1

FADTP 3-1

2

We are learning to: describe how objects in the solar system are in regular and predictable motions that explain days, years, and seasons.

 

We are looking for: description of: • Days- Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours• Years-Earth revolves around the sun 365.25

days• Seasons-Earth revolves around the sun as the

Earth is tilted on its axis

3

Movement of the Earth• Rotation is the earth

spinning on its axis.– Earth’s rotation causes day

and night (approx. 24 hours).

• Revolution is the movement of one object around another object.– This is the movement of

the earth around the sun.– Earth’s revolution

determines the length of a year(365.25 days).

4

Seasons on Earth• Earth has seasons because its

axis is tilted as it moves around the sun.

• Vernal equinox has equal day and night (March).

• Summer solstice has the longest day and shortest night (June).

• Autumnal equinox has equal day and night (September).

• Winter Solstice has the shortest day and longest night (December).

5

Seasons continued

• During equinoxes, the sun is directly over the equator.

• During the summer solstice, the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer.

• During the winter solstice, the sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn.

6

Why do we have night and day?

Ear

th’s

rota

ti...

Ear

th’s

revo

lu...

Tilt

of t

he E

a...

I nee

d Hel

p!

0 000

A. Earth’s rotation

B. Earth’s revolution

C. Tilt of the Earth on its axis

D. I need Help!

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7

What causes Earth to experience different seasons?

It ro

tate

s on ..

.

It re

volv

es o

n...

It is

tilte

d w...

It is

tilte

d w...

I nee

d hel

p!

0 0 0000of27

A. It rotates on its axis while it revolves around the sun

B. It revolves on its axis while it rotates around the sun

C. It is tilted while it rotates around the sun.

D. It is tilted while it revolves around the sun.

E. I need help! 10

8

If the Earth’s Revolution was slower, we would experience

Longe

r day

s

Shorte

r day

s

Longe

r yea

rs

Shorte

r yea

rs

I nee

d hel

p!

0 0 000

A. Longer days

B. Shorter days

C. Longer years

D. Shorter years

E. I need help!

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9

Of the following, which does not affect seasons?

Ear

th is

tilte

d 23.

5 d.

..

The

Earth

revo

lves

a...

The

Earth

’s d

ista

nce ..

.

I nee

d hel

p!

0 000

A. Earth is tilted 23.5 degrees

B. The Earth revolves around the sun

C. The Earth’s distance from the sun

D. I need help!0of27

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10

3. REVIEW

1. PRACTICE

4. FRONTLOADPre/Post Check Key Terms

2. EXTENSION

Pretend you live in Northern Alaska. Write a paragraph about what the hours of day and night would be like the summer and winter.

Make a drawing that illustrates the difference between a year and a day.

____ Eclipse ________ Lunar Eclipse ________ Solar Eclipse ____

____ Tides ________ Spring Tide ________ Neap Tide ____

____ Moon Phases ________ Crater ____

What laws of motion apply to our new astronomy unit? Explain.

11

We are learning to: describe how objects in the solar system are in regular and predictable motions that explain phases (moon cycles), eclipses, tides  We are looking for: a description of -Phases-moon revolves around the Earth approximately once a month

-Eclipse-are random predictable; one object moves in front of another object in relation to the position of the sun

-Tides-high tide occurs approximately twice a day due to the gravitational pull of the moon

Phases of the Moon• The moon is illuminated by

the sun.• The moon reflects sunlight to

the earth.• The different phases of the

moon is affected by the moon revolving around the earth as the earth revolves around the sun.

• The complete cycle of phases takes 29.5 days, this is known as a synodic month.

• Each phase takes about 3.5 days.

12

13

Solar Eclipses• Occurs during a new moon

when the moon is between the sun and earth.

• The shadow is the umbra, the partial shadow is the penumbra.

• Doesn’t happen every month because the moon’s orbit around the earth is tilted and this prevents the sun, earth and moon from being in a straight line.

• Do not look at a solar eclipse without protective eye gear.

14

Lunar Eclipse

• Occurs during a full moon phase when the earth is between the sun and the moon.

• More common than the solar eclipse.

• Can be view without protective eye gear.

15

Tides

• Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction between the moon and earth.

• High tides are 12.5 hours apart.

• Spring tide is the highest high tide and occur at full and new moon phases.

• Neap tide is the lowest high tide and occur at first and last quarter moon phases.

16

Which phase occurs when the moon is in between the Earth and

the sun?

Full

moo

n

New

moon

1st

Quar

ter m

oon

3rd

qua

rter m

oon

0 000

A. Full moon

B. New moon

C. 1st Quarter moon

D. 3rd quarter moon 0of27

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17

What causes us to see different phases of the moon?

Lig

ht ref

lect

s...

The

moo

n revo

l...

We

see

differ

e...

All

of the

abo...

0 000

A. Light reflects off of the surface of the moon.

B. The moon revolves around the Earth.

C. We see different perspectives of the moon.

D. All of the above.

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18

What is the main cause of tides?

The gravita

tional pull o

f...

The gravita

tional pull o

f...

The gravita

tional pull o

f...

I need help!

0 000

A. The gravitational pull of the moon

B. The gravitational pull of the sun

C. The gravitational pull of the Earth

D. I need help!

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19

If the sun, moon, and Earth are perfectly aligned (as pictured), what event will occur on Earth?

Nea

p Tid

e

Sola

r Ecl

ipse

Lunar

Ecl

ipse

Sea

sona

l Cha

nge

0 000

A. Neap Tide

B. Solar Eclipse

C. Lunar Eclipse

D. Seasonal Change

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20

When studying a solar eclipse, which would be a proper method of viewing the sun?

Wea

r sung

lass

e...

Use

a te

lesc

op...

Use

a m

agnify

i...

Use

filte

rs th

...

I nee

d hel

p!

0 0 000

A. Wear sunglasses

B. Use a telescope

C. Use a magnifying glass

D. Use filters that are specifically designed to view eclipses

E. I need help!

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21

FOUR BLOCK INTERVENTION INSTRUCTIONS

1. If you have not missed any questions, start with block #2 and then complete blocks #3 and #4.

2. If you have missed 2 or more, meet with the teacher.

3. Everyone else starts in block #1 and then complete blocks #2, #3, and #4.

22

3. REVIEW

1. PRACTICE

4. FRONTLOAD

2.EXTENSION

What would happen to the earth’s tides if the moon was not present?

Using your knowledge of moon, write a paragraph (6-10 sentences)explaining why or why not?

Draw a diagram illustrating all of the phases of the moon.Label all of the phases.

What do you know about gravity and inertia?

Explain how the moon affects the earth.

23

We are learning to: explain that gravitational force determines motions in the solar system and keeps the planets in orbit around the sun. We are looking for: explanation that

*All objects in the solar system have gravity.

*Sun has the greatest mass, thus has the greatest gravitational pull within our solar system.

*Since planets have inertia, they do not get pulled into the sun.

*Gravity keeps the planets in orbit.

Models of the Solar System

• In the geocentric model, Earth is at the center of the revolving planets.

• Aristotle stated that the earth was in the center of the solar system.

• Ptolemy stated that the earth was in the center of the universe. He thought that the planets moved in small circles as they moved around the earth.

24

Models of the Solar System

• In the heliocentric model, Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

• This model was developed by Nicolaus Copernicus.

25

Galileo

• Used a telescope to view the solar system.

• Observed the four larger moons that orbited Jupiter.

• Observed the phases of Venus

26

Brahe & Kepler

• Brahe carefully observed the positions of the planets.

• Kepler had wrote laws that explained the behavior of planets orbiting the sun.

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Forces that Keeps Planets in Orbit Around the Sun

• Newton concluded that two factors, inertia & gravity, combine to keep the planets in orbit.– Inertia is

tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

– Gravity is the force that attract all objects toward each other.

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29

What is an object’s resistance to a change in motion?

Grav

ity

Inerti

a M

ass

Fricti

on

I need help!

0 0 000

A. Gravity

B. Inertia

C. Mass

D. Friction

E. I need help!

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10

30

Predict what would happen if Earth stopped its forward motion around the sun?

It will

fly off into

space

.

It will

hit the neare

st pl...

It will

get pulle

d into

th...

It will

continue to

revolve.

0 000

A. It will fly off into space.

B. It will hit the nearest planet.

C. It will get pulled into the sun.

D. It will continue to revolve.

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31

What keeps planets revolving around the sun?

The sun’s

gravit

ational pull.

The planet’s m

ass.

The planet’s m

agnetic fi

eld.

The Sun’s

inertia.

I need help!

0 0 000

A. The sun’s gravitational pull.

B. The planet’s mass.

C. The planet’s magnetic field.

D. The Sun’s inertia.

E. I need help!

0of27

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32

Please copy circle and do this.

Orbit

Gravity

• Fill in two words that closely relate to the two words given.

• Write a paragraph explaining the significance of each word and how they fit together to form a concept?

33

We are learning to: *Compare the composition and orbits of comets and asteroids with that of Earth.

We are looking for: Composition of comets, asteroids, and Earth1. Earth is composed of rock with many layers and has a core of dense metal2.Comets are composed of ice and dust (dirty snowball)3. Asteroids are composed of chunks of solid rock with heavy metalOrbits of comets, asteroids, and Earth’s1.Earth’s orbit is elliptical 2. Comet’s orbit is elongated and elliptical 3. Asteroids are elliptical and orbit in the asteroid belt or the Kuiper belt.

34

We are learning to: Describe the effect that asteroids or meteroids have when traveling through space and entering planetary atmospheres.

 

We are looking for:

1. Asteroids are large rocky objects that orbit the sun. If they hit the Earth the impact could be catastrophic.

2. Meteorites are small rocky objects hit the Earth all the time and do not cause much damage.

3. A rock changes its classification based on its location:

Meteoroid – rock located in outer space

Meteor – rock burning up in the Earth’s atmosphere (Shooting Star/Meteor

Shower)

Meteorite – rock that hits the ground

The Sun

• The sun produces its energy from nuclear fusion (core must reach 15 million degree Celsius).

• Sun’s Atmosphere:– The photosphere is the

inner layer of the sun that makes light.

– The chromosphere is the middle layer and produces color.

– The corona is the outer layer of the sun and produces ultraviolet radiation.

35

Solar Features

• Solar winds are a stream of electrically charged particles coming from the corona.

• Sunspots are areas of gas on the sun that are cooler than the gases around them.

• Prominences are reddish loops of gas.

• Solar flares are large explosions of gas on photosphere.

36

Inner Planets

• Total of eight planets in our solar system.

• The inner planets are also called the terrestrial planets.

• Small in Size.• Have rocky

surfaces.

37

Mercury

• Mercury is 0.4 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 4,878 km.• Rotates every 59

days.• Revolves around the

sun every 88 days.• Very thin atmosphere.• 0 moons.• Temperature between

-170oC to 430oC.• Very heavily cratered.

38

Venus

• Venus is 0.7 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 12,104 km.• Rotates every 243 days

(retrograde).• Revolves around the sun

every 225 days.• Very thick atmosphere of

CO2.• 0 moons.• Temperature 460oC

(Greenhouse Effect).• Sulfuric acid rain.

39

Earth

• Earth is 1.0 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 12,756 km.• Rotates every 24 hours.• Revolves around the sun

every 365.25 days.• Atmosphere of 78%

nitrogen and 21 % oxygen.

• 1 moons.• Temperature ?oC.• 70% of Earth’s surface is

covered by water.

40

Mars

• Mars is 1.5 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 6794 km.• Rotates every 24 hours.• Revolves around the sun

every 687 days.• Thin atmosphere of CO2.• 2 moons(Phobos &

Deimos).• Temperature -153oC to

20oC.• Polar caps of dry ice.• Olympus mons is the

largest volcano in the solar system.

41

Outer Planets (Jovian Planets)

• Found outside the asteroid belt between the asteroids and the Kuiper Belt.

• These planets are large and made of gas.

42

Jupiter

• Jupiter is 5.2 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 142,984 km.• Rotates every 9.9 hours.• Revolves around the sun

every 11.9 years.• Thick atmosphere of

hydrogen & Helium.• 63 moons (Io, Europa,

Callisto & Ganymede).• Temperature -110oC. • Great Red spot is a large

storm.• Has a ring system.

43

Saturn

• Saturn is 9.6 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 120,536 km.• Rotates every 10.7

hours. • Revolves around the sun

every 29.4 years.• Thick atmosphere of

hydrogen & helium.• 60 moons (Titan).• Temperature -140oC.• Has an extensive ring

system.

44

Uranus

• Uranus is 19.1 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 51,200 km.• Rotates every 17.3

hours.• Revolves around the sun

every 84 years.• Thick atmosphere of

hydrogen & helium, with traces of methane.

• 27 moons.• Temperature -195oC.• Has a ring system.• Axis is tilted 90o.

45

Neptune

• Neptune is 30 AU from the sun.

• Diameter is 49,500 km.• Rotates every 16.1

hours.• Revolves around the sun

every 165 years.• Thick atmosphere of

hydrogen & helium.• 13 moons (Triton).• Temperature -200oC.• Has an ring system.• Had a Great Dark Spot

that has since disappeared.

46

Asteriod Belt

• Asteroids are objects revolving around the sun that are too small and too numerous to be considered planets.

• The asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.

• Asteroids include Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta.

• Over 300 asteroids have been identified.

47

Kuiper Belt

• The region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) to approximately 55 AU

from the Sun.

48

Meteoroids, Meteors & Meteorites

• Meteoroids are pieces of rocks flying through space.

• Meteors are meteoroids that have entered the earth’s atmosphere, burning up because of friction.

• Meteorites are meteors that reach the surface of earth.

49

Oort Cloud & Comets• The Oort cloud is where the

comets are found.• Comets are dirty snowballs

that orbit the sun.• A comet has a head and tail,

the head is made of the nucleus and coma.

• The tail of the comet always points away from the sun because of the solar winds.

• Halley’s comet appears every 76 years.

50

51

An icy object that has an elongated orbit around the sun is referred to as

a(n)….

Ast

eroid

Com

et

Met

eor

Met

eorit

e

I don’t

know

!

0 0 000

A. Asteroid

B. Comet

C. Meteor

D. Meteorite

E. I don’t know!

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10

52

The flash of light produced when a meteoroid passes through the Earth’s

atmosphere is a(n)

Ast

eroid

Com

et

Met

eor

Met

eorit

e

I don’t

know

!

0 0 000

A. Asteroid

B. Comet

C. Meteor

D. Meteorite

E. I don’t know!0of27

10

53

Why does a meteoroid create a streak of light when entering the Earth’s atmosphere?

Lig

ht fro

m th

e...

Ener

gy is

rele

...

Lig

htnin

g is p

...

Lig

ht is

a re

s...

I don’t

know

!

0 0 000

A. Light from the sun is reflected of the surface of each

B. Energy is released form the objects

C. Lightning is produced form these objects

D. Light is a result of friction from the gasses in the atmosphere

E. I don’t know!

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54

Which of the following applies to meteoroids and asteroids.

They

are

sim

il...

They

are

rock

y...

They

are

com

po...

They

orb

it th

e...

I don’t

know

!

0 0 000

A. They are similar in size.

B. They are rocky and/or metallic.

C. They are composed of frozen gases, ice, and dust.

D. They orbit the sun in highly elliptical patterns.

E. I don’t know!

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10

55

Which of the following objects would cause the most damage if it hit the Earth?

Astero

id

Meteoro

id

Meteorit

e

Meteor

I don’t

know!

0 0 000

A. Asteroid

B. Meteoroid

C. Meteorite

D. Meteor

E. I don’t know!

0of27

10

56

Create an “alike but different” using the terms asteroid, meteoroid, comet.

How I will remember this

What we have in common

How we are different

57

We are learning to: identify and describe telescopes, probes, satellites, and space crafts We are looking for:telescope- refracting, reflecting, and radio are used to view distant objects

probe-machines sent to other locations in the solar system and are used to investigate/explore

satellite-orbits around the earth or other planets and are used to take photos and collect data

space craft-mode of transportation to send humans to locations in the solar system;

58

We are learning to: examine advances of different people, culture, and times in astronomy.

 

We are looking for: examples of how telescopes have changed and been improved over time and their impact on science and technology .

Refracting Telescope

• Refracting telescope collects light using lenses.

• The lenses bend the light to the focal point.

59

Reflecting Telescope

• Reflecting telescope uses a mirror to collect the light.

• A concave mirror bends the light inward to a focal point.

60

Radio Telescope

• Radio telescopes collects radio waves.

• The collector is a concave dish.

61

Observatory

• The building that houses a telescope is called an observatory.

62

Other Tools of Astronomy

• Telescopes have been put into space on satellites & space stations.

• Spectrographs gather information about stars such as a star’s composition & temperature.

63

64

Which type of telescope focuses light using a mirror?

Ref

lect

ing T

el...

Ref

ract

ing

Tel...

Rad

io T

eles

cop.

..

Infra

red T

eles

...

I nee

d hel

p!

0 0 000

A. Reflecting Telescope

B. Refracting Telescope

C. Radio Telescope

D. Infrared Telescope

E. I need help!

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10

65

One of the greatest advancements in astronomy was the telescope. Which is

the correct order of advancements?

0 0 000

A. Radio- refracting-reflecting

B. Reflecting – refracting –radio

C. Refracting-reflecting-radio

D. Radio- reflecting-refracting

E. I need help!

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10

66

Which type of telescope focuses light through transparent lenses?

Ref

lect

ing T

el...

Ref

ract

ing

Tel...

Rad

io T

eles

cop.

..

Infra

red T

eles

...

I nee

d Hel

p!

0 0 000

A. Reflecting Telescope

B. Refracting Telescope

C. Radio Telescope

D. Infrared Telescope

E. I need Help!

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10

67

Which of the following is an advantage of a space-based, satellite telescope like

Hubble?

0 0 000

A. Satellite telescopes are much closer to the stars.

B. Satellite telescopes are able to see through solid objects.

C. Satellite telescopes can detect wavelengths that are blocked by the atmosphere.

D. Satellite telescopes have the ability to see the future.

E. I need help!

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68

Focus Free Write (3 minutes)

Explain how the advancements in telescopes have helped astronomers learn more about the universe.

When finished, trade your paper with a partner. Revise if there are misconceptions or any incorrect information.

69

09000 3 87654321520 04 98765432103 9876543210987654321021 987654321098765432100Hours Minutes Seconds

Explain how the advancements in telescopes have helped astronomers learn more about the universe.

70

Probes

• Probes are sent to other location in the solar system for research.

• Famous space probes:– Luna 16 (moon)– Mariner (Mercury & Mars)– Pioneer (Jupiter & Saturn)– Viking (Mars)– Voyager (outer planets)– Mars Odyssey (Mars)

71

Satellites

• Satellites orbit the earth.

• Sputnik I was the first.• Uses

– Communication– Weather– Research– Navigation– Military

72

Space Crafts

• Mission to the moon– Mercury Project– Gemini Project– Apollo Project

• Space Stations– Skylab– International Space

Station– Space Shuttle

73

Which of the following went to the moon?

Sate

llite

Space

Probe

Space

Craft

I don’t

know, ..

.

0 0

19

8

A. Satellite

B. Space Probe

C. Space Craft

D. I don’t know, I need help!

74

Which of the following is sent to other regions of the solar

system?

Sate

llites

Space

Probes

Space

Craft

I don’t

know, ..

.

6

00

21A. Satellites

B. Space Probes

C. Space Craft

D. I don’t know, I need help

75

Which of the following orbits the earth and can be used for

communications or navigation?

Sate

llites

Space

Probe

Space

Craft

I don’t

know, ..

.

27

000

A. Satellites

B. Space Probe

C. Space Craft

D. I don’t know, I need help.

76

Focus Free Write

• Write about how the research and technology of the satellites, space probes and space crafts have influenced your life. You can use your book, notes & electronic device to research your answer.

77

We are learning to: explain interstellar distances are measured in light years We are looking for: the explanation of and the use of the light year

*explain a light year as the distance light travels in a year

*explain that distances are too great to be measured in miles or kilometers

Distances to Stars

• A light year is the distance light travels in year.

• Astronomers often use parallax to measure distances to nearby stars.

• Parallax is the apparent change in position of an object when you look at it from different places.

78

79

A light year is a measurement of…

Dis

tanc

e

Tim

e

Spee

d

Acc

eler

atio

n

I don’t

know

! ...

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Distance

b) Time

c) Speed

d) Acceleration

e) I don’t know! I need help!

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80

Why do astronomers measure interstellar distances in light years instead of

kilometers or miles?

Lig

ht yea

rs a

r...

Mile

s an

d kilo

...

Mile

s an

d kilo

...

I don’t

know

! ...

0 000

A. Light years are a measure of time.

B. Miles and kilometers are too small of a unit.

C. Miles and kilometers are too large of a unit.

D. I don’t know! I need help!

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10

81

You are viewing a star that is 20 light years away. When was the light from this star

produced?

Before yo

u wer..

.

After you w

ere...

10 years

ago

2 years ag

o

I don’t

know! ..

.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) Before you were born

b) After you were born

c) 10 years ago

d) 2 years ago

e) I don’t know! I need help!

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82

What if….there was a planet in another solar system within our galaxy that could support life. The beings on this planet have a telescope that can observe beings on Earth. If the planet is 10 light years away, who would they see as president? Use the timeline below and provide an explanation to support your answer.

After answering this question, meet with a partner to compare your responses. Collaborate to make a new paired response to the question.

1993-2001Bill Clinton

1989-1993George H.W. Bush

1981-1989Ronald Reagan

2009-2013Barack Obama

2013-2021Eugenia Green

2001-2009George W. Bush

2021-2025Cory A. Booker

83

We are learning to: examine the life cycle of a star (characteristics; HR diagram)

We are looking for: a description of how stars are classified by characteristics and then organized on an HR diagram.

Characteristics

Size- Giant, main sequence, and dwarf

Temperature- blue=hot; red=cooler

Brightness- apparent brightness and absolute magnitude

HR diagram shows temperature, brightness, color of stars and where the star is in its life cycle.

Used to graph the surface temperature (x-axis) vs. brightness (y-axis)

Hotter stars are on left side of graph; cooler stars on the right side of the graph

Brighter stars on top of graph; dimmer stars on bottom of graph

Classifying Stars• Stars are classified by

size, temperature, and brightness.

• Temperature of a star is indicated by color, hot stars are blue & cooler stars are red.

• Apparent brightness is the brightness of a star as observed from earth.

• Absolute magnitude is the brightness of a star observed at the distance of 10 parsecs.

84

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

• H-R diagram is a graph of the Milky Way galaxy.

• Surface temperature is graphed on the x-axis.

• Absolute magnitude is graphed on the y-axis.

85

Types of Stars• Blue super giants have a

high brightness and high temperature.

• Red giants & super giants have a high brightness and low temperature.

• White dwarfs have a low brightness and high temperature.

• 90% of all stars appear on the Main Sequence going from the upper left to the lower right corner.

86

87

Which characteristic of stars cause them to be different colors?

0of27

chemica

l compositi

on

distance si

ze

temperat

ure

I need help.

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) chemical composition

b) distance

c) size

d) temperature

e) I need help.

10

88

Which color would describe the youngest and hottest star?

0of27

blue re

d

orange

yello

w

I need help!

0% 0% 0%0%0%

a) blue

b) red

c) orange

d) yellow

e) I need help!

10

89

Which star would be the brightest if all the stars are the same distance

from Earth?

Mai

n seq

uence

Neu

tron S

tar

Red

supe

r gia

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a) Main sequence

b) Neutron Star

c) Red super giants

d) White dwarf

e) I need help.

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How would you classify our star, the sun, on the H-R diagram?

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Main se

quence

Red giant

White

dwarf

Red superg

iant

I need help.

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a) Main sequence

b) Red giant

c) White dwarf

d) Red supergiant

e) I need help.

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91

Red Giant Main Sequence

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We are learning to: Examine the life cycle of a star and predict the next likely stage .

 

We are looking for: progression of the stages of a star’s life

Nebulae- cloud of gas and dust

Protostar- fusion begins

Main sequence- average star

Giant/red-giant- more massive stars

Nova/supernova - exploding star

White dwarf- no nuclear process

Black dwarf- no heat or light

Black Hole (area of large gravitational attraction) or Neutron star (very dense star)

 

Birth of a Star

• A star begins as a cloud of gas and dust called a nebula.

• Gravity pulls the gas and dust together into a protostar.

• A star is born when the contracting gas and dust becomes so hot that nuclear fusion begins.

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Length of Life of a Star

• More massive stars live short lives of millions of years.

• Less massive stars live long lives of billions of years.

• The sun will live for 9-10 billion years.

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During the Life Cycle of a Star

• Stars fuse hydrogen into helium during most of their lives.

• After all the hydrogen has been fused into helium, the star fuses helium into carbon, carbon into oxygen and then oxygen into iron.

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Death of a Star• Stars use up their

hydrogen and expand their atmosphere.

• Stars that are less than 1.4 solar masses will shrink to a white dwarf.

• Stars between 1.4 -3.0 solar masses will produce a supernova and leave a neutron star.

• Stars more than 3.0 solar masses will produce a supernova and collapse into a black hole.

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97

If given a protostar, what is the next likely stage of the star?

a) Super Giant

b) Nova

c) Main Sequence

d) Neutron Star

e) I need some help

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What is the first stage of the birth of a star?

a) Protostar

b) Nebula

c) Giant

d) Dwarf

e) I need some help.

99

What happens to the most massive stars as they near their death?

a) super nova to a black hole

b) super nova to a red giant

c) becomes a white dwarf

d) nothing happens

e) I need some help.

100

What is the next likely stage of our sun?

a) White dwarf

b) Black dwarf

c) Red giant

d) Super nova

e) I need help

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Focused Free Write (Pass the Pen)

• Describe the life cycle of our sun from life to death.

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We are learning to: explain that universe has billions of galaxies and are classified by shape

We are looking for: shapes of galaxies• Spiral- mix of old and new stars• Elliptical- more developed galaxies with

older stars• Irregular-newer galaxies with newer stars

Galaxies

• Galaxies are a group of billions of stars.

• Type of galaxies are 1. Elliptical

2. Spiral

3. Irregular

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Elliptical Galaxy

• Old galaxy.• Contains red star that

are old.• No gas or dust.

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Spiral Galaxy

• Middle aged galaxy.• Contains blue stars.• Has some dust and

gas.• Our Milky Way is a

spiral galaxy.

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Irregular Galaxy

• Unorganized collection of stars.

• Made of very young stars.

• Has a great deal of gas and dust.

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History of the Universe

• Edwin Hubble discovered that the farther away a galaxy is from us, the faster it is moving away from us.

• Stars moving away from us shows a red shift.

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Big Bang Theory

• Big Bang Theory suggest that billions of years ago, the universe was small, hot and dense and then the universe exploded.

• The universe formed in this enormous explosion about 10 to 15 billion years ago.

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Formation of the Solar System

• The solar system formed 5 billion years ago.

• The solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust, or nebula (Nebular Theory).

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Future of the Universe

• The universe may continue to expand.

• Gravity may pull the universe back together.

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By what are galaxies classified?

a) Color

b) Temperature

c) Size

d) Shape

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What type of galaxy is illustrated in the following picture?

a) Irregular

b) Spiral

c) Elliptical

d) I have no idea.. I need help!

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What type of galaxies contain older stars?

a) Elliptical

b) Irregular

c) Barred shape

d) spiral

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Type of Galaxy Elliptical

Shape of Galaxy

Spiral Irregular

(Draw Diagram)

Types of stars