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FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASA
HBEL 3203
TEACHING OF GRAMMAR
SEPTEMBER 2014
NAMA :
NO. MATRIKULASI :
NO. KAD PENGENALAN :
NO. TELEFON :
E-MEL :
PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN :
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1.0INTRODUCTION
For information, essays are generally scholarly pieces of writing giving the
author's ownargument,but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of anarticle,a
pamphlet and a short story.This mean that essays can consist of a number of elements,
including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of
daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all the modern essays are
written inprose,but works inverse have been dubbed essays. While the brevity usually
defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population are
counterexamples.
The concept of an "essay" has been extended to other of the mediums beyond
writing. A film an essay is a movie that often incorporates documentary film making
styles and which focuses more on the evolution of a theme or an idea. A good
photographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked series ofphotographs it
may or may not have an accompanying text or captions. In some countries, an essays
have become a major part of formal education. Primary students are taught structured
essay formats to improve their writing skills, and admission essays are often used by
universities in selecting applicants and, in the humanities and social sciences, as a way of
assessing the performance of students during final exams.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28publishing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay#Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_essayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_captionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissions_essayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissions_essayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_captionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_essayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay#Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28publishing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument -
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2.0DATA COLLECTION METHOD
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
The use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. This means that sometime the speaker may not actually mention
the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:-
I sawa movie yesterday.
I didn't seea play yesterday.
Last year, I traveledto Japan.
Last year, I didn't travelto Korea.
Didyou havedinner last night? She washedher car.
He didn't washhis car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
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Examples :-
I finishedwork, walkedto the beach, and founda nice place to swim.
He arrivedfrom the airport at 8:00, checkedinto the hotel at 9:00, and metthe
others at 10:00.
Didyou addflour, pourin the milk, and then addthe eggs?
3.0Description and justification of Methods of Grammar Instruction (Implicit
and/or Explicit)
Based on my 5 years of teaching experience, the statement "grammar teaching
should be implicit, not explicit" could be argued both for and against. Whether to teach
grammar as an extracted focus on the essay writting or more passively as an inductive,
integral topic has been the theme of countless debates on the part of institutions,
professors, grammarians and language researchers for decades. As for me, a grammar is
the branch of linguistics dealing with the form and structure of words or morphology, and
their interrelation in sentences, called syntax. The study of grammar reveals how
language works, an important aspect in both English acquisition and learning also.
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Explicit is means that to precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable;
leaving nothing to implication while an implicit in the dictionary entry I learned that
"Explicit" means "something that is easily understood or told directly and clearly"
whereas "Implicit" means "something that is not expressed clearly, thus not clearly
understood". This means that, up to this it is clear to me. Then the another entry in
dictionary against "implicit" says that it means "complete and not doubted" and it has an
example "She had the implicit trust of her staff, plied though not directly expressed
inherent in the nature of something. An aspects of English language grammar that may
offer exceptional challenge to EFL students include use of word order, determiners (this,
that, these, those, a, an, the), prepositions (in, on, at, by, for, from, of), auxiliaries (do, be,
have), conjunctions (but, so, however, therefore, though, although), interrogatives,
intensifiers (some, any, few, more, too) and distinctions between modal verbs (can, could,
would, should, may, might, must). Phrasal verbs also present considerable difficulty to
Spanish speakers learning communicative English.
Present Tense Past Tense
I have We have I had We had
You have You have You had You had
He has He had
She has They have She had They had
It has It had
Examples ;-
I have a garden in my backyard.
(present tense)
I had a garden in my backyard
last year, too. (past tense)
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You have some schoolwork to
do.
You also had some work to doyesterday.
He has a beehive full of bees.
He had a beehive when he was a
child.
Do you have any interest in
bees?
She has a fear of spiders.
Do you have a fear of anything?
They have fun playing in the
water.
They had a good time in the
pool last week, too.
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4.0Analysis of essays :- Use of Present Tense And The Use of Past Tense
Student 1 :-
I will always remember my last holidays. They were my longest holidays, and I
think that I learnt how to spend the time. I enjoyed a lot with my friends, my family, and I
met new people too, because I was in different places during the summer, and I wanted to
meet people everywhere. The first place I visited was Karachi town, because I was
invited for some days by a cousin who has a house there.
I went with some friends and cousins and we spendthere just five days, but it was
enough time to want to come back next summer! We stayed on the beach for hours, in the
mornings, just lying and asleep, taking enough energy for the rest of the day and for the
night! At night, we went out until next morning. We dance, met people, walked near the
beach... while we watched the moon in silence. Next, I went to Muree with my parents
and my sister. Actually, I do not go to Muree, I went to Islamabad. We stayed there for
four days, and it was really unforgettable.
Correction :-
Present Tense Past Tense
Spend Spended
Dance Danced
Do Not Does Not
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Student 2 :-
Last winter, with my family I had goesto Shimla for holidays. That was a very
memorable moment for me. It was a three day vacation in Shimla. With my parents, my
brother and one of my cousin had goes away. It was winter of December and we went
northwards to north it became cold. It was very enjoyable in the toy train and was very
excited. The roads were wide and the train was slow. The hills were beautiful. We were
going up in the Himalayas. Below it was lush green, with some terrace cultivation and
some forests , and above the lofty Himalayas, with snow peaks. It took us almost 12
hours to reach Shimla from New Delhi.
I was tired and took a nap. Suddenly my cousin, Neha wake me up. It was
evening, she insisted me to see outside. Wow ! it was very beautiful. It was very bright.
All the bulbs were on. It seemed to me like heaven. I felt good and all my tiredness was
gone. At 8 0 clock in the evening , we reached Shimla. It was very cold. My father had
booked a hotel. We took our dinner and slept. It was very cold. My mother hasput three
blankets and I slept quite well due to the tiredness. By 7 a. m. we woke up. It was very
cold so the water pipes werejam, so we had to finish our work with little water.
Correction :-
Present Tense Past Tense
Goes Gone
Exciting Excited
Wake Woke
Jam Jammed
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Student 3:-
I will attendedto some arrears of school work like copying of notes, getting the
recorded up to-date and so on. Exercises which were not done in the class will be
completed. I will go to the library regularly, both in the morning and evening and do
some useful supplementary reading. After all one cannot always be reading. For a change
I attendedto some garden work. I am keen on gardening. It may be preparing the soil for
a new plant or weeding out grass; it may be pruning the fence. The plants require regular
watering, that I shall do myself. Now I have made up my mind to learn chess. I have
already bought chessmen and a board for that. I will try to answered the problems on
chess given in the newspapers. It is not always work for me. When I feel I must have a
change, I mingle with my friends and enjoy some time in fun and frolic.
This time I wantedto learn some trade. I have made up my mind to learn watch
repairing. So, I shall go and sit in the watch maker's shop. My father has promised to
introduce me to one. I think it will take a good part of my time and it will fit me up to be
a watch maker and repairer. Not that I want to took it as a profession but it is worth
knowssuch a trade.
Correction :-
Present Tense Past Tense
Attend Attended
Records Recorded
Answer Answered
Want Wanted
Take Took
Know Knows
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Student 4 :-
Formy last school holidays,I spendeda few days at my cousinshouse at Nabila,
a well-known sea resort.I shall never forget that visit. In the evening we put the raft on
the sea. Thewater was still high, but the raftfloat quite well. My cousin and I sit on it
and began to row it by using the oars that we had made ourselves. We felt very happy
indeed and continue to row it. We remained on it for a long time, but as it was already
getting dark we did not go far. We returned to the shore and tied the raft to a tree.
On the next day, we went out to catch some crabs and fish. We usethe net that we
had bought and catcha lot of fish. Then, we had our lunch and went out again on the raft.
We continued to row it as far as we could. It was really a pleasure to be away from the
shored. The sea was calm and we could row with ease. My cousin told me many
interesting things about Morib. We then returned to the shore. In this way, I spent my
holidays happily at Morib, a placeI shall never forget.
Correction :-
Present Tense Past Tense
Spent Spended
Float Floated
Shore Shored
Continue Continued
Use Used
Catch Catched
http://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/01/describe-house-you-live-in.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/01/describe-house-you-live-in.htmlhttp://essays4free.blogspot.com/2009/06/sea-is-bottomless-rubbish-pit.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/04/unforgetable-incident.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/importance-of-water.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/03/things-you-like-dislike-about-school.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/07/incident-i-shall-never-forget.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/07/incident-i-shall-never-forget.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/03/things-you-like-dislike-about-school.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/importance-of-water.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/04/unforgetable-incident.htmlhttp://essays4free.blogspot.com/2009/06/sea-is-bottomless-rubbish-pit.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/01/describe-house-you-live-in.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.html -
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Student 5:-
Duringmy last school holidays,I spent a few days at my cousinshouse at Morib,
a well-knownsea resort.I shall never forget that visit. On the day I arrived at Morib, my
cousintellme that he would do to make my stay there a very interesting one. He said that
he would make a raft to use it inthe sea.Then he would buy fishing net to catch some
fish in the shallow water near the coast. When I heard all this, I was very delighted
because it was one of the reasons that I had decided to visit my cousin. We then walked
up tothe beach which is near his house.
While we were there, sometime inthe evening,the sea look extremely beautiful. I
saw the islands and hills in the distance, the birds in the air, and a few boys and girls
playing on the beach. I also saw some fishermen coming out of thewater with their catch.
All this was indeed very interesting to look at.
On the next day, my cousin and I collectsome tree trunks from the forest nearby.
As my cousins house is close to the sea, we decided to make the raft on the beach itself.
It took us almost the whole morning to make the raft. We then had our lunch and went to
Banting, the nearest town, to buy fishing net. After that wereturnto my cousins house.
Correction :-
Present Tense Past Tense
Tell Told
Look Looked
Collect Collect
Return Returned
http://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/01/describe-house-you-live-in.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/01/describe-house-you-live-in.htmlhttp://essays4free.blogspot.com/2009/06/sea-is-bottomless-rubbish-pit.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/04/unforgetable-incident.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/07/describe-day-by-river-or-sea.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/water-is-important-to-all-living-things.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/02/describe-evening-on-beach.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/02/describe-evening-on-beach.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/03/excursion-to-nearby-islands.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/03/my-first-air-travel.htmlhttp://essays4free.blogspot.com/2009/06/importance-of-water.htmlhttp://essays4free.blogspot.com/2009/06/importance-of-water.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/03/my-first-air-travel.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/03/excursion-to-nearby-islands.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/02/describe-evening-on-beach.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/02/describe-evening-on-beach.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/water-is-important-to-all-living-things.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/07/describe-day-by-river-or-sea.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/04/unforgetable-incident.htmlhttp://essays4free.blogspot.com/2009/06/sea-is-bottomless-rubbish-pit.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2009/01/describe-house-you-live-in.htmlhttp://language123.blogspot.com/2008/06/how-you-spent-last-holiday.html -
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REFFERENCE
Book with Single Author:-
Gore, A.(2006). An inconvenient truth: The Good Essay Writting and what we can do
about it.
Emmaus, PA.(Gore, 2006)Book with Two Authors : MD: Wildlife Society.In-text
reference.
Michaels, P. J., & Balling, R. C., Jr. (2000). The Past And Present Tense. Washington,
DC: Cato Institute.In-text reference.
Galley. K. E. (Ed.). (2004). Global climate change and wildlife in North
America.Bethesda.
Brochure or Pamphlet :-
New York State Department of Health. (2002). A Good Essay Writting. [Brochure].
An Anonymous Book :-
Environmental resource handbook. (2001). Millerton, NY: Grey House.In-
text reference :- ( Environmental Resource Handbook, 2001 )