family planning in india - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

8/10/2019 Family Planning in India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/4

6/25/2014 Family planning in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India 1/4

Family planning in India

Map of countries by fertility rate: India 's

fertility rate is lower than some countries in

its neighborhood, but significantly higher

than Chinaand Iran

The Red

Triangleindicates family

planning products and

services in India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is written like a personal reflectionor opinion essaythat states the Wikipediaeditor's particular feelings about a topic,

rather than the opinions of experts. Pleasehelpimprove it by rewriting it in an encyclopedicstyle. (September 2011)

Family planningin Indiais based on efforts largely

sponsored by theIndiangovernment. In the 1965-2009

period, contraceptive usage has more than tripled (from

13% of married women in 1970 to 48% in 2009) and the

fertility rate has more than halved (from 5.7 in 1966 to 2.6

in 2009), but the national fertility rate is still high enough tocause long-term population growth. India adds up to

1,000,000 people to its population every 15 days.[1][2][3][4][5]

Contents [hide]

1 Contraceptive usage

1.1 Family planning programs

1.2 Historical background

2 Fertility rate

2.1 Historical fertility trend2.2 State and country comparisons

3 See also

4 References

Contraceptive usage [edit]

Low female literacy levels and the lack of widespread availability of birth-

control methods is hampering the use of contraception in India.

Awareness of contraception is near-universal among married women in

India.[6]However, the vast majority of married Indians (76% in a 2009 study)

reported significant problems in accessing a choice of contraceptive

methods.[3]

In 2009, 48.3% of married women were estimated to use a contraceptive

method, i.e. more than half of all married women did not. [3]About three-

fourths of these were using female sterilization, which is by far the most

prevalent birth-control method in India.[3]Condoms, at a mere 3% were the

next most prevalent method.[3]Meghalaya, at 20%, had the lowest usage of contraception among all

Indian states. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh were the other two states that reported usage below 30%. [3]

Comparative studies have indicated that increased female literacy is correlated strongly with a decline in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Triangle,_Family_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-iips2009gdj-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Fertility_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Historical_backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Family_planning_programshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#ESSAYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-iips2009gdj-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#State_and_country_comparisonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Historical_fertility_trendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Fertility_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Historical_backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Family_planning_programshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#Contraceptive_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-bucen1997ahs-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ramu2006-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-who2009gdj-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-rengel2000-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#ESSAYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Triangle,_Family_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Triangle.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Triangle.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fertility_rate_world_map_2.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png


2/4



fertility.[7]Studies have indicated that female literacy levels are an independent strong predictor of the

use of contraception, even when women do not otherwise have economic independence.[8]Female

literacy levels in India may be the primary factor that help in population stabilization, but they are

improving relatively slowly: a 1990 study estimated that it would take until 2060 for India to achieve

universal literacy at the current rate of progress.[7]

Family planning programs [edit]

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfareis the government unit responsible for formulating and

executing family planning related government plans in India. An inverted Red Triangleis the symbol

for family planninghealth and contraceptionservices in India.

Historical background [edit]

Raghunath Dhondo Karvepublished a Marathi magazine Samaj Swasthya ()starting from

July 1927 until 1953. In it, he continually discussed issues of society's well being through population

control through use of contraceptives so as prevent unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions. He

proposed that the Indian Government should take up a population control program, but was met with

opposition.

In the early 1970s, Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, had implemented a

forced sterilizationprogramme, but failed. Officially, men with two children or more had to submit to

sterilization, but many unmarried young men, political opponents and ignorant, poor men were also

believed to have been sterilized. This program is still remembered and criticized in India, and is blamed

for creating a public aversion to family planning, which hampered Government programmes for

decades.[9]

Contraceptive usage has been rising gradually in India. In 1970, 13% of married women used modern

contraceptive methods, which rose to 35% by 1997 and 48% by 2009.[2]The national family planning

program was launched in 1951, and was the world's first governmental population stabilization program.

By 1996, the program had been estimated to have averted 168 million births.[10]

Fertility rate [edit]

India suffers from the problem of overpopulation.[11][12][13]Although the fertility rate(average number of

children born per woman during her lifetime) in India has been declining, it has not reached replacementrate yet. The replacement rate is defined as the total fertility rate at which newborn girls would have an

average of exactly one daughter over their lifetimes. In more familiar terms, women have just enough

babies to replace themselves. Factoring in infant mortality, the replacement rate is approximately 2.1 in

most industrialized nations and about 2.5 in developing nations (due to higher mortality). Discounting

immigration andpopulation momentumeffects, a nation that crosses below the replacement rate is on

the path to population stabilization and, eventually, population reduction.

Historical fertility trend [edit]

The fertility rate in India has been in long-term decline, and had more than halved in the 1960-2009

period. From 5.7 in 1966, it declined to 3.3 by 1997 and 2.7 in 2009.[4][5]

State and country comparisons [edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-bucen1997ahs-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ramu2006-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-saxena1997sd-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-rengel2000-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunath_Dhondo_Karvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Triangle,_Family_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ewc1990gyq-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-popstu1996gyq-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ewc1990gyq-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_planning_in_India&action=edit&section=2


3/4



Seven Indian states have dipped below the 2.1 replacement rate level and are no longer contributing to

Indian population growth -Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Himachal

Pradesh, Kerala, Punjaband Sikkim.[14]Four Indian states have fertility rates above 3.5 - Bihar, Uttar

Pradesh, Meghalayaand Nagaland.[14]Of these, Biharhas a fertility rate of 4.0, the highest of any

Indian state. For detailed state figures and rankings, see Indian states ranking by fertility rate.

In 2009, India had a lower estimated fertility rate than Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a higher fertility rate

than China, Iran, Burma and Sri Lanka.[15]

CountryorIndianstate

FertilityRate

Notes

Singapore 1.1 Source: CIA[15]

Japan 1.2 Source: CIA[15]

Germany 1.4 Source: CIA[15]

UnitedKingdom

1.7 Source: CIA[15]

Iran 1.7Source: CIA;[15]High rate of Urban population, Government requirescompulsory contraceptive counseling for all couples prior to marriage(see: Family planning in Iran)

Tunisia 1.7 Source: CIA[15]

China 1.8 Source: CIA;[15]Official one-child policy enforced (see:One-child policy)

Algeria 1.8 Source: CIA[15]

AndhraPradesh

1.8Source: NFHS;[14]Andhra Pradesh has the lowest fertility rate of any Indianstate

Tamil Nadu 1.8 Source: NFHS[14]

Burma 1.9 Source: CIA[15]

Maldives 1.9 Source: CIA[15]

HimachalPradesh

1.9 Source: NFHS[14]

United States 2.0 Source: CIA[15]

Sri Lanka 2.0 Source: CIA[15]

Punjab 2.0 Source: NFHS[14]

Kerala 2.0 Source: NFHS[14]

ReplacementRate

2.1 Replacement rate (assuming industrialized-economy levels of infant mortality)

Turkey 2.2 Source: CIA[15]

Indonesia 2.2 Source: CIA[15]

Jordan 2.4 Source: CIA[15]

United ArabEmirates

2.4 Source: CIA[15]

Jammu andKashmir


WorldAverage 2.6 Source: CIA[15]

India 2.7 Source: CIA[15]

Bangladesh 2.7 Source: CIA[15]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_fertility_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh


4/4



MadhyaPradesh


Rajasthan 3.2 Source: NFHS[14]

Pakistan 3.6 Source: CIA[15]

UttarPradesh


Saudi Arabia 3.8 Source: CIA[15]

Bihar 3.8 Source: NFHS;[14]Bihar has the highest fertility rate of any Indian state

Afghanistan 6.5 Source: CIA[15]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-ciapop2009ads-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India#cite_note-nfhsin2009ads-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh

family planning in india - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Documents