Nov 1942 – May 1943

Gen. Erwin Rommel,

The “Desert Fox”

Gen. Erwin Rommel,

The “Desert Fox”

Operation TorchNorth African Campaign

• Gen. George Patton leads American troops

• Major defeat of Axis Powers at the Battle of El Alamein

The Italian Campaign :Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”

The Italian Campaign :Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”

• Invasion began in July 1943

• Led by Patton• Slow going • Liberated Rome in

June 1944• Fighting continued

until Spring 1945

Mussolini & His Mistress,Are Hung in Milan, 1945

Mussolini & His Mistress,Are Hung in Milan, 1945

D-Day (June 6, 1944)• Britain & the U.S. decide to re-open the

Western Front• Decision made to invade France at

Normandy• Called Operation Overlord• Led by General Dwight

Eisenhower

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Higgins Landing Higgins Landing CraftsCrafts

German German PrisonersPrisoners

D-Day (June 6, 1944)• Will be successful• Allies begin moving east toward Germany

while the Soviet Union moves west• Paris liberated August 25, 1944

Battle of the Bulge• Hitler’s last offensive battle• Trying to break Allied supply line in

Belgium Ardennes• Will lose

Dec. 16, 1944Dec. 16, 1944toto

Jan. 28, 1945Jan. 28, 1945

Yalta Conference: February, 1945

Yalta Conference: February, 1945

• Stalin agrees to enter war against Japan 3 months after German surrender.

• All agreed to free European elections after the war

• Established the basics of the U.N.• Germany will be divided into zones of

influence after the war

U.S. & Russian Soldiers Victory

• April 25, 1945 – Allied troops from the West & East meet at the Elbe River

• Head north toward Berlin

The Holocaust• Allies discovered the horrors of the

Holocaust while liberating Europe from Hitler

War Ends in Europe• Hitler commits suicide April 30, 1945• May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders• May 8, 1945: VE Day

Pacific Theater of OperationsPacific Theater of Operations

The Philippines• Dec 1941: Japan gains

control of U.S Guam, Wake Island, & Gilbert Islands

• Wants the Philippines• General Douglas

MacArthur forced to leave– “I shall return”

• Philippines under Japanese control by March 1942

Bataan Death March• American troops in

Philippines become POW• Forced to march 60 miles

on Bataan Peninsula to prison camp

• Were tortured & killed along the way

• 18,000 troops (U.S. & Filipinos) did not make it

U.S. Battle Japan at Sea• Battle of Coral Sea

(May 1942)• Battle of Midway

(June 1942)– Turning Point

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Island Hopping• Developed by MacArthur• Need land close to Japan to stage an

invasion• Begin with least fortified islands• Amphibious Attack• Starts with Guadalcanal

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

Japanese Kamikaze Planes• Japanese losing

by mid 1943– Not the industrial

giant the U.S. is

• Begin using Kamikaze attacks in 1944– Pilot flies his

plane into U.S. ship

MacArthur Returns to the Philippines

• Oct 1944: U.S. has won the battle of Luzon & Leyte Gulf

• MacArthur has recaptured the Philippines

Iwo Jima & Okinawa• U.S. capture Iwo Jima Feb 1945• Fierce fighting on Okinawa until April

1945• U.S. now within striking distance &

will prepare for invasion

Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945

• FDR dead• Stalin agrees to

declare war on Japan

• They warn Japan to unconditionally surrender or face “complete and utter destruction”

P.M. Clement President JosephP.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin Atlee Truman Stalin

Manhattan Project• Established in 1942 to

develop an atomic weapon• Success! July 16, 1945

tested the Trinity bomb at Alamogordo, NM

Dr. Robert Dr. Robert OppenheimerOppenheimer

Hiroshima & Nagasaki• August 6, 1945: “Little Boy” dropped

on Hiroshima• August 9, 1945: “Fat Man” dropped

on Nagasaki• Controversial decision made to spare

U.S. lives

Little Boy Fat ManLittle Boy Fat Man

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945• 70,000 killed 70,000 killed

immediately.immediately.• 100,000s died of 100,000s died of

radiation poisoning & radiation poisoning & cancer later.cancer later.

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

• 40,000 killed 40,000 killed immediatelyimmediately

• 100,000s died of100,000s died ofradiation poisoningradiation poisoning& cancer later.& cancer later.

Japanese A-Bomb SurvivorsJapanese A-Bomb Survivors

V-J Day (August 14, 1945)V-J Day (August 14, 1945)

Official End to the war: September 2, 1945

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

Costs of WWIIDirect Costs of the War

Military Killed/MIA

Civilians Killed

United States $288 Billion 292,131 XX

Great Britain $117 Billion 271,311 60,595

France $111.3 Billion

205,707 173,260

USSR $93 Billion 13,600,000 7,720,000

Germany $212.3 Billion

3,300,000 2,893,000

Japan $41.3 Billion 1,140,429 953,000

Massive Human Dislocations

Massive Human Dislocations

The Creation of the

U.N.

The Creation of the

U.N.

The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later

20th century

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later

20th century

The Nuremberg War Trials:

Crimes Against Humanity

The Nuremberg War Trials:

Crimes Against Humanity

Japanese War Crimes Trials

Japanese War Crimes Trials

General General Hideki TojoHideki Tojo