BIBLE DOCTRINE ILecture 2

Bibliology: Nature of the Bible

IntroductionThe word ‘Bible’ is an anglicization of the Greek words biblos (book) and biblia (books).The Bible is a book of books.

The Scriptures: 2 Tim 3:15,16‘Scripture’ is translated from the Greek word ‘graphe’ which means ‘writing’.

Of course, the Bible is not just a collection of any sort of ‘writing’s, but, rather, holy writings.

The Word of God: Rom 10:17, Heb 4:12This is probably the most significant and special name for ‘the Bible’.1 John 1:7 states that Jesus Christ is the Word of God.

The Titles in Psalms: Ps 19:7-9, 119:1,2,4-7Ps 119 is the ‘Word of God’ chapter‘Law’ (v.1), ‘Testimonies’ (v.2), ‘Precepts’ (v.4), ‘Statutes’ (v.5), ‘Commandments’ (v.6), ‘Judgments’ (v.7).

Theme: The Lord Jesus Christ (Jn 5:39)

Contents and Composition:66 Books (39 OT and 27 NT)

40 human writers and written over 1600 years (from Moses ~1500 BC to John ~100 AD).

Languages: In general, the OT was written in Hebrew and the NT in Greek (koine, or common).Some parts of Daniel were written in Syriac; some words in the NT are Aramaic.(Robert Sargent)

Divisions(The following are excerpts from an article by David F. Reagan)God is a God of order.  He is also a God who divides.  Even on the first day of creation, He divided the light from the darkness.  And, He expects His servants to rightly divide His word (2Tim.2:15).   Therefore, it should not surprise us that God has provided natural divisions in the Bible.  These divisions, interestingly enough, are sevenfold.  Each level of division is a subdivision of the unit above it.   The sevenfold division has the mark of God upon it.  The number seven in scripture identifies the perfect work of God.  The creation of this world began with seven days (six days of creation and one day of rest).  There are seven colors of the rainbow and seven notes in the major scale.  Joshua marched seven times around Jericho on the seventh day.  But most important for this article is Psalm 12:6 which says:“The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.” God speaks of the sevenfold purification of His Book.  He introduces a seven-sealed book in the book of Revelation (Rev.5:1).  And we see a natural (should we say providential?) sevenfold level of divisions in the Bible.  The seven divisions are: [Testaments, Writings, Books, Chapters, Verses, Words, and Letters]. TESTAMENTS:  The Bible is clearly divided into two testaments.  A testament is related to the idea behind a last will and testament.  It refers to something received after something or someone dies.  Hebrews 9:16-17 refers to this:  “For where a testament is, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator.  For a testament is of force after men are dead: otherwise it is of no strength at all while the testator liveth.” [The word ‘testament’ means an ‘agreement’ or a ‘covenant’.In general, the OT corresponds to the Law and the NT corresponds to Grace.]

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The “old testament” (2Cor.3:14) was in force during the time that men’s sins were covered upon the sacrifice of animals.  The section of the Bible known as the Old Testament deals with this time.  The “new testament” (2Cor.3:6) deals with that time when people come to God through the shed blood of Jesus Christ.  This is what Jesus referred to when He initiated the Lord’s Supper.  Read Matthew 26:26-28:“And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat;

this is my body.  And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.” Through His shed blood, Jesus became “the mediator of the new testament” (Heb.9:15).  The part of the Bible known as the New Testament records the coming of Christ to earth as a man, His sacrifice for us on the cross and the early record of His followers. [St. Augustine (aka “Disgustine”) made one correct statement on it: “The New is in the Old concealed – the Old is in the New revealed”.]

WRITINGS:  This refers to the major sections of the Bible that are distinct as to type of writing.  This division is the most difficult to define both as to title (I chose “writings”) and to exact number of them in the Bible (usually given as from 6 to 10 for the entire Bible).  However, even though some may disagree as to where to make the divisions, the concept is of God.  Jesus Himself accepted the standard Jewish division of the Hebrew Bible in His time.  Luke 24:44 tells of when He appeared to His disciples after His resurrection:  “And he said unto them, These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me.” [1. Moses (aka ‘The Torah’, and the ‘Penteteuch’): Genesis to Deuteronomy 2. The Prophets (aka ‘The Nebhiim’): Former – Joshua to Kings (except Ruth); Latter – Isaiah to Malachi (except Daniel and Lamentations) 3. The Psalms (aka ‘The Kthubhim’): Chronicles to Canticles (Song of Solomon), Ruth, Daniel, and Lamentations.] (David Cloud)

Notice, He speaks of the law of Moses, the prophets and the psalms.  These were the writings of the Old Testament as defined at that time.  Today, some Bible teachers may separate the minor prophets from the major prophets and some may not.  Some may include the book of Acts with the gospels and some may not.  However, the distinction of writings in scripture is very clear.  

[Another way of dividing the Old Testament is as follows:Law – Genesis to DeuteronomyHistory – Joshua to EstherWisdom – Job to Song of SolomonProphecy – Major: Isaiah to Daniel Minor: Hosea to Malachi

Following the above example, the New Testament can be divided as follows:Gospels – Matthew to JohnHistory – ActsEpistles – Pauline: Romans to Philemon General: Hebrews to JudeProphecy – Revelation] (David Cloud) BOOKS:  This is the original separation between the individual books as originally written.  The word Bible actually means a collection of writings or library of books.  The Apostle John refers to his prophetic work as a book in Rev.22:10: “And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of this book: for the time is at hand.”

 

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The Bible has a total of 66 books; 39 in the Old Testament and 27 in the New Testament.  Each of these books is a whole within itself and yet each book relates to the other books of the Bible.  CHAPTERS:  Chapters separate the Bible into blocks of text suitable for public reading, study or teaching.  The Bible was first divided into chapters about 1250 by Cardinal Hugo for the purpose of reference in a Latin concordance.  For this reason, many have questioned the validity of the chapter divisions.   Yet, the concept of chapter divisions is based on Biblical practice.  The Psalms are individual songs and were separate from the beginning.  In a sermon, Paul quotes from the “second psalm” (Ac.13:33).  Lamentations was divided into five separate poems.  Four of these five poems are 22 verses each (the number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet).  Of all the chapters in the Bible, the most common length is 22 verses.  It seems clear that this size of text was providentially chosen for reading, study, etc.

The Bible has a total of 1,189 chapters.  The Old Testament has 929 chapters and the New Testament has 260 chapters. VERSES:  Verses separate the Bible text into lengths suitable for reference, quotation and memorization.  New Testament quotations from the Old Testament set the pattern for the length of a verse.  Matthew 1:22-23 gives an example where Isaiah 7:14 is quoted as a promise of the virgin birth: “Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.” 

The New Testament was first divided into verses in 1551 by Sir Robert Stephens in his Greek New Testament.  In 1560, the Geneva Bible, an English translation of the Bible made by the English exiles in Geneva, divided the entire Bible into the verses that we still use today. [It is commonly] said that the number of verses in the Bible total[s] 31,173 and many to this day have quoted this number.  However, this number is wrong.  Also wrong is the common teaching that the middle verse in the Bible is Psalm 118:8.  I have checked this myself and have had it verified by a number of sources.  The Bible has 31,102 verses and the middle verses (two verses are required because of the even number of total verses) are Psalm 103:1-2 [(and are not Ps 118:8,9 as is commonly stated).  “Ps 103: 1 Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless his holy name. 2 Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits”].

WORDS:  Words distinguish between individual mental concepts.  Language is made up of words and God speaks to man in words.  Proverbs 30:5 teaches that “every word of God is true.”  Men are warned against taking any words from the book of Revelation (Rev.22:19). It is the words that are pure and preserved in Psalm 12:6-7: “The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever.” [Many ‘versions’ of the Bible (NIV, etc.) follow a ‘Dynamic Equivelancy’ translation process which basically holds that the net teaching of a sentence or a paragraph of the Bible to be true (inerrant), but the individual words do not have to be necessarily inerrant. I believe that my Bible is word for word accurant, inerrant, and perfectly preserved!]

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By one count, there are 773, 746 words in the King James Bible.  This means that the average verse is approximately 25 words long.  There are approximately 8,000 different words in the English Bible.  The power of God in using words can be seen when this is compared with Shakespeare.  He used about 25,000 different words in his writings.  God said much more with fewer words.[The longest word in the Bible is "Mahershalalhashbaz" (Isa. 8:1).]

LETTERS:  The last division is that of the letters.  They separate between the distinct sounds which make up the words.  They are important because a change in them can create a new word and meaning.  Paul distinguishes between the meaning of seed and seeds in Galatians 3:16.  Someone, I do not know who, has said that there are 3,556,480 letters in the Bible.  This means that the average word has slightly less than five letters. (end of Reagan quotes)

ConclusionThe Bible was the first Book ever printed on a press. The first one was printed on the Gutenberg press in the 1450's. The first American printing was in an Indian language in 1663.

Longest book of the Old Testament    PsalmsLongest book of the New Testament   LukeShortest book of the Old Testament     ObadiahShortest book of the New Testament   3 JohnMiddle book of the Old Testament    ProverbsMiddle book of the New Testament    2 ThessaloniansMiddle chapter of the Old Testament       Job 29Middle chapter of the New Testament   Romans 13Shortest chapter in the Bible     Psalm 117Longest chapter in the Bible   Psalm 119Shortest verse in the Old Testament     1 Chronicles 1:25Shortest verse in the New Testament     John 11:35Longest verse in the Bible   Esther 8:9God occurs    4,379 timesLord occurs       7,738 times

Over 800,000,000 copies sold since 1611. Over 2,000,000 per year, and over 5000 per day. This is a very conservative estimate, and it doesn't include those translated for missionary work.(David Cloud) 

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