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Cognitive Abilities and Intelligence

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Definition of Intelligence

u Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity

of the individual to act purposefully, to think

rationally, and to deal effectively with his

environment.

-WeshlerMesurement of Adult Intelligence. 1939

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Components of Intelligence

1. Understand complex ideas

2. Adapt to the environment

3. Learn from experience4. Ability to reason

5. Problem solving skills

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Theories of Intelligence

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Early Theories of Intelligence

u Charles Spearman

Believed intelligence is general

People who are bright in one area are usually

bright in other areas as well

u L. L. Thurstone

Believed that intelligence is made up of seven

distinct, independent abilities Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability,verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, andreasoning

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Early Theories of Intelligence

u R. B. Cattell

Identified two clusters of mental abilities

Crystallized intelligence includes abilities such as

reasoning and verbal skills

Fluid intelligence includes skills such as spatial and

visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to

notice visual details

While education can increase crystallized

intelligence, it was not thought to have any

effect on fluid intelligence

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Contemporary Theories of Intelligence

u Robert Sternberg

Triarchic theory of intelligence posits three types ofintelligence

Analytical intelligence includes the ability to learn howto do things, solve problems, and acquire newknowledge

Creative intelligence includes the ability adjust to newtasks, use new concepts, and respond well in new

situations Practical intelligence includes the ability to select

contexts in which you can excel and solve practicalproblems

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Contemporary Theories of Intelligence

u Logical-mathematicalu Linguistic

u Spatial

u Musical

u Bodily-kinestheticu Interpersonal

u Intrapersonal

u Naturalistic

u Howard Gardners theory of multiple

intelligences

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Contemporary Theories of Intelligence

u Daniel Goleman

Proposed theory ofemotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence has five components Knowing ones own emotions

Managing ones own emotions

Using emotions to motivate oneself

Recognizing the emotions of other people Managing relationships

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IQ Testing

u Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911)

u Identify children who could not profit from

normal public school instructionu Mental Age

If majority of children of a given age can

complete a task, the task requires that mental

age

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u Kumar, MA = 8, CA = 8, MA/CA = 8/8 = 1

u Saxena, MA = 10, CA = 8, 10/8 = 1.25

u Boris, MA = 6, CA = 8, 6/8 = 0.75

IQ = (MA/CA) * 100

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Tests of Intelligence

Standford-Binet Binet-Simon Scale

IQ

Ages 2-23

Four Subscales

Verbal

Abstract/Visual

Quantitative STM

Weschler Scales

WAIS-R (Adult)

WISC-III (5-16)

WPPSI (3-7)

Two Subscales

Verbal

Performance

Other Tests: Raven Matrices, K-ABC

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Distribution of Intelligence

IQ Range Label Percent

130 and above Very Superior 2.5%

120 - 129 Superior 6.5%

110 - 119 High Average 14.9%

90 - 109 Average 47.4%

80 - 89 Low Average 14.9

70 - 79 Borderline 6.5%

69 and below Mental

Retardation

2.5%

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Extremes of Intelligence

u Mental retardation

Refers to a wide variety of mental deficits

Defined as significantly sub-average general

intelligence functioning that is accompanied by

significant limitations in adaptive functioning

Some people with retardation show savant

performance on particular skills

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Extremes of Intelligence

u Giftedness

Refers to superior IQ combined with ability in

academics, creativity, and leadership

Giftedness is often in specific areas

Globally gifted people are rare

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Mental Abilities and Human Diversity

u Gender

Overall, men and women do not differ

significantly in general intelligence

Women may show slight advantage in

mathematical computation skills

Men show an advantage in spatial ability

Men are more likely to fall in the extremes ofintelligence range

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Mental Abilities and Human Diversity

u Culture

Difference in academic performance between

American and Asian students are found from

first grade through high school in mathematics

and reading

May be related to a difference in cultural

attitudes toward ability and effort

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Thank you

I hope you had an enjoyable learningexperience!!!!!