i

ii

DOCUMENTATION OF TRADITIONAL VETERINARY PRACTICES AND VALIDATION OF ANTI-PARASITIC ACTIVITY OF SOME

HERBAL FORMULATIONS

By

Shafiq Ullah

M.Sc (Hons)

96-ag-1164

A THESIS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

PARASITOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PARASITOLOGY Faculty of Veterinary Science

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD PAKISTAN

2013

iii

To,

The Controller of Examination

University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad.

We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of

thesis submitted by Mr.Shafiq Ullah, Reg. No. 96-ag-1164 has been found

satisfactory, and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the

external examiner(s) for award of the degree.

Supervisory Committee

1) Supervisor _______________________________ (Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nisar Khan)

2) Member _______________________________

(Dr. Muhammad Sohail Sajid)

3) Member _______________________________

(Prof. Dr. Ghulam Muhammad)

iv

Dr Shadiq Ullah Samore

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Almighty Allah never spoil the efforts I am thankful to almighty Allah, The most Gracious , The Merciful , who blessed me with good health talented teacher , affectionate parents , brothers, sisters, sympathetic friends who provided me an opportunity to complete this research work. I consider it my utmost duty to express gratitude and respect to Holy prophet (Peace Be upon Him). The most perfect and exalted among us and of ever born on the surface of earth, whose external teaching would remain a source of guidance and inspiration for mankind forever. It is matter of greatest owner and pleasure for me to express my ineffable gratitude and profound indebtedness to Prof. Dr. Zafar iqbal, Chairman, Department of Parasitology for his keen interest. I extend the words of thanks to my Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nisar Khan, Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad who provided me guidance and showed kindness during my course study. I feel great pleasure to express deep sense and gratitude for members of Supervisory Committee Dr. Sohail Sajid Department of Parasitology and Prof. Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Department of CMS for their positive attitude during course of research work. I extend my feeding of gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Arfan Department of Parasitology CVAS Jhang Campus, Dr. Sana Ullah Department of Horticulture University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and Dr. Mansoor Department of Botany for their facilitates of moral support and guidance during my research work. I am also thankful to you my friend asif Cheema cousin Inzamam, Asghar, Kaleem and Arshad for their great cooperation during my research work. This acknowledgment would be incomplete unless I offer my humble veneration to my affectionate parents, especially my father Muhammad Khan and my mother Amir bibi my sisters Saftia, Mumtaz, Khatoon and my babhi safia and my beloved Niece and nephews Aleesha, Ashfiq, Gazafar, Matloob, Jabbar, Ashan, Waseem, Hina, Kiran and Musharat and my cousins Iftikhar, Azhar, Khaleel, Shairyar, Tasawar and Farhan for their special prayers for my success. I feel pleasure in transcribing whole hearted thank to my loving and well wishing colleagues and friends Javaid Iqbal Bharwana, Dr Haroon Haral, Dr Nadeem Sheikh, Habib Gujar, Dr Shahid Nisar, Dr Imran, Asif malik, Dr Ali Imran, Dr Shah Barat, Shakeel Sipra, Dr Saif Ullah, Tayka Khan, Gulbaz layer, Ajmal Bharwana, Mubusher Hanjara, Dr. Saleem Sorani, Dr Aftab, Abbas Bharwana, DR Abuzar Hanjara, Munsunbar Layer, Muhammad Ramzan, Shaukat Samore, Prof Qaisar, Wajid Ali, Nazeer kalyar, Dr Tanveer Kalyar all Chanabions and passion five vets for their joyful company and assistance during the course of this study. I also offer my heartiest gratitude to my uncles Prof. Dr. M. Yousaf Samore, Prof. Dr. M. Hazoor Samore, Dr. M. Shareef Samore, Valli muhammad Samore, Riaz sb Jarola and my brothers Dr. Muhammad Akmal Samore, Azam Samore, Rafiq Samore, Wahid Ali Samore and dr Anwar Samore who always rendered best wishes for me. May Allah almighty infuse me with energy and might to fulfill their noble aspirations and expectations. I again thank all whom I have mentioned and who I have not mentioned for helping me in

completing this work.

Dr. Shafiq ullah Samore

vi

C O N T E N T S

NO. TITLE PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 01

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 04

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21

4 RESULTS 30

5 DISCUSSION 135

6 SUMMARY 146

LITERATURE CITED 149

vii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that contents of the thesis “Documentation of traditional veterinary practices and validation of anti-parasitic activity of some herbal formulations” research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references, some standard mathematical or genetic models/equations/protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other diploma/degree. The University may take action if the above statement is found inaccurate at any stage.

__________________________

Name: Shafiq Ullah Regd. No. 96-ag-1164

viii

List of Tables Table Title Page 1 Year wise documentation of plants used as anthelmintic 08 2 Plants used as documentation of acaricides 14 3 Year wise Plants used as anti- coccidials 19

3.1 Selection of plants for the evaluation of anti-parasitic activity in selected region of district Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan

24

4.1 Botanical, local names of the plants, their Families and respondents documented from district Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan) for their use in ethno veterinary Practices

31

4.2 Ethno veterinary documentation of plant families with name of plants, respondents and frequency usage in district Jhang

35

4.3 An inventory of non- plant resources used for the treatment of different livestock diseases reported by the local respondents in Distt Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan)

38

4.4 Parts of plants used for the treatment of different livestock diseases reported by the farmers (n=200) in district Jhang

43

4.5 List of diseases treated with plant and non-plant materials in district Jhang 43

4.6 List of plants used for the treatment of different livestock diseases reported by the farmers (n=200) in district Jhang

45

4.7 List of other than plants practices for the treatment of different livestock diseases reported by the farmers (n =200) in Distt Jhang

97

4.8 In vitro effect of herbal extracts on motility of Haemonchus contortus of sheep in comparison with levamisole

111

4.9 Percent egg hatch and LC50 of crude aqueous methanol extracts of various plants and their different combinations

114

4.10 In vivo anthelmintic activity of the herbal formulation based reduction in eggs per gram of feces (Mean+SE) in sheep naturally parasitized with gastrointestinal nematodes

115

4.11 Feed conversion ratio in artificially Eimeria tenella infected chicks with different doses of Herbal extracts compared with control at different weeks of age

125

4.12 Survival percentage of chicks artificially infected with Eimeria tenella treated with different doses of herbal extract compared with positive and negative controls

134

s

ix

List of Figures Graph Title Page

3.1 Physical map of the selected union councils (primary units) in the district Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan

22

4.1 In vitro effect of crude-aqueous methanolic extracts on survival of Haemonchus contortus

113

4.2 Anthelmintic activity of various concentrations of plants (P1= Curcuma longa; P2= Citrullus colocynthis; P3= Peganum harmala)

118

4.3 Acaricidal efficacy of various dose concentrations of different plant extracts collected from district Jhang

120

4.4 Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. microplus submitted to syringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longa whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

121

4.5 Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. microplus submitted to syringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous ethanol extract of Peganum harmala whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

122

4.6

Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longa and Citrullus colocynthis whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

122

4.7

Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longa and Peganum harmala whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

122

4.8

Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis and Peganum harmala whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

123

4.9

Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longa ,Citrullus colocynthis and Peganum harmala whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

123

4.10 Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

123

4.11 Body weight gained of chicks at different weeks 125

4.12 Effect of medication on fecal oocyst counts in chicks artificially infected with Eimeria tenella compared with positive and negative controls

130

4.13 Effect of herbal extract on oocyst score and lesion score in chicks artificially infected with Eimeria tenella compared with positive and negative controls

132

4.14 Effect of herbal extract on Faecal score in chicks artificially infected with Eimeria tenella compared with positive and negative controls

133

1

Chapter # 1

INTRODUCTION

Livestock has been considered as the subsistence sector subjugated by small holders to

encounter their needs of milk, food security and daily cash income and is measured as a more

secure source for the small farmers and landless poor peoples. It is also an important source

of employment generation at the rural level. This sector is central to the livelihood and can

play an important role in poverty alleviation of the under developing countries like Pakistan.

It can uplift the socioeconomic condition of Pakistan’s rural masses. Livestock contributed

approximately 55.1% to the agricultural value and 11.6 % to national GDP (Pakistan

Economic Survey, 2011-2012). Parasitism is one of the major problems of profitable

livestock production throughout the World (Githiori et al., 2004; Ahmed et al., 2007).

Economic losses due to decreased production and effects of parasite on host vary, depending

upon type of host and parasite species involved (Agarwal et al., 2010). Ecto-parasite likes

ticks, mites and lice cause high economic losses due to affect on the skin and causes anemia

by ingesting the blood of host (Jonsson, 2006).They also cause allergy, irritation and

toxicosis (Niyonzema and Kiltz, 1986). Among ectoparasites, ticks play an important role in

impairment of production, lowered weight gain (Pegram and Oosterwijk, 1990) and mortality

(Niyonzema and Kiltz, 1986). These ecto-parasites also serve as vector for transmission of

different diseases like babesiosis, theileriosis and anaplasmosis (Norval et al., 1984). Ticks

also act as reservoirs of certain infectious agents e.g. Salmonella typhimurium, Brucella

abortus and Pasturella multocida in man and animals (Jongejan and Uilenber, 2004).The

prevalence of ticks in cattle ranges (36-66.7%) in Pakistan (Atif et al., 2012). Other major

constraint to livestock production is the gastrointestinal helminths (Waller, 1999; Githiori et

al., 2004). They cause retarded growth and lower productivity by sharing the nutrients with

their host (Kochapakdee et al., 1995; Perry and Randolph, 1999). In poultry industry, major

impediment in profitable farming is coccidiosis. It is one of the most common diseases of

poultry and at least US$ 450 million are spent annually on anti-coccidials (Lioyd-Evans,

1991), which illustrates the enormous economic importance of coccidiosis. Generally,

2

coccidiosis causes intestinal lesions, enteritis, diarrhea and extensive damage to digestive

tract (Finlay et al., 1993). In order to reduce economic losses caused by parasitic diseases,

the farmers use different methods. They face difficulty in access to the veterinary personnel.

Therefore, ethno-veterinary systems are considered as the only viable alternative to western

veterinary therapy. Ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) is a system of maintaining animal

health and curing diseases of animals that is based on folk beliefs and traditional knowledge

skills/methods and practices (Mathius-Mundy and McCorkle, 1989). More than 80% of the

world’s population used plant materials as their source of primary health care (Farnsworth et

al., 1985). For centuries, most of the population in developing countries, like Pakistan have

relied on a system of traditional medicine for themselves and their animals. The traditional

medicine system is also termed as eastern medicine, unani medicine, islamic medicine or

ethno-medicine (Mathias-Mundy and McCorkle, 1989). Control of parasitism largely

depends upon the use of synthetic drugs. Two most important problems associated with the

use of these synthetic drugs. There is development of resistance in parasites (Van Wyk et al.,

1997; Williams et al., 2006; Jabbar et al., 2006; Rodriguez – Vivas et al., 2006; Saeed et al.,

2007; Li et al., 2007; Miller et al., 2007) and problem of potential residues of drugs in milk,

meat and other animal products (Tarbin et al., 2006). Thus, there is an urgent need for new

parasitic control strategies to overcome the drawback associated with the use of synthetic

drugs. One alternative control strategy could be phytotherapy, an important component of

ethno-veterinary medicine. This is increasingly evident in the western countries where herbal

medicine is drawing main attraction. In Pakistan, although there is handsome data available

about the EVM (Jabbar et al., 2007; Hussain et al., 2008; Farooq et al., 2008; Dilshad et al.,

2008), but the natural geo climatic differences in various areas of the country may insist to

document the usage of various local plants against various prevailing veterinary diseases

(Anonymous, 2008-2009). The traditional practices have been replaced by modern practices

in some parts of the developed world (Tabuti et al., 2003). On the other hand, ethno-

veterinary practices still have a prominent role in animal health and care. These are

considered as regular veterinary medicine in the emerging era (Lin et al., 2003). The

prominence of consideration for ethno-veterinary practices is due to its easy accessibility,

low in cost and apparent effectiveness (Mwale et al., 2005). In Indo-Pak, the tradition of

using plants for treatment and curing of ailments is very old. So, the present study was

3

designed with the following objectives (i) to document the traditional veterinary practices in

some selected parts of district Jhang (Pakistan) and (ii) to validate the anthelmintic, acaricidal

and anti-coccidial activities of some selected plant extracts.

4

Chapter # 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Ethno-Veterinary Medicine (EVM) is system of cure and treatment of animals, based on folk

beliefs, traditional knowledge, skills, methods and practices (Tabuti et al., 2003), which is

handed down orally from generation to generation. EVM is very popular among poor farmers

of developing world and now gaining popularity in developed countries because of its low

treatment cost, questionable quality of allopathic drugs, development of drug resistance, and

problem of drug residues in animal products and environment (Do-Carmo and Nogueira,

2002; Mathias, 2004; Kim, 2005).

Anti-parasitic activity

A number of medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of different parasitic diseases

of animals like; gastro-intestinal helminthiasis ( Iqbal et al., 2005; Kone et al., 2005; Maciel

et al., 2006; Eguale et al., 2007; McGaw et al., 2007; Desrivot et al., 2007; Iqbal et al., 2010;

Eguale et al., 2011 ; Shambaditya et al., 2011; Hussain et al 2011; Ahmad et al., 2012;

Maphosa et al., 2012), pediculosis (Ravindra et al., 2000; Waka et al., 2004; Abdel-Ghaffar

and Semmler, 2007), mange (Joshi et al., 2000; Dimri and Sharma, 2004; Tabassam et al.,

2008), tick infestation (Benavides et al., 2001; Chungsamarnyart and Jansawan, 2001; Pathak

et al., 2004; Spickett et al., 2007; Thakur et al., 2007; Li et al., 2009), coccidiosis (Mwale et

al., 2005; Abbas et al., 2006; Abbas et al., 2010; Dkhil et al., 2011; Zaman et al., 2011) and

trypanosomiasis (Adewunmi et al., 2001).

Anthelmintic Activity

Helminthiasis is of one of the most important animal diseases worldwide that can cause

heavy production losses in grazing animals. The disease in prevalent all over the world

especially in developing countries (Dhar et al., 1982; Waller, 1999; Githiori et al., 2004). A

number of plants have been screened for their anthelmintic activity (Kar et al., 2002;

Hordegen et al., 2003; Iqbal et al., 2004; Hounzangbe-Adote et al., 2005; Jabbar et al., 2006;

Desrivot et al., 2007; Gbolade and Adeyemi, 2008a; Zahir et al., 2009; Iqbal et al., 2010;

Eguale et al., 2011; Ahmad et al., 2012). Akhtar and Riffat (1984) evaluated efficacy of

Melia azedarach against gastro-intestinal nematodes of goats. They reported that 99.4±12

5

and 90.2±16% reduction in EPG by using in M. azedarach fruit powder @ 30 mg/kg and

Morantel tartrate @ 0.01 g/kg in treated animals respectively. In another study, M. azedarach

fruit powder @ 20 mg/kg, its equivalent water extract, methanol extract, ethanol extract, and

piperzine @ 200 mg/kg were found to reduce EPG in Ascaridia galli infected chickens by

57.8±2.4, 15.7±4.3, 18.5±1.8, 67.8±4.6 and 75±2%, respectively (Akhtar and Riffat, 1985).

Morus alba stem bark powder @ 3 g/kg, its equivalent water extract, methanol extract and

Morantel tartrate @ 0.01 g/kg were found to reduce EPG by 82±47, 79±69, 81±67 and

98±32%, respectively in sheep infected with mixed species of nematodes (Riffat et al.,

1986). The Psoralea coylifolia seed powder @ 2 g/kg, its equivalent water extract, methanol

extract, and morantel tartrate @ 0.01 g/kg caused reduction in EPG of mixed gastro-intestinal

nematodes in sheep on day 15 PT by 98±0.1, 99±0.09, 18±2 and 99.9±0.6%, respectively

(Javed and Akhtar, 1986). Lagenaria siceraria seeds powder @ 3 g/kg, its equivalent water

extract, methanol extract and Niclosamide @ 100 mg/kg caused 89±14, 67±15, 81±13 and

91±13% reduction in EPG, respectively in sheep infected with cestodes, predominantly being

the Moniezia and Avitellina species (Akhtar and Riffat, 1987). The essential oil of Aglaia

odorattissima has been found effective against earthworms (Nanda et al., 1987).

Anthelmintic studies of the essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus, C. citratus and

Zanthoxylum alatum have revealed that the oil of C. nardus has very good effect against

earthworms while the oils of C. citratus and Z. alatum have moderate activity (Kokate and

Varma, 1971). Sharma et al. (1971) have reported significant in vitro effect of extracts of

Cucurbita pepo, Calotropis gigantea, Juglans regia, Momordica charantia, Musa

paradisaca and Scindapsus officinalis on the motility of mature Haemonchus contortus of

goat origin. The anthelmintic activity of alcoholic extracts of stem of Helleborus niger,

rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, and seeds of Carum copticum, Agati gratifola and Mangifera

indica against Ascaris lumbricoides is appreciable (Kalesaraj, 1974).

Kaushik et al. (1981) evaluated extracts of 11 plants which proved lethal to Ascaridia galli

in vitro including those from Amomum aromaticum (root and rhizome), Ammora wallichii

(stem), Anthocephalus indicus (stem and bark), Calamintha umberosa (plant), Dalbergia

latifolia (stem and bark), Datura quercifolia (fruit), Datura metal (plant), Ficus religiosa

(stem and bark), Sentia myrtina (plant) and Sumplocos crataegoides (leaves). The

anthelmintic activity of the essential oils of Callistemon viminalis and Anacardium

6

occidentale against tapeworms has revealed these to exhibit in vitro efficacy better than

piperazine phosphate. The activity of these oils against hookworms was comparable to that of

hexyle resorcinol (Garg and Kasera, 1982 a, b). Anthelmintic activity of the essential oils of

Buddlea asiatica and Chloroxylon swientenia against earthworms, tapeworms and

hookworms has been reported (Dengre, 1982). The essential oil obtained from oleo-gum

resin of Commiphora mukul has good anthelmintic activity against tapeworms and

hookworms comparable to that of piperazine phosphate and hexyl resorcinol (Kakrani and

Kalyani, 1984).

Akhtar et al. (1985) reported 100±0, 81±2 and 100±0.2% reduction in EPG in buffalo calves

infected with Neoascaris vitulorum on day 15 PT treated with powdered Caesalpinia crista

seeds @ 4 g/kg or its equivalent methanol extract, water extract and Morantel tartrate @ 0.01

g/kg. In another study, glycosides @ 200 mg/kg extracted from C. crista seeds and Morantel

tartrate @ 10 mg/kg caused 94±8 and 100±0% reduction in EPG on day 15 PT in sheep. The

anthelmintic activity of powdered C. crista seeds and its water and methanolic extracts was

also reported in chickens (Fayomi breed) infected with Ascaridia galli by Javed et al. (1994).

The results revealed 94±3, 98±1 and 100±0% reduction in EPG by day 15 PT in chickens

treated with powdered C.crista seeds @ 50 mg/kg, its equivalent methanol extracts, and

piperazine adipate @ 200 mg/kg, respectively; whereas, water extract of C.crista seeds was

least effective (24±1.5% reduction in EPG).

Akhtar and Riffat. (1986) reported anthelmintic efficacy of Peganum harmala against gastro-

intestinal cestodes of goats. The treatments; P. harmala seed powder @ 3 g/kg, its equivalent

water and methanol extract, and Nilzan @ 5 ml/15 kg resulted in 100±0, 89±3.2, 92±4.1 and

98±6.2% reduction in EPG, respectively. The anthelmintic activity of essential oil P. betle

aganist tapeworms has been found better than piperazine phosphate, and the activity against

hookworms has been reported greated than hexyle resorcinol (Garg and Jain, 1992). The

essential oil from the floweres of Eupatorium triplinerve has shown to possess good efficacy

against Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia solium (Garg and Nakhare, 1993). Akhtar and

Ahmad (1992) reported 89.8±4.3, 80.3±4.3, 89.2±3.7 and 96±5% reduction in EPG on day

15 PT in Beetal goats infected with gastro-intestinal cestodes treated with Mallotus

philippinensis fruit powder @ 375 mg/kg, its equivalent water and methanol extract, and

Nilzan (Levamisole hydrochloride + Oxyclozanide) @ 5 ml/15 kg, respectively. However,

7

M. phillipinensis was not found effective against gastro-intestinal nematodes of goats (Jost et

al., 1996).

The antinematodal activity of a mixed prescription of Vernonia anthelmintica seed (kali

zeeri) and Embellia ribes fruit (babrung) was evaluated in goats. The results revealed that

EPG was reduced by 83±2, 27±3, 93±3 and 99.8±0.06% when goats were treated with mixed

prescription @ 2 g/kg powder, its equivalent water extract, methanol extract, and Morantel

tartrate @ 0.01 g/kg, respectively. The whole plant powder of Fumaria parviflora @ 2 g/kg,

its water, ethanol extract and Morantel tartrate @ 0.01 g/kg were compared for their efficacy

against Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus and Trichuris nematodes in sheep. The respective

reductions in EPG were 99.6±0.13, 29±4, 99.8±0.08 and 99.8±0.3% (Akhtar and Javed,

1985).

Artemisia brevifolia and Artemisia maritime have been screened for their anthelmintic

activity in vivo (Akhtar et al., 1982; Akhtar, 1984; Iqbal et al., 2004). The anthelmintic

activity of Calotropis procera flowers in comparison with levamisole has been reported in

vitro and in vivo, against Haemonchus contortus of sheep (Iqbal et al., 2005). Akhtar et al.

(1999) evaluated the anthelmintic activity Chenopodium album (Bathu) against nematodes in

sheep. Ficus religiosa have been evaluated for its anthelmintic activity, in vitro (Iqbal et al.,

2001).

Similarly, oil of Chenopodium ambrosiodes (Kato et al., 2000; Ketzis et al., 2002;

Macdonald et al., 2004), root of Adhatoda vesica (Lateef et al., 2003), Rhizome of Zingiber

officinale (Iqbal et al., 2001), leaf of Azadirachta indica, (Iqbal et al., 2010; Radhakrishnan

et al., 2007) and seed of Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Caesalpinia crista,

Cucurbita moschata, Trachyspermum ammi (Hordegen et al., 2006; Iqbal et al., 2010; Jabbar

et al., 2007; Costa et al., 2008; Marie-Magdeleine et al., 2009) have been assessed for

anthelmintic activities.

8

Table 1: Year wise documentation of plants used as anthelmintic

Plant Part used Helminth (s) Animal/invitro /invivo

Reference (s)

Allium sativum Whole plant

Haemonchus(H.) contortus

In vitro Ahmed et al., 2012

Cinnamomum cassia Whole plant

Dactylogyrus intermedius

Goldfish Ji et al.,

2012

Elephantorrhiza elephantine

Leaves H. contortus In vitro Maphosa et

al., 2012

Albizia schimperiana Leaves H. contortus In vitro Eguale et al., 2011

Hedychium spichatum Rhizomes Pheritima posthuma In vitro Shambadity

a et al., 2011

Senna occidentalis Leaves H. contortus In vitro Eguale et al., 2011

Trianthema portulacastrum

Whole plant

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINS)

Sheep Hussain et al., 2011

Zingiber zerumbet Rhizomes Pheritima posthuma In vitro Shambadity

a et al., 2011

Leonotis ocymifolia Leaves H. contortus In vitro Eguale et al., 2011

Leucas martinicensis Leaves H. contortus In vitro Eguale et al., 2011

Musa paradisiaca Leaves GINS Sheep Hussain et al., 2011

Azadirachta indica Seed GINS Sheep Iqbal et al.,2010

Achyranthes aspera Leaves, flower, seeds

Paramphistomum cervi In vitro Zahir et al.,

2009

Cocos nucifera Fruit H. contortus In vitro Oliveira et al., 2009

Cocos nucifera Bark of green fruit

Mixed GINs Mice Costa et al.,

2009

Artocarpus lakoocha Not

mentioned

Fasciola gigantica In vitro Saowakon et al., 2009

Maesa lanceolata Leaves, H. contortus In vitro Tadesse et

9

fruits al., 2009

Piper longum Fruit Fasciolagigantica In vitro Singh et al.,

2009

Plectranthus punctatus

Leaves H. contortus In vitro Tadesse et al., 2009

Solanum trilobatum

Leaves, flower, seeds

Paramphistomum cervi In vitro Zahir et al.,

2009

Struthiola argentea Whole plant

H.contortus, Heligmosomoides polygyrus

In vitro Ayers et al.,

2008

Pycnanthus angolensis

Stem bark

Eudrilus eugeniae, H. placei, Taenia saginata

In vitro Gbolade and

Adeyemi, 2008

Sacoglottis gabonensis

Stem bark

Heligmosomoides polygyrus

Rat Nwosu et al., 2008

Sphenocentrum jollyanum

Fruit Eudrilus eugeniae, H. placei, Taenia saginata

In vitro Gbolade and

Adeyemi, 2008

Lippia sidoides Not

mentioned

Haemonchus sp., Trichostrongylus sp.

Sheep Camurca-

Vasconcelos et al., 2008

Lippia sidoides Aerial parts

H. contortus In vitro Camurca-

Vasconcelos et al., 2008

Berchemia zeyheri Bark Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2007

Callitris neocaledonica

Wood Trichomonas vaginalis In vitro Desrivot et al., 2007

Callitris sulcata Wood Trichomonas vaginalis In vitro Desrivot et al., 2007

Coriandrum sativum Seeds H. contortus Sheep Eguale et al., 2007

Dombeya rotundifolia Aerial parts

Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2007

Homalium deplanchei Bark Trichomonas vaginalis In vitro Desrivot et al., 2007

Hedera helix Fruit H. contortus, Sheep Eguale et al., 2007a

Pouzolzia mixta Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2007

Pterocarpus angolensis

Bark Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2007

10

Scaevola balansae Bark Trichomonas vaginalis In vitro Desrivot et al., 2007

Sclerocarya birrea Bark Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al.,2007

Secamone filiformis Aerial parts

Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2007

Butea monosperma Seed Trichostrongylid nematodes

Sheep Iqbal et al.,

2006

Lamium amplexicaule Different

parts Helminthosis Ruminants

Jabbar et al., 2006

Nicotiana tabacum Leaves GINS Sheep Iqbal et al.,

2006

Ocimum gratissimum Leaves Leishmania amazonensis

In vitro Nakamura et al., 2006

Peltophorum africanum

Leaves, stem

bark, root bark

Trichostrongylus colubriformis

In vitro Bizimenyera et al., 2006

Swertia chirata Whole plant

GINS Sheep Iqbal et al.,

2006

Trachyspermum ammi Seed GINS Small

ruminants Jabbar et al.,

2006

Trachyspermum ammi Seed Nematodes Sheep Lateef et al.,

2006

Vernonia anthelmintica

Seed Trichostrongylid Nematodes

Sheep Iqbal et al.,

2006

Zingiber officinale Rhizomes GINS Sheep Iqbal et al.,

2006

Zingiber officinale Rhizome GINS Sheep Iqbal et al.,

2006

Calotropis procera Flowers H.contortus Sheep Iqbal et al.,

2005

Lotus corniculatus Not

mentioned

H.contortus,Teladosargia spp.Nematodirus spp., Cooperia spp.

Sheep Ramirez-

Restrepo et al., 2005

Morinda lucida Leaves H. contortus In vitro Hounzangbe

-Adote et al., 2005

Newbouldia laevis Leaves H. contortus In vitro Hounzangbe

-Adote et al., 2005

Aframomum Leaves Rhabditis In vitro Okpekon et

11

sanguineum pseudoelongata al., 2004

Alstonia boonei Leaf Rhabditis pseudoelongata

In vitro Okpekon et

al., 2004

Artemisia brevifolia Not

reported H. contortus Sheep

Iqbal et al., 2004

Monodoramyristica Seeds Rhabditis pseudoelongata

In vitro Okpekon et

al., 2004

Aframomum sanguineum

Seeds Heligmosomoides Polygyrus

Mice Githiori et al., 2003

Ananas comosus Leaves H.contortus Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Lambs

Hordegen et al., 2003

Adhatoda vesica Roots GINS Sheep Lateef et al.,

2003

Caesalpinia crista Seeds H.contortus Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Lambs

Hordegen et al., 2003

Dodonaea angustifolia

Leaves Heligmosomoides Polygyrus

Mice Githiori et al., 2003

Embelia ribes Fruits H.contortus Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Lambs

Hordegen et al., 2003

Fumaria parviflora Whole plants

H.contortus Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Lambs

Hordegen et al., 2003

Spigelia anthelmia Aerial parts

H. contortus In vitro Assis et al.,

2003

Vernonia amygdalina Stem bark H. contortus In vitro Alawa et al.,

2003

Vernonia anthelmintica

Seeds

H.contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Lambs

Hordegen et al., 2003

Azadirachta indica

Seeds

H.contortus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Lambs

Hordegen et al., 2003

Flemingia vestita Root-

tuber peel Fasciolopsis buski In vitro

Kar et al., 2002

Ocimum gratissimum Leaves H. contortus In vitro Pessoa et al., 2002

Berlina grandiflora Bark Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro Enwerem et

al., 2001

Combretum Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et

12

apiculatum al., 2001

Combretumshereroense

Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2001

Combretum mossambicense

Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2001

Curcurbita Mexicana Whole fruit

H. contortus In vitro Iqbal et al.,

2001

Ficus religiosa Not

reported Anthelmintic In vitro

Iqbal et al.,2001

Ficus religiosa Bark H. contortus In vitro Iqbal et al.,

2001

Huberodendron patinoi

Bark Leishmania panamensis

In vitro Weniger et al., 2001

Ocimum sanctum Whole plant

Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro Asha et al.,

2001

Sorghum bicolor Uprooted

plant H. contortus In vitro

Iqbal et al., 2001

Zingiber officinale Rhizomes H. contortus In vitro Iqbal et al.,

2001

Artemisia annua Not

reported Schistosoma mansoni Hamster, mice

Shuhua et al., 2000

Acokanthera oblongifolia

Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2000

Balanites aegyptiaca Fruit Fasciolagigantica Goat Koko et al.,

2000

Clerodendrum glabrum

Leaf Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2000

Clerodendrum glabrum

Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2000

Erythrophleum lasianthum

Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2000

Maesa lanceolata Leaves Caenorhabditis elegans In vitro McGaw et al., 2000

Morus alba Root Not mentioned Not

mentioned Akhtar et al., 2000

13

Anti-tick Activity

The plant kingdom is a vast storehouse of chemical substances manufactured and used by

plants as defenses against insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Jacobson, 1983). A number of

plants have been identified for having some effect against parasitic or free living stages of

ticks. Only a few workers have tried to check the activity of plants against ticks in vivo.

Webb and David, (2002) have reported the potential use of neem seed extracts for tick

control in cattle. They applied 5% (w/v) water extract of neem seed kernel at rate of 5 g/kg

body weight to Tswana, Simmentaler and Brahman cattle and concluded that neem seed

kernel extract is effective in controlling ectoparasites on livestock. Schwalbach et al. (2003)

successfully used 10% aqueous neem seed extract to control tick infestation on goats.

Shrivastava and Das (2003) selected 58 cattle infested with Rhipicephalus (R.) microplus and

divided them into 6 groups to treat with six plant oils. Plant oils selected were, namely kaddu

(Cucurbita maxima), kahua (Terminalia arjuna), neem (Azadirachta indica), karanj

(Pongamia pinnata), ritha (Sapindus trifoliatus) and castor (Ricinus communis). Seventy two

hours post treatment, the percentage of tick control was highest with ritha oil (78.58%),

followed by karanj oil (62.0%), neem oil (52.46%), kahua oil (45.77%), kaddu oil (39.22%)

and castor oil (22.45%).

Plants have been evaluated for anti tick activity includes, Azadirachta indica (Benavides et

al., 2001), Gynandropsis gynandra (Lwande et al., 1999), Cleome hitra (Ndungu et al.,

1999), Pimenta dioica (Brown et al., 1998), Tamarindus indica (Chungsamarnyart &

Jansawan, 2001), Artmisia brevifolia (Iaqbal et al., 2004), Calotropis procera (Iqbal et al.,

2005) and Chenopodium album (Jabbar et al., 2007). Varioous plants or their parts like

Acacia nilotica, Areca catechu, Artemisia brevifolia, Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma,

Buxus papillosa, Caesalpinia crista, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum annum, Cedrus deodara,

Chenopodium album, Curcuma longa, Daphne mucronata, Eruca sativa, Fumaria parviflora,

Haloxyma recurvum, Nicotiana tabacum, Nigella sativa, Peganum harmala, Piper nigrum,

Prunus persica, Ricinus communis, Terminalia chebula, Trachyspermum ammi, Vernonia

anthelmintica, Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet (Sindhu, 2010) were used to

control ticks.

Acaricidal activity of orally administered powdered aloe juice (Aloe ferox) has been reported

against R. decoloratus ticks on cattle (Fourie et al., 2005). Spickett et al. (2007) also reported

14

the acaricidal activity of pulverized aloe leaves (Aloe marlothii) against R. decoloratus.

Plants reported for acaricidal activity against R. microplus in vivo includes; Cymbopogon

citrates Dahlstedtia pentaphylla (Pereira & Famadas, 2004), Hypericum polyanthemum

(Ribeiro et al., 2007) and Melia azedarach. Seed of Azadirachta indica (Al-Rajhy et al.,

2003), root of Dahistedtia pentaphylla (Pereira and Famadas, 2004), bulb of Allium sativum

(Nchu et al., 2005), Flower of Dianthus caryophyllum, Matricaria chamomile (Tunon et al.,

2006; Pirali-Kheirabadi and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, 2007) and leaf of Melia azedarach,

Nicotiana tabacum, Vitex agnus, Ageratum houstonianum, Calea serrata, (Matias et al.,

2003; Choudhary et al., 2004; Mehlhorn et al., 2005; Pamo et al., 2005; Ribeiro et al., 2007)

also have been evaluated for their anti-tick activity.

Table 2: Plants used as documentaion of acaricides

Plant Part used)

Parasite Animal/invitro

/invivo Reference (s)

Psiadia punctulata

Aerial parts

Rhipicephalus(R.) appendiculatus

Boophilus decoloratus In vitro

Nanyingi et al., 2009

Azadirachta Indica

Oil R. microplus Not reported Thakur et al., 2007

Callicarpa americana

Not reported

Ixodes(I.) scapularis, Amblyomma americanum

Not reported Carroll et al., 2007

Calocedrus Decurrens

Wood essential

oil I. scapularis Not reported

Dolan et al., 2007

Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana

Wood essential

oil I. scapularis Not reported

Dolan et al., 2007

Copaifera Reticulate

Oleoresin R. microplus Not reported Fernandes and Freitas, 2007

Drimys Brasiliensis

Essential oil

of stem and leaf

R. microplus, R. sanguineus

Not reported Ribeiro et al., 2007

Eucalyptus Oil R. microplus Not reported Thakur et al. ,

15

2007

Hypericum polyanthemum

Not reported

R. microplus Not reported Ribeiro et al.,

2007

Juniperus Occidentalis

Wood essential

oil

I.scapularis Not reported Dolan et at.,

2007

Matricaria Chamomile

Flower R. annulatus Not reported Pirali-Kheirabadi and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, 2007

Pongamia Pinnata

Oil R. microplus Not reported Thakur et al., 2007

Dianthus Caryophyllum

Flower Ixodes (I.) ricinus Not reported Tunon et al., 2006

Eucalyptus globulus

Oil Sarcoptes(S.) scabiei

var. suis Not reported Magi et al., 2006

Heracleum sosnowskyi

Not reported

S. scabiei var. suis Not reported Magi et al., 2006

Tanacetum vulgare

Not reported

S. scabiei var. suis Not reported Magi et al., 2006

Melaleuca alternifolia

Oil S. scabiei var. suis Not reported Magi et al., 2006

Juniperus communis

Oil S. scabiei var. suis Not reported Magi et al., 2006

Mentha pulegium

Oil S. scabiei var. suis Not reported Magi et al., 2006

Mentha pulegium

Oil Dermatophgoides

farinae and D. pteronyssinus.

In vitro Rim and Jee, 2006

Piper nigrum Oil Sarcoptes scabiei var.

suis Not reported Magi et al., 2006

Allium sativum Bulb Hyalomma marginatum

rufipes In vitro

Nchu et al., 2005

Allium sativum Not

reported R. pulchellus Not reported Nchu et al., 2005

Artemisia Absinthium

Not reported

I.ricinus Not reported Jaenson et al., 2005

Azadirachta indica

Bark R. microplus Not reported Maharaj et al., 2005

Commiphora molmol

Not reported

Argas persicus Not reported Massoud et al., 2005

Ledum palustre Not I.ricinus Not reported Jaenson et al.,

16

reported 2005

Myrica gale Linnaeus

Not reported

I.ricinus Not reported Jaenson et al., 2005

Rhododendron tomentosum

Not reported

I.ricinus Not reported Jaenson et al., 2005

Sapindus Saponaria

Stem peal

R. microplus Not reported Fernandes et al., 2005

Ageratum houstonianum

Leaf R. lunulatus Not reported Pamo et al., 2005

Vitex agnus Not

reported I.ricinus, R. sanguineus Not reported

Mehlhorn et al., 2005

Acorus calamus Rhizome R. microplus In vitro Pathak et al., 2004

Azadirachta indica

Bark R. microplus Not reported Pathak et al., 2004;

Brassica juncea Not

reported D. gallinae In vitro Kim et al., 2004

Coriandrum sativum

Not reported

D. gallinae In vitro Kim et al., 2004

Cochlearia armoracia

Not reported

D. gallinae In vitro Kim et al., 2004

Dahlstedtia pentaphyll

Root R. microplus Not reported Pereira and Famadas, 2004

Juniperus oxycedrus

Not reported

D. gallinae

In vitro Kim et al., 2004

Melinis minutiflora

Not reported

R. microplus Not reported Muro et al., 2004

Nicotiana

tabacum Leaf R. haemaphysaloides Not reported

Choudhary et al.,

2004

Vitex agnus Not

reported I.ricinus, R. sanguineus Not reported

Pathak et al.,

2004

Azadirachta

Indica Seed

Hyalomma (H.)

dromedarii Not reported

Al-Rajhy et al.,

2003

Cymbopogon winterianus

Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Cymbopogon Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

17

citratus Laurus nobilis

Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Melia azedarach

Leaf R. microplus Not reported Matias et al., 2003

Myristica fragrans

Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Origanum vulgare

Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Pimenta dioica Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Stylosanthes Hamata

Not reported

R. microplus Not reported Muro et al., 2003

Stylosanthes Humilis

Not reported

R. microplus Not reported Muro et al., 2003

Syzgium aromaticum

Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Thymus zygis. Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Thymus vulgaris Oil T. putrescentiae In vitro Kim et al., 2003

Azadirachta indica

Not reported

R. pulchellus Not reported Handule et al., 2002

Azadirachta indica

Not reported

Hyalomma. anatolicum excavatum

Not reported Abdel-Shafy and Zayed, 2002

Artemisia Absinthium

Not reported

Two spotted Spider mite In vitro Chiasson et al., 2001

Tanacetum vulgare

Not reported

Two spotted Spider mite In vitro Chiasson et al., 2001

Anti-coccidial activivty

The anticoccidial effects of dried Artemisia annua and pure artemisinin were first tested on

chickens experimentally challenged with different species of Eimeria (Allen et al., 1997).

Moreover, Jang et al. (2007) reported the anticoccidial effect of green tea against Eimeria

species in chickens. For anticoccidial activities (Eimeria spp.), fruit of Agele marmelos,

Azadirachta indica, Gleditsia japonica, Melia azedarach, Torilis japonica (Tipu et al., 2002;

Youn & Noh, 2001), leaf of Aloe vera, Aloe spicata, Artemisia annua, Camellia sinensis

(Youn & Noh, 2001; Mwale et al., 2005; Arab et al., 2006; Jang et al., 2007; Brisibe et al.,

2008), seed of Artemisia annua, Flax, Torreya nucifera, Ulmus macrocarpa (Allen et al.,

18

1998; Youn & Noh, 2001), root of Bupleurum chinese, Inula helenium, Musa paradisiacal,

Sophora flavescens (Youn & Noh, 2001; Matekaire et al., 2005), Artemisia annua, Pulsatilla

aviculare, full herb (Youn & Noh, 2001), aerial parts of Artemisia annua, Artemisia asiatica,

Pulsatilla koreana, Quisqualis indica (Youn & Noh, 2001; Arab et al., 2006), oil of

Oreganum vulgare (Giannenas et al., 2004), stem of suger-cane (Abasy et al., 2003) and bark

of Ulmus macrocarpa (Youn & Noh, 2001) also have been evaluated. In Pakistan, there are

many plants, which have been reported in literature for their medicinal importance and few

were tested for their anticoccidial effects in chickens. The anti-coccidial activity of Melia

azedarachwas reported (Akhtar and Rifaat, 1987) in chickens naturally infected with mixed

Eimeria species. Powdered Melia azedarach seeds were administered orally in doses of 10,

15 and 20 mg/kg body weight along with their water and ethanol extracts in amounts

equivalent to 20mg/kg of the powder. It was found that single oral administration of 20

mg/kg of Melia azedarach seeds and their extracts are effective in controlling Eimeria

infection in chickens. However, mortality was observed at higher doses. In another study

Melia azedarach (Bakain) and Momordica charantia (Karela) were found effective in

comparison with salinomycin, against coccidiosis in chickens challenged with Eimeria

species in terms of reducing the number of oocysts per gram of faeces (Hayat et al., 1996).

Moreover, Azadirachta indica (Neem) have beneficial effects by reducing oocyst count of

mixed Eimeria species (Tipu et al., 2002). So, it is clear from the above discussion that plants

have a great potential against parasitic problems with special emphasis on Eimeria infection.

On the basis of review of literature, it is clear that the coccidiosis cannot be controlled by

anticoccidials due to development of resistance in Eimeria species. Vaccination also is not a

handy tool for the control of coccidiosis because of geographical variations in the Eimeria

strains. Furthermore, one vaccine is not effective for different strains. Therefore, a great

attention is being given to find out the effective ways to control coccidiosis. Therefore, this

study has been planned to find out the anticoccidial effect of different concentrations of

selected plants in the broiler chickens.

Use of plants for treatment of different parasitic problems is also a common practice in

Pakistan. As, plants have great potential for control of parasites. So, scientific validation of

folk believes could be a good source for identifying anti-parasitic compounds.

19

Table 3: Year wise Plants used as anti- coccidials

Plants/Herbs Part used Eimeria species References

Allium sativum

Not

reported

Eimeria (E.) acervulina,

E. tenella, E. maxima and

E. necatrix

Arczewska and

Swiatkiewicz, 2012

Echinacea purpurea

Origanum vulgare

Salvia officinalis

Thymus vulgaris

Dichroa febrifuga lour Root E. tenella Zhang et al., 2012

Azadirachta Leaf E. tenella Zaman et al., 2011

Calotropis procera Flowers E. tenella Zaman et al., 2011

Dichroa febrifuga lour Root E. tenella Zhang et al., 2012

Nicotiana tabacum Leaf E. tenella Zaman et al., 2011

Trachyspermum ammi Seeds E. tenella Zaman et al., 2011

Curcuma longa L. Rhizomes E. tenella Abbas et al., 2010

Ageratum conyzoides Whole

herb E. tenella Nweze and Obiwulu, 2009

Artemisia annual Leaf E. tenella Brisibe et al., 2008

Artemia arfa Leaf E. tenella, E. maxima, E.

acervulina Naidoo et al., 2008

Tulbaghia violacea Whole plant

E. tenella, E. maxima, E. acervulina

Naidoo et al., 2008

Vitis vinifera Seed E. tenella, E. maxima, E.

acervulina Naidoo et al., 2008

Camellia sinensis Leaf E. maxima Jang et al., 2007

Artemisia annua Aerial E. tenella, E. acervulina Arab et al., 2006

Polygonum bistorta.

Whole plant

E. tenella Khan et al., 2006

Agele Marmelos

Whole plant

E. tenella Khan et al., 2006

Aloe vera and Aloe spicata

Leaf Mixed E. Spp. Mwale et al., 2005

20

Capsicum annum (Pepper)

Whole herb

Mixed E. Spp. Mwale et al., 2005

Musa paradisiaca Root Mixed E. Spp.(rabbit) Matekaire et al., 2005

Sugar-cane Stem E. tenella Abasy et al., 2003

Azadirachta indica Fruit Mixed E. Spp. Tipu et al., 2002

Artemisia annua Whole herb

E. tenella Youn and Noh, 2001

Artemisia asiatica Aerial E. tenella Youn and Noh, 2001

Bupleurum Chinese Root E. tenella Youn and Noh, 2001

Conclusion

Control of parasitism largely depends upon the use of synthetic drugs. Two most important

problems associated with the use of these synthetic drugs are development of resistance in

parasites and problem of potential residues of drugs in milk, meat and other animal products.

Thus, there is an urgent need for new parasitism control strategies to overcome the drawback

associated with use of synthetic drugs. The wide variety of landscapes and climates in

Pakistan allows for a wide variety of plants. Therefore, there is lot of opportunity in testing

plants for its broad spectrum anti-parasitic affects such as anthelmintic, anti-tick and anti-

coccidial. For this study Crude aqueous- methanol extracts (CAME) of the following there

plants and their combination (Curcuma longa, Citrullus colocynthis, and Peganum harmala)

were prepared. The hypothesis of this study was some plants have broad spectrum

antiparasitic activity.

21

Chapter # 3

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1. Study area

Pakistan is located in a transitional zone where the summer monsoon influenced climate of

the east gradually merges with the winter precipitation dominated Mediterranean climate of

the west. The wide variety of landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows for a wide variety of

plants. This study was conducted in the District Jhang, Central Punjab (Pakistan). The study

area lies between 30°-37 to 31°-59 north latitudes and 71°-37 to 73°-13 east longitudes of

Punjab, Pakistan. Total area is 8.809 square kilometers. The district is bounded on the north

by Sargodha and Chiniot districts, on south by Khanewal district, on the west by Layyah,

Bhakkar and Khushab districts, on the east by Faisalabad and T.T. Singh districts and on the

south-west by Muzaffargrh district. The annual rainfall is about 288.8 millimeter. The district

has extremes of climate. May, June and July are the hottest months. The mean maximum and

minimum temperature in these months are about 45 and 28˚C respectively. December and

January are the coldest month. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during this

period are about 27 and 6 ˚C respectively. This area is blessed with agricultural land

including major crops like sugarcane, wheat and rice. Livestock population including

8,72819 heads of cattle, 11,75170 buffaloes, 3,85050 sheep, 10,06992 goats, 8,289 camels,

15,123 horses, 1310 mules, 1,72397 asses and 14,25237 poultry (Livestock Census, 2006)

are present in district Jhang. These animals are mainly used for milk, meat and draught

purpose. Major source of income is agriculture for the people who have a rich history of

traditional livestock farming. There are 127 Government Veterinary Hospitals and

Dispensaries, 6 artificial insemination (AI) centre and 21 sub AI centre in the area with a

technical staff of 35 veterinary officers (VO) and 114 veterinary assistant (VA) (Livestock

and Dairy Developments Department, 2006). The union councils (UC) of district Jhang

included was Chak No. 159/JB UC, Chak No. 220/JB UC. Chak No. 250/JB UC, Mochiwala

UC, Mukhiana UC, Pukkewala UC, Satiana UC, Sheikh Chhuhar UC, Sultan Pakhera UC

and Sultanpur UC. The physical map of geographical location of the selected units has been

shown below in figure 3.1

22

Figure 3.1: Physical map of the selected union councils (primary units) in the district Jhang,

Punjab, Pakistan

23

3.1.2. Collection of information about documentation

For identification of key respondents a scouting survey, a small-scale rural rapid appraisal

(RRA) phases was conducted. A list of veterinarians, local healers and farmers, identified by

RRA were prepared. For documentation of EVM, a team was formed comprising interviewer

(I), and guide from local area. A questionnaire was designed to collect information about the

use of plants for EVM especially for control of insects/parasites, source of plant material,

part of the plant used, the method of medicinal preparation, route of administration and

persons having knowledge of EVM, known to them. Information was gathered verbally from

each subject after explaining the purpose of the research and was recorded on a questionnaire

after verbal consent. If plants were mentioned for EVM purposes, a botanical sample was

collected. These specimens were identified by botanist at University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad.

3.2. Selection of plants

Plants reported by respondents or reported in the literature for having insecticidal/anti-

parasitic properties were selected for evaluation of their anthelmintic, acaricidal and anti-

coccidial activity. The selected plants included were: Curcuma longa,Citrullus colocynthis

and Peganum harmala. The selected plants were collected from field and/or purchased from

the local herbal shops and got authenticated from an expert in the department of Botany,

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Voucher specimens were kept at the

Herbarium, Ethnoveterinary Research and Development Center, Department of Parasitology,

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

3.3. Extraction of plant material

Plant materials were dried (under shade at room temperature) in dry and cold place to

prepare methanol-aqueous extracts. Crude aqueous- methanol extracts (CAME) was prepared

by following the methods of Tabassam et al., 2008. Briefly, dried powdered plant material

was extracted with methanol-aqueous (70:30) solvent for about 72 hrs. After filtration new

solvents were added and the above said procedure was repeated for a total of three times.

Crude extract was obtained after the evaporation of solvent in rotary evaporator.

24

Table 3.1: Selection of plants for the evaluation of anti-parasitic activity in selected region of

district Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan

Sr. No. Botanical name of plant Common name of plant Parts used Botanical family

1 Curcuma longa Haldi Rhizome Zingiberaceae 2 Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit Cucurbitaceae

3 Peganum harmala Hermal Seed Zygophylaceae

3.4. Screening of plants for anti-parasitic activity

3.4.1. Anthelmintic activity

3.4.1.1. In vitro anthelmintic activity

Following in vitro tests were used for evaluation of anthelmintic activity.

I) Adult motility assay: Mature live Haemonchus contortus was used to determine the

effect of crude aqueous methanolic extracts (CAME) by using the following method.

Mature worms of both sexes were collected from the abomasums of freshly

slaughtered sheep in the local abattoir. The worms were washed and finally

suspended in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). A minimum of ten worms were exposed

to each of the following treatments in separate Petri dishes at room temperature (25-

30°C).

Crude aqueous methanol extract @ 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12 and 1.56 mg/ml in following

combinations

P1 = (Curcuma longa)

P2 = (Citrullus colocynthis)

P3 = (Peganum harmala)

P1x2 = (Curcuma longa + Citrullus colocynthis)

P1x3 = (Curcuma longa + Peganum harmala)

P2x3 = (Citrullus colocynthis + Peganum harmala)

P1x2x3= (Curcuma longa + Citrullus colocynthis + Peganum harmala)

Levamisole @ 1.50 mg/ml

PBS

25

The inhibition of motility and/or mortality of the worm kept in the different treatment groups

were used as a criterion for anthelmintic activity. The motility was observed on the 0, 2, 4, 6,

8, 10, 12, hours post treatment. Finally, the treated worms were kept for 30 minutes in the

lukewarm PBS to observe the revival of motility. The number of dead and survived worms

was recorded for each treatment. Experiment was performed in triplicate

II) Egg hatch test (EHT): Method of Coles et al. (1992) was used to perform EHT.

Collection of eggs: 10-15 g of faeces was collected from the sheep naturally infected with

mixed species of nematodes. The concentration of eggs was estimated in 50µl samples and

will be adjusted to 100-150 eggs/ml.

Procedure: One milliliter of egg suspension was added in a 24-flat bottomed micro titration

plate and mixed with the same volume of crude aqueous methanolic extracts of Plant 1, P2,

P3, P1x2 P1x3 P2x3 and P1x2x3 (five to seven different concentrations). The positive

control wells were receiving different concentrations of oxfendazole (Systemax-ICI Pakistan,

Ltd., 2.265% W/V) in place of plant extracts. While the negative control wells contained the

diluents and the egg solution. The eggs were incubated for 48 hours and then two drops of

Lugol’s iodine solution was added to stop the eggs from hatching. All the eggs (dead and

embryonated) and hatched larvae in each well were counted. Experiment was repeated thrice.

3.4.1.2. In vivo anthelmintic activity

For each dose, ten (minimum) 6-12 month old sheep having naturally acquired mixed

parasitic infection of gastrointestinal nematodes were selected. Prior to the start of treatment,

fecal samples were obtained directly from rectum of each animal, at least three times at an

interval of three days to determine the number of eggs per gram of feaces (EPG). Sheep were

divided into nine groups (A to I). Sheep number in each group (n=10) was kept according to

complete randomized design, taken into consideration their live weight and EPG. Group A

was serving as negative control while group B as a positive control and was drenched with

single dose of Levamisole 7.5mg/ml (ICI Pakistan Limited, Animal Health Division). Group

C to I were treated with different doses of crude aqueous methanol extract of Plant 1, P2 , P3,

P1x2 P1x3 P2x3 and P1x2x3 respectively at the rate of 1, 2, 4g/kg body weight.

Observation of clinical signs and death were under taken twice a day. The body weight of the

sheep was recorded weekly. Fecal egg counts was performed on each animal on day 0, 3, 6,

26

9, 12, 15, 18 post-treatment and egg count reduction (CR) was calculated using the following

formula:

100EPGnt Pretreatme

EPGent Posttreatm -EPG nt Pretreatme (%) ECR

3.4.2. Acaricidal activity

Ticks: Engorged female ticks were collected from infested cattle. Ticks were washed and

then incubated for egg laying at 27 ◦C and 90% Relative humidity (RH) in incubator (Sindhu,

2010).

Bioassay: Modified Larval Immersion test (syringe method) was used to evaluate the in vitro

acaricidal effect of plant extracts against R. microplus. Briefly, nozzle end of a 3 ml syringe

was cut open and plunger was pulled back to 2 ml mark. Approximately 10 mg of eggs (apx.

200 eggs) were placed in syringe and open end was sealed with double layer of nylon gauze.

These prepared syringes were incubated at 27 ◦C and 90% RH for egg hatching. Fourteen

days after the hatching of eggs in syringes, larvae were used for bioassay.

Stock solution of desired concentration (w/v) from each extract (Plant 1, P2, P3, P1x2 P1x3

P2x3 and P1x2x3) was prepared in 0.2% solution of TritonX-100 and subsequently five

dilutions of stock solution were prepared. Two ml of test solution was sucked inside the

syringe (containing 12-14 day old larvae) and syringe was shaken for 30 seconds to treat the

larvae. After 30 seconds test solution was discarded and syringes were placed in fume hood

for one hour for drying. After one hour all the treated syringes were incubated at 27 ◦C and

90% RH. Two sets of treatments were run in triplicate. One set was used to check mortality

after 24 hours of incubation and 2nd was used to check the mortality after 6 days of

incubation.

4.3. Anti-coccidial activity

The guts were collected from the poultry farms or from the poultry shops in and around

Faisalabad with the problem of coccidiosis. The caecal contents were examined by direct

microscopic examination for sporulation and identification of the oocysts. The caecal

contents were placed in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution in Petri dishes and were

incubated at 37 ˚C for 48 hours, providing 60-80% humidity (Ryley et al., 1976). Later the

sporulation of the oocyst was confirmed by microscopic examination of incubated material.

27

After 48 hours the suspension was removed from incubator and mixed with equal quantity of

2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Mixture was filtered through muslin cloth and filtrate

was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. Almost 50% of the supernatant was discarded

and the remaining portion was subjected to Zinc Sulphate floatation technique. The

supernatant having sufficient number of sporulated oocysts was aspirated in a separate jar.

The supernatant was mixed with water (1:5) in a jar and kept undisturbed overnight. The

sporulated oocysts were collected from sediment. This solution containing sporulated oocysts

was given 2-3 washings with PBS. Washed sporulated oocysts were placed in a sterilized

screw capped bottle at 4 C in refrigerator for further use.

Experimental Design

Day-old broilers chicks were procured from local market and were kept under standard

managemental conditions. Special feed was offered which has the same composition as that

of a broiler starter ration, except anticoccidial additives. Feed and water were provided ad

libitum. At the 10th day of age, all chicks were divided randomly into 10 groups. Each group

was further divided into 3 subgroups, having 10 birds in each, these chicks were housed in

separate compartments of floor pen. All birds were maintained free from coccidian infection.

At the 12th day of their age, they were inoculated with challenge dose (75,000) of sporulated

oocysts of Eimeria tenella except non infected non medicated group (Group 10). Groups (1-

7) was treated orally (once/day) with crude aqueous methanol extract of Plant 1, P2, P3,

P1x2, P1x3, P2x3, and P1x2x3 (2 g/, 4 g/, 6 g/bird respectively) from the day of challenge

infection until 8th days post-treatment. Other two groups (8-9) served as infected non

medicated and infected medicated (amprolium) control, respectively. The trial was pursued

for 33 days and data on the following parameters were recorded.

a) Body weight gain

Five chicks from each group were weighed on day of inoculation (day 12) and then

reweighed on day 19, 26 and 33 of the age of chicks. The weight of treated chicks was

compared with that of the control groups.

b) Feed Consumption

A weighed quantity of feed was offered to each group of chicks during the experiment period

and the left over feed was weighed to determine the feed consumption.

28

c) Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

FCR was calculated as the grams of feed consumed to produce one gram of live weight

FCR = Feed conversion ratio

d) Oocysts per gram of faeces

Fecal samples of three chicks in each group were collected during 6-12 days after inoculation

and oocyst numbers were counted by using a McMaster counting chamber technique.

e) Lesion scoring

Five birds of each group were randomly selected for post mortem examination at 7th day

post-inoculation of the challenge dose of sporulated oocyst. Lesion scored on a scale of 0 to 4

by macroscopic examination, lesion scoring technique (Johnson and Reid, 1970)

0: No gross lesion

+1: Very few scattered petechiae on the caecal wall; no thickening of the caecal walls;

normal caecal contents present.

+2: Lesion more numerous with noticeable blood in the caecal contents; caecal wall is

somewhat thickened; normal caecal contents present.

+3: Large amounts of blood or caecal cores present; caecal walls greatly thickened; little,

if any, faecal contents in the caeca.

+4: caecal wall greatly distended with blood or large caseous cores; faecal debris lacking

or included in cores. Dead chicks scored as +4.

a) Oocyst scoring

Five birds of each group were randomly selected 7 days post-inoculation of the challenge

dose of sporulated oocysts. An oocyst score from 0 to 5 was determined by microscopic

examination of caecal scrapings of the chicks slaughtered for lesion scoring at 7th day of post

inoculation.

b) Faecal scoring

Five chicks from each group were randomly selected and a faecal score 1 to 5 was recorded

between 3rd to 7th day post- inoculation, A score 5 indicated the presence of severe diarrhea /

or profuse amount of blood.

c) Survival percentage

The survival percentage of birds was calculated by the following formula:

29

Survival percentage = (Total number ofchicks - Dead chicks/Total number of chicks) X 100

3.5. Data Analysis

Data of syringe test was analyzed by probit analysis using Polo Plus (LeOra software, 2002)

computer program. The data from AMA, EHT, in vivo anthelmintic activity and in vivo anti-

coccidial activity was analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test using SAS software

(SAS, 2010).

30

Chapter # 4

RESULTS

4.1. Documentation of ethno-veterinary practices

EVM practices used for the treatment and/or control of different ailments/conditions/disorders

documented in this study were based on plants, materials of animal origin and others including

salts, elements, etc. In this study, a total of 606 ethno veterinary practices comprising of 445

based on plant usage and 161 based on other than plant, chemical and other organic matter

were documented. A total of 113 plants species representing 54 families were documented to

treat the different livestock diseases. The detailed description has been shown in table 4.1

Among the recorded plant families, Poaceae was documented having the highest number of

plants (n=9) to be used for various diseases in order, followed by Papilionaceae (n=8 each),

Apiaceae and Solanaceae (n=6 each), Brassicaceae, Rosaceae and Zingiberaceae (n=5 each),

Mimosaceae, Moraceae and Rutaceae (n=4 each), Asteraceae, Caesalpiniaceae and

Myrtaceae (n=3 each), Alliaceae, Chenopdiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Meliaceae,

Oleaceae and Salvadoraceae (n=2 each) and Anacardiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae,

Burseraceae, Capparidaceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cupressaceae, Cyperaceae,

Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Lauraceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Musaceae,

Myristicaceae, Myrsinaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Papaveraceae, Pedaliaceae, Piperaceae,

Polygonaceae, Punicaceae, Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae, Salvadoraceae, Theaceae, Verbenaceae,

Violaceae, Vitaceae and Zygophyllaceae (n=1 each) as the detailed description has been

given below in table 6. Moreover, ethno veterinary practices (n=161) other than plants were

used to treat different livestock diseases. These were based on the use of more than 60

materials including dairy products, chemicals and other organic matter as has been depicted

here in the table 7. There was maximum usage of seeds table (n=194) followed by leaves

(n=147), fruit (141), oil (83), bulb (77), flower (23), stem (21), root (15), bark (10), whole

plant (06), resin (05) and Arial parts, Rhizome and Vinegar each by table (n=1) as has been

depicted in table 8. Among the various reported diseases, Haemoglobion urea was the most

frequently reported by the respondents (n=146/200; 73%) in order followed by Diarrhoea (n

= 119/200; 59.5%), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) (n = 115/200; 57.5%), Mange (n =

31

113/200; 56.5%), Calcium deficiency (n =111/200; 55.5%), Mastitis (n =98/200; 49%), Colic

(n = 90/200; 45%), Enterotoxaemia (n =76/200; 38%), Tick infestation (n =64/200; 32%),

Helminthiasis (n =63/200; 31.5%), Prolaps (n =55/200; 27.5%), Rheumatic fever (n =52/200;

26%), Fly infestation (n =51/200; 25.5%), Milk fever (n =48/200; 24%), Newcastle disease

(n =36/200; 18%), Retention of foetal membrane (n =35/200; 17.5%), Nasal discharge (n

=35/200; 17.5%), Haemoraghic septicemia (n =32/200; 16%), Lice infestation (n =32/200;

16%), An estrous (n =29/200; 14.5%), Laminitis (n =28/200; 14%), Strangles (n =28/200;

14%), Fleas (n =26/200; 13%), Lactolith (n =22/200; 11%), Panting (n =22/200; 11%),

Canine distemper (n =19/200; 9.5%), Indigestion (n =18/200; 09%), Paralysis (n =18/200;

09%), Allergy (n =16/200; 08%), Uterus pus (n =16/200; 08%), Loss of appetite (n =15/200;

7.5%), Tympany (n =15/200; 7.5%), Crop bound Condition (n =14/200; 07%), Teat stricture

(n =14/200; 07%), Myiasis (n =12/200; 06%), Rheumatism (n =12/200; 06%), Tail necrosis

and gangrene (n =11/200; 5.5%), Black quarter (n =8/200; 04%), Fibrosis (n =8/200; 04%),

Wound (n =8/200; 04%), Cough (n =7/200; 3.5%), String hault (n =7/200; 3.5%), Pneumonia

(n =5/200; 2.5%), Sheep pox (n =3/200; 1.5%) and Gid (n =1/200; 0.5%) as has been shown

in table 9.

Table 4.1: Botanical, local names of the plants, their Families and respondents

documented from district Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan) for their use in ethno veterinary

Practices

Sr. no.

Botanical name of plant Local name of

plant Botanical

family No of

respondents

1 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Shareen Mimosaceae 6

2 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Alliaceae 137

3 Allium sativum L. Thoam Alliaceae 68

4 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Kanwar gandal Liliaceae 17

5 Amomum subulatum Roxb. Bari illachi Zingiberaceae 21

6 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem Meliaceae 84

7 Brassica rapa L. Shalgham Brassicaceae 2

8 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. Sarson Brassicaceae 145

9 Butea monosperema (Lam.) Taub. Kamarkas Papilionaceae 6

10 Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton sAak Asclepiadaceae 7

11 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Chaey ki pattti Theaceae 23

12 Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. Karae Capparidaceae 5

13 Capsicum annuum L. Surkh mirch Solanaceae 66

14 Capsicum frutescens L. Sabz mirch Solanaceae 57

15 Cassia fistula L. Garad naili Caesalpiniaceae 3

32

16 Cassia senna L. Sana makai Caesalpiniaceae 4

17 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Main phal Rubiaceae 2

18 Chenopodium album L. Bathu Chenopdiaceae 3

19 Cicer arietinum L. Chanay Papilionaceae 9

20 Cicherium intybus L. Kasni Asteraceae 2

21 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume Dar chini Lauraceae 2

22 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Korr tumma Cucurbitaceae 61

23 Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f. Lemon Rutaceae 19

24 Citrus pseudolimon Tanaka Gulgul Rutaceae 1

25 Citrus reticulata Blanco Kinno Rutaceae 24

26 Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Guggal Burseraceae 3

27 Convolvulus arvensis L. Wun wehri Convolvulaceae 12

28 Coriandrum sativum L. Dhanya Apiaceae 6

29 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Apiaceae 12

30 Curcuma longa L. Haldi Zingiberaceae 5

31 Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Kachoor Zingiberaceae 3

32 Cyperus rotundus L Dehlay Cyperaceae 2

33 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC. Tahli Fabaceae 5

34 Datura inoxia Mill. Dhautura Solanaceae 2

35 Daucus carota L. Gajjar Apiaceae 13

36 Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Chauti Illachi Zingiberaceae 4

37 Embelia ribes Burm. f. Wa warang Myrsinaceae 1

38 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Brassicaceae 87

39 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Sufaida Myrtaceae 1

40 Ferula assa-foetida L. Heing Apiaceae 16

41 Ficus benghalensis L. Bohr Moraceae 6

42 Ficus carica L. Anjeer Moraceae 1

43 Ficus religiosa L. Pepal Moraceae 1

44 Foneiculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Apiaceae 53

45 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Mulathi Papilionaceae 6

46 Gossypium hirsutum L. Waraiwain Malvaceae 2

47 Hordeum vulgare L. Jao Poaceae 10

48 Jasminum humile L. Chumba Oleaceae 5

49 Juniperus communis L. Ghughar vail Cupressaceae 1

50 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Kaddoo Cucurbitaceae 3

51 Lawsonia inermis L. Mehndi Lythraceae 7

52 Lens culinaris Medik. Masar Papilionaceae 16

53 Lepidium sativum L. Halya Brassicaceae 2

54 Linum usitatissimum L. Alsi Linaceae 9

55 Mallotus philippensis (Lam) Mull. Arg. Kamala Euphorbiaceae 3

56 Mangifera indica L. Aam Anacardiaceae 1

57 Medicago sativa L. Loosion Papilionaceae 1

58 Melia azedarach L. Bakain Meliaceae 5

59 Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Jungle pudina Lamiaceae 7

33

60 Morus australis Poir Toot Moraceae 17

61 Musa x paradisiaca L. Kaila Musaceae 14

62 Myristica fragrans Houtt. Jaifal Myristicaceae 1

63 Nerium oleander L. Kanair Apocynaceae 2

64 Nicotiana tabacum L. Tombakoo Solanaceae 28

65 Nymphaea alba L. Gul neluofer Nymphaeaceae 1

66 Ocimum basilicum L. Pubri Lamiaceae 22

67 Olea europaea L. Zatoon Oleaceae 9

68 Oryza sativa L. Chawal Poaceae 13

69 Papaver somniferum L. Post Papaveraceae 4

70 Peganum harmala L. Hermal Zygophyllaceae 5

71 Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., Bajra Poaceae 12

72 Persicaria amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decr.

Anjubar Polygonaceae 5

73 Phoenix dactylifera L. Chowharay Arecaceae 12

74 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Piperaceae 20

75 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Jundi Mimosaceae 2

76 Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Walaiti Kikar Mimosaceae 4

77 Prunus domestica L. Aluo bukhara Rosaceae 1

78 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb Badam Rosaceae 14

79 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Aarro Rosaceae 1

80 Punica granatum L. Anar Punicaceae 21

81 Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus Mooli Brassicaceae 20

82 Ricinus communis L. Hernooli Euphorbiaceae 1

83 Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Rosaceae 64

84 Rosa x damascena Mill. Gul surkh Rosaceae 1

85 Ruta graveolens L. Soay Rutaceae 9

86 Saccharum bengalense Retz. Kanay Poaceae 3

87 Saccharum officinarum L. Gunay Poaceae 10

88 Salvadora oleoides Decne. Peelkayan Salvadoraceae 18

89 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Kuth Asteraceae 4

90 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Pedaliaceae 59

91 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Jantar Papilionaceae 5

92 Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Mal kangni Poaceae 1

93 Solanum virginianum L. Kandiari Solanaceae 8

94 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. Bicolor Jawar Poaceae 4

95 Sueda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F. Gmelin Khar Chenopodiaceae 1

96 Swertia speciosa D.Don Korr jeeri Gentianaceae 11

97 Syzygium aromaticum (L.)Merr. & L.M. Perry Loong Myrtaceae 4

98 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jaman Myrtaceae 50

99 Tamarindus indica L. Aluo amli Caesalpiniaceae 2

100 Terminalia chebula Retz. Hareed Combretaceae 31

101 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill Ajjwain

Apiaceae

46

102 Trigonella foenum-graceum L. Matheray Papilionaceae 2

34

103 Triticum aestivum L. Gandam Poaceae 60

104 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Mimosaceae 21

105 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Kali zeeri Asteraceae

14

106 Vigna radiata (L.)R. Wilczek var. radiata Lobia Papilionaceae 1

107 Viola betonicifolia Sm. Banashka Violaceae 3

108 Vitex negundo L. Smalu Verbenaceae 8

109 Vitis vinifera L. Saugi Vitaceae 11

110 Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal Paneer Solanaceae

28

111 Zea mays L. Makai Poaceae 1

112 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Sund Zingiberaceae 8

113 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.F) Wight & Arn. Bairy Rhamnaceae 8

35

Table 4.2: Ethno veterinary documentation of plant families with name of plants,

respondents and frequency usage in district Jhang

Families Name of Plants Respondents (Out of 200)

Frequency %

Poaceae

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br 12 06

Setaria itálica (L.) P. Beauv 1 0.5

Zea mays L 1 0.5

Hordeum vulgare L. 10 05

Saccharum bengalense Retz 3 1.5

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. Bicolor 4 02

Saccharum officinarum L 10 05

Triticum aestivum L 60 30

Oryza sativa L 13 6.5

Papilionaceae

Cicer arietinum L 9 4.5

Glycyrrhiza glabra L 6 03

Trigonella foenum-graceum L 2 01

Lens culinaris Medik 16 08

Vigna radiata (L.)R. Wilczek var. radiate 1 0.5

Medicago sativa L 1 0.5

Butea monosperema (Lam.) Taub 6 03

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr 5 2.5

Apiaceae

Trachyspermumammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill 46 23

Foneiculum vulgare Mill., 53 26.5

Ferula assa-foetida L., 16 08

Daucus carota L., 13 6.5

Coriandrum sativum L. 6 03

Cuminum cyminum L 12 06

Solanaceae

Datura inoxia Mill 2 01

Nicotiana tabacum L 28 14

Capsicum annuum L 66 33

Capsicum frutescens L 57 28.5

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal 28 14

Solanum virginianum L 8 04

Brassicaceae

Lepidium sativum L 2 01

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell 87 43.5

Brassica rapa L 2 01

Brassica rapa L. subsp. Oleifera (DC.) Metzg 145 72.5

Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus 20 10

Rosaceae

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 1 0.5

Rosa cymosa Tratt 64 32

Rosa x damascena Mill. 1 0.5

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb 17 07

Prunus domestica L. 1 0.5

Zingiberaceae Amomum subulatum Roxb 21 10.5

36

Zingiber officinale Roscoe 8 04

Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 3 1.5

Curcuma longa L 5 2.5

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 4 02

Mimosaceae

Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter &Mabb. subsp. Nilotica 21 10.5

Prosopis glandulosa Torr 4 02

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth 6 03

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce 2 01

Moraceae

Ficus carica L. 1 0.5

Morus australis Poir 17 8.5

Ficus religiosa L. 1 0.5

Ficus benghalensis L. 6 03

Rutaceae

Citrus pseudolimon Tanaka 1 0.5

Ruta graveolens L 9 4.5

Citrus reticulata Blanco 24 12

Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. F 19 9.5

Asteraceae

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd 14 07

Cicherium intybus L 2 01

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch 4 02

Caesalpiniaceae

Tamarindus indica L 2 01

Cassia senna L 4 02

Cassia fistula L 3 1.5

Myrtaceae

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 50 25

Eucalyptus camaldulensis 1 0.5

Syzygium aromaticum (L.)Merr. & L.M. Perry 4 02

Alliaceae Allium cepa L, 137 68.5

Allium sativum L 68 34

Chenopdiaceae Sueda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F. Gmelin 1 0.5

Chenopodium album L 3 1.5

Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad 61 30.5

Lagenaria siceraria(Molina) Standl 3 1.5

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippensis (Lam) Mull. Arg. 3 1.5

Ricinus communis L 1 0.5

Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds, 7 3.5

Ocimum basilicum L 22 11

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss 84 41

Melia azedarach L 5 2.5

Oleaceae Jasminum humile L 5 2.5

Olea europaea L 9 4.5

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L 1 0.5

Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton 7 3.5

Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L 2 01

Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera L, 12 06

Burseraceae Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, 3 1.5

Capparidaceae Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew 5 2.5

37

Combretaceae Terminalia chebula Retz 31 15.5

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L, 12 06

Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L 1 0.5

Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L

Fabaceae Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC 5 2.5

Gentianaceae Swertia speciosa D.Don 11 5.5

Lauraceae Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume 2 01

Liliaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. 17 8.5

Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L 9 4.5

Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L 7 3.5

Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutum L 2 01

Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca L 14 07

Myristicaceae Myristica fragrans Houtt 1 0.5

Myrsinaceae Embelia ribes Burm. F 1 0.5

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea alba L 1 0.5

Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L 4 02

Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum L 59 29.5

Piperaceae Piper nigrum L 20 10

Polygonaceae Persicaria amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decr. 5 2.5

Punicaceae Punica granatum L. 21 21

Rhamnaceae Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.F) Wight & Arn 8 04

Rubiaceae Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng 2 01

Salvadoraceae Salvadora oleoides Decne 18 09

Theaceae Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze 23 11.5

Verbenaceae Vitex negundo L 8 04

Violaceae Viola betonicifolia Sm 3 1.5

Vitaceae Vitis vinifera L. 11 5.5

Zygophyllaceae Peganum harmala L 5 2.5

38

Table 4.3: An inventory of non- plant resources used for the treatment of different livestock diseases reported by the local respondents in Distt Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan) Sr. no. Diseases Remedies Respondents

1

An estrous

1 Common salt 8

2 Ghee 3

3 Egg 17

2

Black quarter

1 Nasri 5

2 Ghee 5

3 Milk 5

4 Water 6

3

Ca deficiency

1 Animal bone 14

2 Blood 7

3 Burn 10

4 Butter 12

5 Cow milk 3

6 Dum 8

7 Egg 2

8 Gulkand 5

9 Honey 2

10 Milk 5

11 Mineral powder 8

12 Mollases 11

13 Salt 6

14 Sugar 5

15 Water 2

4

Canine distemper

1 Egg 2

2 Milk 12

3 Yoghurt 11

5

Colic

1 Castor oil 7

2 Hen 26

3 Makhan 4

4 Pat say 12

5 Qualmi shaura 4

6 Titan 2

6 Crop bound condition

1 Milk 4

7

Diarrhoea

1 7 up 2

2 Cloth 3

3 Milk 1

39

4 Mollases 8

5 Soda bicarb 6

6 Sugar 4

8

Enterotoxaemia

1 Calcium oxide 4

2 Dettol 3

3 Ghee 29

4 Milk 29

5 Milk whey 5

6 Mollases 5

7 Mud 2

8 Nasri 29

9 Naswar 4

9 Fibrosis

1 Zinc oxide 6

10

Fleas

1 Calcium oxide 4

2 Dettol 5

3 Kerosene oil 9

4 Naswar 7

5 Sump oil 15

11

Fly repellant

1 Camel bone 7

2 Diesel oil 32

3 Kerosene oil 26

4 Mineral powder 19

5 Soap 6

6 Sump oil 11

7 Water 5

12

Foot and mouth disease

1 Ghee 2

2 Milk 2

3 Soda bicarb 4

4 Sand 5

5 Dettol 2

6 Mgso4 6

13

Haemoglobin urea

1 DCP powder 8

2 Gulkand 5

3 Milk 17

4 Butter 13

5 Mineral powder 9

6 Mollases Milk whey

4

7 Sodium bi carbonate 2

40

8 Sugar 6

14

Haemorrhagic septicemia

1 Blood 16

2 Nasri 3

3 Ghee 3

4 Milk 3

15

Helminthiasis

1 Naila thothia 5

2 Naphthalene balls 4

16 Indigestion

1 Nasri 6

17

Lactolith

1 Common salt 2

2 Jookhar 17

3 Milk 2

4 Naushdar 13

5 Qualmi shaura 17

6 Salt 16

7 Sugar 4

8 Tatri 9

9 Tooth 1

18 Laminitis

1 Water 26

19

Lice infestation

1 Dettol 6

2 Diesel oil 11

3 Huka water 8

4 Kerosene oil 8

5 Sump oil 7

20

Maggots

1 Naphthalene balls 9

2 Petrol 4

21

Mange

1 Buffalo dung 2

2 Diesel oil 8

3 Drainage water 4

4 Kerosene oil 10

5 Old well water 1

6 Soap 5

7 Sulphur 13

8 Sump oil 9

22

Mastitis

1 Butter 4

2 Milkey whey 20

3 Rat, kair 5

41

4 Soap 4

5 Sodium bi carbonate 2

6 Sugar 1

23

Milk fever

1 Air 15

2 Bandage 8

3 D C P 24

4 Ghee 5

5 Milk 5

6 Ratak 22

7 Egg 5

24

Nasal discharge

1 Cloth 3

2 Crow eggs 1

3 Milk whey 4

4 Mollases 6

5 Soda bicarb 4

6 Sugar 11

7 Water 12

8 Wheat flour 3

25 Newcastle disease

1 Naphthalene bolus 5

26

Paralysis

1 Egg 8

2 Milk 8

3 Honey 8

27

Prolaps

1 Egg 6

2 Soap 2

3 Sodium bi carbonate 5

28

Retention of foetal membrane

1 Gulkand 47

2 Sugar 47

3 Milk 47

29

Rheumatic fever

1 Egg 6

2 Mollases 14

3 Hot bread 3

30

Rheumatism

1 Egg 5

2 Ghee 5

31

Strangles

1 Cloth 12

2 Toat 4

3 Wheat straw 1

42

4 Sugar 14

32

String hault

1 Water 4

2 Nasri 5

3 Ghee 5

4 Milk 5

33

Tail necrosis and gangrene

1 Yogurt 2

2 Milk whey 1

3 Copper 8

34

Teat stricture

1 Naushdar 21

2 Qualmi shaura 21

35

Tick infestation

1 Buffaloes urine 1

2 Calcium oxide 1

3 Diesel oil 16

4 English lice shampoo 5

5 Fire 10

6 Ghee 2

7 Kerosene oil 11

8 Milk 2

9 Milkey whey 2

10 Naphthalene bolus 4

11 Naswar 6

12 Petrol 12

13 Stone 4

14 Sump oil 4

15 Water 3

36 Tympany

1 Nasri 3

37

Wound

1 Khakhar 2

2 Soda bicarb 4

43

Table 4.4: Parts of plants used for the treatment of different livestock diseases reported

by the farmers (n=200) in district Jhang

Sr. No. Name Number

1 Seed 194

2 Leaves 147

3 Fruit 141

4 Oil 83

5 Bulb 77

6 Flower 23

7 Stem 21

8 Root 15

9 Bark 10

10 Whole plant 06

11 Resin 05

12 Arial parts 01

13 Rhizome 01

14 Vinegar 01

Table 4.5: List of diseases treated with plant and non-plant materials in district Jhang

Sr. No.

Plant disease Respondents Non- plant disease Respondents Total

1 Allergy 16 - - 16

2 An estrous 14 An estrous 15 29

3 Black quarter 02 Black quarter 06 08

4 Calcium deficiency 60 Calcium deficiency 51 111

5 Canine distemper 06 Canine distemper 13 19

6 Colic 59 Colic 31 90

7 Cough 07 - 40 07

8 Crop bound Condition 12 Crop bound Condition 02 14

9 Diarrhoea 107 Diarrhoea 12 119

10 Enterotoxaemia 47 Enterotoxaemia 29 76

11 Fibrosis 05 Fibrosis 03 08

12 Fleas 04 Fleas 22 26

13 Fly infestation 07 Fly infestation 44 51

14 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

105 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

10 115

15 Gid 01 - - 01

16 Haemoglobion urea 122 Haemoglobion urea 24 146

17 Haemoraghic septicemia 24 Haemoraghic septicemia 08 32

18 Helminthiasis 58 Helminthiasis 05 63

19 Indigestion 15 Indigestion 03 18

20 Lactolith 07 Lactolith 15 22

21 Laminitis 15 Laminitis 13 28

44

22 Lice infestation 13 Lice infestation 19 32

23 Loss of appetite 15 - - 15

24 Mange 85 Mange 28 113

25 Mastitis 79 Mastitis 19 98

26 Milk fever 10 Milk fever 38 48

27 Myiasis 05 Myiasis 07 12

28 Nasal discharge 12 Nasal discharge 23 35

29 Newcastle disease 33 Newcastle disease 03 36

30 Panting 22 - - 22

31 Paralysis 14 Paralysis 04 18

32 Pneumonia 05 - - 05

33 Prolaps 48 Prolaps 07 55

34 Retention of foetal membrane

11 Retention of foetal membrane

24 35

35 Rheumatic fever 38 Rheumatic fever 14 52

36 Rheumatism 09 Rheumatism 03 12

37 Sheep pox 03 - - 03

38 Strangles 12 Strangles 16 28

39 String hault 02 String hault 05 07

40 Tail necrosis and gangrene

05 Tail necrosis and gangrene

06 11

41 Teat stricture 03 Teat stricture 11 14

42 Ticks infestation 31 Ticks infestation 33 64

43 Tympany 13 Tympany 02 15

44 Uterus pus 16 - - 16

45 Wound 05 Wound 03 08

45

Table 4.6: List of plants used for the treatment of different livestock diseases reported by the farmers (n=200) in district Jhang

Sr. No.

Botanical Name of Plant

Local Name of Plant

Parts Used

Animal

Treated

Dosages /Administration Respondents

1 Allergy

1 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle,

Buffalo

Administer 250 g oil PO for 3-4 days. 3

2 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix with 250g Mollases administer PO for 3-4 day. 1

Swertia spaciosa (D.Don)F

Korr jeeri Seed

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Leaf

Capsicum oleoides dene frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit

Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb

3 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix 250g fruit mix with 250g makhan, administer PO for 2 days. 2

4 Salvadora oleoides Decne

Peelkayan Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 125g, 250g, 250g, 250g and 250g of each plant respectively mix with 50g common salt take 100g masala administer PO daily at evening time.

2

Melia azedarach L. Bakain Fruit

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Menthe longifolia Jungle Leaf

46

pudina

Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit

5 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix 100 g fruit in 250 ml water at night, morning mix 30 g common salt grinded administer PO for 3 days

4

6 Azadirachta indica A. juss.

Neem Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Grind 250 g Leaves in 30 g common salt administer PO for 1 week 2

7 Citrullus colocynthis (linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Fruit Buffalo Mix one fruit in 30 g common salt at night, morning given orally for 3 days

2

Total entries 16

2 An estrous

1 Phoenix dactylifera L. Chowharay Fruit Buffalo Mix 7 Chowharay with 100g Mollases administers POrepeats on alternative day.

2

2 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Root Buffalo Mix 50g root, 50g seed and 50g seed respectively mix with 250g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days.

1

Trachyspermum ammi (L.)

Ajjwain Seed

Peganum harmala L. Hermal Seed

3 Phoenix dactylifera L. Chowharay Fruit Cattle Mix 250g Chowharay with 250g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days.

4

4 . Phoenix dactylifera L. Chowharay Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Cooked 250g Chowharay in hot sand with 250g Mollases administer PO.

2

5 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle,

Buffalo

Administer 250ml oil PO daily for 2-3 days. 1

6 Linum usitatissimum L. Alsi Oil Buffalo Administer 250ml oil PO on alternative day for 4 days. 1

7 Catunaregam spinosa Main phal Fruit Horse MixOne fruit of Main phal with 100g Mollases administer PO for 2

47

(Thunb.) Tirveng. 2-4 days.

8 Juniperus communis L. Ghughar Vail

Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 250g leaves with 100g Mollases administer PO. 1

Total entries 14

3 Black quarter

1 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 20g seed, 2 fruit and 50g seed with 250g Mollases administer PO.

1

Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Jaifal Fruit

Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Fruit

2 Sesamum L. Tel Oil Buffalo Mix and grind 1kg oil with 250g Mollases administer PO. 1

Total entries 2

4 Calcium deficiency

1 Sesbania sesban Jantar Seed Cattle Boil 500g seed in 2 liter water, boil seed mix with 250g desi makhan administer PO on alternative day

1

2 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Administer 500ml oil PO for 3-5 days + 2kg khal daily 2

3 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Buffalo Administer 500ml oil PO for 4-5 day 3

4 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 500ml oil with 100g (Mollases) administer PO for 2 days 1

6 Melia azadirachta L. Bakain Fruit Buffalo Mix 250g seed, 250g Leaves with 50g salt administer PO for 2-3 days.

1

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

7 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Koor jeeri Seed Cattle, Mix 50g of both plant with 50g common salt and 1 kg Arni booty in 5 litter milky whey in a Ghura close the mouth after seven day

1

48

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer

Leaf Buffalo given administer 500ml PO daily

8. Hordeum vulgare L. Jao Seed Buffalo Mix 250g powder with 50g four salt and 3-4 liter milky whey administer PO for one week.

1

9 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb

Badam Seed Buffalo Cooked 7 Badam, 7 fruits of mirch and 50g phutkari cooked in (ata-ka-parry) administer PO for 2 days.

1

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

10 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Buffalo Mix 1kg Leaves of Arni booty, 1 liter oil, and 1kg jaggery in 10 liter milky whey in (Ghura) close the mouth after seven administer 500ml PO daily.

3

11 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. Bicolor

Jawar Seed Cattle Mix 250g seed with 100g salt administer PO for 2 days 1

12 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix 50g fruit and seed with 50g salt administer PO for 2-3 days 1

Ruta graveolens L. Soay Seed

13 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Cattle Administer 250 g oil PO for 10-20 days 3

14

Tamarindus indica L. Aluo amli Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 50g, 50g and 40g of each plant respectively in 1 litter water administer PO.

1

Vitex bengalense Smalu Leaf

Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Fruit

15 Curcuma longa L. Haldi Bulb Buffalo Mix 50g bulb, 250g desi ghee, 250g nasri in 1 liter milk and administer PO at least 4 days.

1

16 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Seed Cattle Soak 1kg seed of black Sarson in 1 liter water administer PO at least 2 days.

1

49

17 Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Sund Bulb Sheep,

Goat

Mix 100g bulb with 250g molasses, administer PO for 3-4 days. 1

18 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Sheep,

Goat

Administer 50g oil PO for 10 days. 4

19 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed Buffalo Boil 50g, 500g, and 250g Leaves respectively in 8 liter water also mixed with 250ml oil and 100g salt, administer PO 1litre daily.

1

Chenopodium album L. Bathu Leaf

Zizyphus nummularia Bairy Leaf

20 Papaver somniferum L. Post Seed Buffalo Boil 250g in 4 liter water administer PO 1 litre daily. 1

21 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

Buffalo

Cooked 250g oil in 250g wheat flour also mixed with 250g jaggery dminister PO for 2-3 days.

2

22 Phoenix dactylifera L. Chowharay Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 250g, 100g, 100g, 50g, 500g Arni booty and 250g molasses in 4 litter water when remain 1-1/2 litter mix with 500ml tel oil administer PO for 5-6 days.

2

Solanum virginianum L. Kandiari Fruit

Vitex negundo Smalu Leaf

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil

23. Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Seed Buffalo Soak 500g seed in 1 liter water at night, at morning mix with 1liter milky whey administer PO for 4 days.

1

24 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix 500g fruit with 250g butter administer PO for 3-4 days. 2

25 Citrullus colocynthis (linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 200g, 50g, and 50g respectively with 200g black salt, 200g common salt and 250g molasses administer PO for 3 days.

2

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

50

Azadirachta indica A. juss.

Neem Leaf

26 Triticum aestivum L. Gandam Seed Buffalo Cooked 250g flour in 100g oil mix with 250g sugar, administer PO for 2-3 days.

10

Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil

27 Triticum aestivum L. Gandam Seed Buffalo Cooked 500g, wheat flour in 500g oil mixed with 500g molasses administer PO for 4 days at interval of 2 day.

1

28 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 250 ml, 100 g, 100 g and 1 fruit respectively administer PO for 4 days.

5

Capsicum frutescens L Sabz Mirch Fruit

Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Fruit

29 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 250 ml oil in 1 liter butter whey, administer PO for 1 week. 2

30 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Buffalo Boil 50 g seed, 250 g and 120 g fruit in 1 liter water administer PO for 3 days.

2

Phoenix dactylifera L. Chowharay

Fruit

Solanum virginianum L. Kandiari Fruit

31 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed Cattle Mix 50 g, 250 g, 100 g respectively in 100 g jaggery administer PO for 3 days

2

Solanum virginianum L. Kandiari Fruit

Lawsonia inermis L. Mehndi Leaf

32 Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader

Korr tumma

Fruit Buffalo Mix 1 fruit with 50 g seed and 50 g common salt administer PO for 2 days

2

51

Ruta graveolens L. Soay Seed

Total entries 60

5 Canine distemper

1 Calotropis procera (Ait) Aak Leaf Dog Pour Water extract of Leaves in the nostrils. 3

2 Cassia fistula Grad nali Seed Dog Boil 30g seed in water administer PO. 1

3 Calotropis procera (Ait) Aak Flower Dog Cooked 10-15g flowers in hot oil administer PO. 2

Total entries 06

6 Colic

1 Nicotiana cabacum L. Tambakoo Leaf Horse Mix 50g Leaves with 250g Mollases administer PO. 8

2 Salvadora oleoides Decne

Peelkayan Leaf Horse,

Donkey

Boil 250g Leaves in 1 litre water administer PO 6

3 Nicotiana cabacum L. Tambakoo Leaf Buffalo Mix 50g Leaves and 100g stem in 500g Mollases administer PO. 1

Sueda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F. Gmelin

Khar Stem

4 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Horse,

Donkey

Administer 500g oil PO. 6

5 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Horse,

Donkey

Mix 100 g Taramira and 500 g Sarson oil administer PO. 5

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil

6 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 500g oil with 100g mgso4 administers per os. 1

7 Allum cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle, Mix 250g bulb with 250g fruit administer PO 1

52

Buffalo

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

8 Cyperus rotundus L. Dehlay Fruit Buffalo Mix 250g with 250g old Mollases administer PO. 1

9 Convolvulus arvensis L Wun wehri. Whole plant

Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 250g whole plant and 250g Leaf of Peelkayan in 1litre water after filtration, administer PO.

4

Salvadora oleoides Decne

Peelkayan Leaf

10 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 250g oil in 1 litre hot water and 50g soda bicarb administer PO.

4

11 Zingiber officinale roscoe

Sund Bulb Horse Mix 25g bulb with 25g Qualmi surra, administer PO. 3

12 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 250g oil, 50g jookhar, 50g Qualmi surra and 50g Naushdar administer PO.

1

13 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle Mix 500g bulb with 500g old brown sugar, administer PO. 1

14 Prosopis glandulosa Walaiti Kikar

Leaf Buffalo Boil 250g Leaves in 1 litre water administer PO. 1

15 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle Boil 250g bulb and Leaves in 1 litre water administer PO. 2

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

16 Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower Cattle,

Buffalo,

Sheep,

Goat

Boil 250g, 250g, 250g, 100g, 50g, 20g, 250g in 3 litre water when remain 1 litre filter it mix with 500g tel oil and 250g ghee administer PO if required repeat on alternative day.

1

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

Vitex bengalense Samaluo Leaf

Trachyspermum ammi Ajjwain Seed

53

(L.)

Elettaria cardamonum Chauti alichi Seed

Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed

17 Cassia fistula Garad nali Seed Donkey Boil 250g seed in 1 litre water administer PO. 2

18 Solanum surrantense Hernooli Leaf Donkey Mix 20g Leaves with 30g common salt administer PO. 1

19 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Buffalo Mix 50g seed, 50g seed, 100g Ghur and 20g salt in 1 litre Hauqa water administer PO.

2

Trachyspermum ammi (L.)

Ajjwain Seed

20 Terminalia chebula Retz. Hareed Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g fruit in 1 litre water when remain 500 ml mix in 250g Sarson oil administer PO.

3

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil

21 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson

Oil Buffalo Mix 250 ml oil in litremilky whey, administer PO. 2

22 Convolvulus arvensis L. Wun wehri Aerial parts

Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 250 g Aerial parts in 500 ml water administer PO as a single dose.

1

23 Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower Buffalo Mix 100 g flowers with 100 g MgSO4& 100 g stomach powder administer PO.

2

24 Datura inoxia Mill. Dhatura Fruit Donkey Mix 2 fruit in 20 g common salt administer PO 3

Total entries 59

7 Cough

1 Punica granatum L. Anar Fruit Cattle Administer 200ml sharbut Anar PO. 4

2 Punica granatum L. Anar Seed Buffalo Mix 100g seed with 250g makhan administer PO. 3

Total entries 07

8 Crop bound Condition

54

1 Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Fruit Poultry Administer 2-3 ml water extract of lemon PO daily for 2-3 days. 4

2 Nicotiana tabacum L. Tambakoo Leaf Chicken Mix 15g Leaves with 50g Mollases make a bolus like( Bair size) administer PO for 3-4 days

3

3 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze

Chaey ki Patti

Leaf Poultry Boil 10g Leaves and seed of both plants in 200ml water take 5ml administer PO daily for 3days.

3

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

4 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Chicks Cooked 50g of each plant cooked and administer PO 30-50g per bird per day for 4-5 days.

2

Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb

Daucus carota L. Gajjar Root

Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus

Mooli Root

Total entries 12

9 Diarrhoea

1 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Cattle Cooked 100g seed in hot sand mix with 250g brown sugar administer PO.

1

2 Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki pattti

Leaf Buffalo Administer 250 ml tea PO. 3

3 Oryza sativa L. Chawal Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 250g in 1 liter water mix with 250g yoghurt administer PO. 5

4 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100g Leaves of both plant with 100g seed administer PO. 4

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Leaf

Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Fruit

55

5 Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Bajra Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Cooked 250g Flour in 250g ghee make a halva administer POfor 2-3 days.

8

6 Punica granatum L. Anar Seed Buffalo Mix 120g seed with 20g Leaves administer PO. 2

Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki Patti

Leaf

7 Punica granatum L. Anar Seed Buffalo Mix 250g seed with 250g makhan administer PO 2

8 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Sheep,

Goat

Mix 100g Leaves and 50g seed with 250g makhan administer PO for 2-3 days

5

Punica granatum L. Anar Seed

9 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jawar Seed Buffalo Mix 250g, 50g and 30g of each plant respectively in 500 ml oil administer PO.

2

Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali Zeeri Seed

Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil

10 Cicer arietinum Chanay Seed Cattle Cooked 50g Chanay (bhunay huay) in 100 g leaves prepare tea administer PO.

3

Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki Patti

Leaf

11 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Buffalo Mix 250g oil in 250g yoghurt, administer PO. 4

12 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.f

Sarson Oil Buffalo Soak 500g Leaves in milky whey for 2-3 days administer PO. 6

13 Prosopis glandulosa Walaiti Kikar

Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100g Leaves with 250g molasses administer PO. 1

14 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Sheep,

Goat

Mix 100g Leaves with 100g molasses and 50g salt, administer PO. 15

15 Syzygium cumini (L.) Jaman Leaf Sheep, Mix 100g Leaves and 125g seed with 100g molasses administer 1

56

Skeels Goat PO.

Mangifera indica Aam Seed

16 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Buffalo Boil 250 g leaves and 100 g seed in 1 liter water mix with 125g yoghurt administer PO for 2-3 days.

2

Oryza sativa L. Chawal Seed

17 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Cattle Mix 250g oil in 1 liter milky whey, administer PO. 3

18 Dalbergia sissoo roxb.ex DC.

Tahli Leaf Buffalo Boil 10g, 50g, 50g and 60g seed boil in 1 liter water administer PO 1

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Sund Bulb

Curcuma zedoaria Kachoor Stem

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

19 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Administer 250 ml water extract of Jaman and Kaila PO. 2

Musa x paradisiaca L. Kaila Stem

20 Hordeum vuigare L. Jao Seed Buffalo Cooked 250g Flour in 250g desi ghee make a halva administer PO. 2

21 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Leaf Buffalo Administer 250ml water extract of Sarson LeavesPO. 1

22 Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit Cattle Mix 100g fruit and flour of wheat with 50g salt administer PO. 1

Triticum aestivum L. Gandam Seed

23 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle Mix 250ml oil in 1 liter water, administer PO. 5

24 Salvadora oleoides Decne

Peelkayan Leaf Sheep, Mix and grind 100g Leaves of both plants respectively administer PO.

1

57

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Goat

25 Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata

Lobia Seed Sheep,

Goat

Administer 50g flour PO daily for 4 days. 1

26 Zizyphus nummularia (burn.f

Bairy Leaf Buffalo Administer 250ml water extract of leaves PO. 1

27 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Sheep,

Goat

Mix 50g seed with 100g molasses administer PO. 4

28 Triticum aestivum L. Gandam Seed Buffalo Grind 100g flour of wheat in 2 liter milky whey administer PO. 2

29 Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

Bajra Seed Buffalo Cooked 250g, 50 g seed of both plants in 250g desi ghee also mix with 200g sugar administer PO.

1

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

30. Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 500ml oil in 2 liter water also mix with 1kg brown sugar, administer PO.

3

31 Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Fruit Cattle Administer 250g fruit PO for 2 days. 1

32 Morus australis Poir

Toot Leaf Sheep,

Goat

Grind & mix 50 g Leaves of both plants administer PO twice a day.

5

Syzygijum cumini (L) Skeds

Jaman Leaf

33 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Horse Mix 50 g seed in 100 g Mollases administer PO. 4

34 Azadirachta indica A. juss

Neem Leaf Buffalo Mix 250 g Leaves in 20 g common salt administer PO for 2 days. 3

35 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Cattle Mix 250 g oil in 500 ml milky whey, administer PO as a single dose.

2

Total entries 107

58

10 Fibrosis

1 Prosopis cineraria Jundi Leaf Buffalo Apply water extract of Leaves on the mouth of teat. 2

2 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 500 g bulb and fruit of both plants in 2 litre water when remain 1 litre mix with 500g ghee administer PO for 2-3 days.

3

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

Total entries 05

11 Fleas

1 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Cattle

Buffalo

Sheep, goat

Boil 250g Leaves and 1 fruit in 1 litre water after boiling wash the animal with that water for 5-6 days.

4

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Fruit

Total entries 04

12 Nasal discharge

1 Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Sund Bulb Buffalo Mix 30g with 50g Mollases administer PO. 1

2 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle Administered PO 250g boil oil. 1

3 Linum usitatissimum L. Alsi Oil Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 50goil, 50gstem, 50g Naushdar and 50g Qualmi shaura administer PO.

5

Glycyrrhiza glabra Mulathi Stem

4 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Sheep,

Goat

Mix 250g bulb with 100g Mollases administer POfor 2-3 days. 2

5 Viola betonicifolia Sm. Banashka Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g of each plant respectively in milk administer PO. 3

Papaver somniferum L. Post Seed

Glycyrrhiza glabra Mulathi Stem

59

Total entries 12

13 Fly infestation

1 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf Buffalo Boil 100 g Leaves and 2 fruits in 250 ml oil. Make a paste and apply on neck and udder region to repel flies

4

Citrullus colocynthis Korr Tumma Fruit

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.

Sarson Oil

2 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle Topical application on neck and udder region to repel the flying insects

3

Total entries 07

14 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

1 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Bark Buffalo Boil 200g bark in 2 liter water wash the feet and mouth of the animal

12

2 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100g bulb and 20g seed with 250g molasses make the bolus administer PO.

1

Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Fruit

3 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Sheep,

Goat

Mix 50g, 50g, 100g, 50g of each plant respectively, with 50g common salt administer PO 2-3 days.

1

Punica granatum L. Anar Seed

Capsicum frutescens L. Sabz Mirch Fruit

Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.

Jungle pudina

Leaf

4 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira

Seed

Buffalo Soak 1kg seed of each plant in 10 liter cool water administer PO 500ml daily

1

Hordeum vuigare L. Jao Seed

60

5 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Cattle Mix 250g Leaves with 250g sugar administer PO 4-5 days 1

6 Hordeum vuigare L. Jao Seed Buffalo Mix 250g flour in 500ml donkey milk place on hot sand in (Chori) administer PO for 2 days

2

7 Triticum aestivum L. Gandam Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Hot bread soak in water administer PO for 2 days. 1

8 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. nilotica

Desi Kikar Bark Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g bark in 500ml water wash the mouth and feet of the animal.

2

9 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100g each in hot bread; administer PO for 2-3 days. 1

Capsicum frutescens L. Sabz Mirch Fruit

10 Curcuma longa L. Haldi Bulb Buffalo Mix 100g with 250g makhan administer PO for 2 days 1

11 Lens culinaris Medik. Masar Seed Cattle Cooked 250g seed in 1 liter water administer PO 7

12 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Bark Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g bark of each plant in 1 liter water wash the mouth and feet of animal

1

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC.

Tahli Bark

13 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100g bulb and fruit of each plant with 50g common salt make a bread administer PO for 2 days

4

Capsicum frutescens L. Sabz Mirch Fruit

14 Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki pattti

Leaf Buffalo Make a 500g ml tea administer PO 3

15 Triticum aestivum Gandam Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Make a hot bread of Gandam administer PO. 26

16 Triticum aestivum Gandam Seed Cattle, Administer 1-2 hot bread and 100g bulb of Piyaz PO daily for 2-3 18

61

Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Buffalo days.

17 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Sheep,

Goat

Administer 100g bulb PO for 2-3 days. 8

18 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100g bulb in 2 hot breed administer PO twice a day. 6

19 Azadirachta indica A. juss.

Neem Leaf Buffalo Boil 200g Leaves in 1 liter water wash the mouth and feet with that water.

5

20 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100 g bulbs in 100 g Mollases administer PO twice a day. 4

Total entries 105

15 Enterotoxaemia

1 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Buffalo Mix 250g Leaves mix with 50g common salt Administer PO. 2

2 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Sheep,

Goat

Mix 125g, 125g; 50g, 10g, and 50g of each plant respectively with 100g Mollases administer PO.

1

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

Trachyspermum ammi (linn) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain Seed

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume

Dar chini Seed

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

3 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Soak 250g fruit in water at night at morning grind administer PO. 7

4 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Kanwar gandal

Leaf Cattle, Cooked 500g Kanwar gandal make a salon administer PO repeat on alternative day.

3

62

Buffalo

5 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 50g seed, 50g Leaves and 1-2 Leaves of Kanwar gandal with 50g common salt administer PO for 4 days.

1

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

Allum Aloevera (L.) burm f.

Kanwar gandal

Leaf

6 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Cattle,

Buffalo

Administer PO 100g Leaves, 250g fruit and 250g bulb of Piyaz for 2 days.

3

Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit

Alum cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

7 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix 250g fruit in 1 litre water also mix in 250g ghee, administer PO for 2 days.

4

8 Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Fruit Buffalo Cuts the fruit of tumma apply on the body, 1 tumma fruit cut mix with 50g common salt administer PO for 3-4 days.

1

9 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson white Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Grind 100g white Sarson seed and apply (lap) on the affected area. 1

10 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson black Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Grind 100g black Sarson seed and apply (lap) on the affected area. 1

11 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 50g seed of each plant with 100g Mollases administer PO 2-3 days.

2

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

63

Ruta graveolens L. Soay Seed

12 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Horse.

Donkey

Mix 50g seed with 100g Mollases administer PO. 1

13 Curcuma zedoaria Kachoor Stem Buffalo Mix 50g, 30g and 250g Leaves with 250g makhan administer PO for 5-7 days.

1

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

14 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Buffalo Boil 30g, 30g and 100g fruit in 1 litre water when remain 500ml mix 250g ghee administer PO for 4-5 days.

1

Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed

Salvadora oleoides Decne

Peelkayan Fruit

15 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Koor jeeri Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 50g, 50g, 50g, and 250g Leaves of Neem in 1 litre water administer PO.

1

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume

Dar chini Stem

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

16 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Mix 100g with 100g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days. 2

17 Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 250g fruit with 1 fruit of tumma also mix with 25g Mollases,

administer PO.

3

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Fruit

18 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Sheep, Mix 30g seed of each plant respectively with 125g Mollases 1

64

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Goat administer PO.

19 Allum Aloevera (L.) burm f.

Kanwar gandal

Leaf Buffalo Take 4 (phara) of Kanwar gandal. Cooked in (paray of flour) after cooking, administer PO for 2-3 days.

2

20 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 100g bulb and fruit of each plant respectively with 100g Mollases administer PO.

3

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

21 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Soak 1kg fruit in water at night at morning grind administer PO. 4

22 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Cattle Mix 250g seed with 250g ghee administer PO. 1

23 Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Fruit Buffalo Mix 50g with 100g Mollases administer PO. 1

Total entries 47

16 Gid

1 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Sheep,

Goat

Boil 100g oil in 250ml milk, administer PO. 1

Total entries 01

17 Haemoglobion urea

1 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 500g oil and 500g Gulkand with 500g molasses administer PO for 2 days.

3

Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower

2 Raphanus sativus Linn. Mooley Root Cattle,

buffalo

Administer PO 2 kg of mooley for 4-5 days 6

3 Saccharum officinalis Gunay Stem Buffalo Mix 2 liter water extract of Gunay and kalia with 1kg fruit of 10

65

Musa x paradisiaca L. Kaila Stem Malta administer PO for 2-3 days

Citrus reticulate biance. Kinno Fruit

4 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Stem Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 1-2 kg stem in four liter water also mix with 1kg molasses administer PO for 3-4 days.

9

5 Rosa indica (Gulab) Gulab Flower Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 100g Gulkand with 200g molasses also with 50g soda bicarb administer PO.

5

6 Rosa indica (Gulab) Gulab Flower Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 500g Gulkand in 2 liter milk when cool administer PO for 4-5 days

8

7 Rosa indica (Gulab) Gulab Flower Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 500g Gulkand and 500ml four Arqa in 2 liter milk administer PO for 2 days

3

8 Gossypium hirsutum L. Wariawain Root Buffalo Burn 1kg root in fire than mix in 500ml lasi also mix with 100g molasses administer PO 2-3 days.

2

9 Daucuscarota L. Gajjar Root Cattle,

buffalo

Administer PO 500g root and fruit of each plant respectively for 4 days.

11

Raphanus sativus Linn. Mooley Root

Citrus reticulate biance. Kinno Fruit

10 Prosopis glandulosa Walaiti Kikar

Leaf Buffalo Grind 500g Leaves in 1 liter water administer PO 1

11 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Buffalo Boil 300g fruit in 3 liter water after boiling seed should be removed and mixed with 500g desi ghee administer PO

6

12 Cicer arietinum Chanay Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix and grind 500g Chanay with 500g molasses administer PO 1

13 Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki pattti

Leaf Cattle Make a (kalva) of 10g mix with 500g ghee administer PO 2

14 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Buffalo Mix 200g fruit and flower of each plant with 250g ghee boil in 2 2

66

Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower liter milk administer PO

15 Zea mays L. n Makai Seed Buffalo Make a bread of maize flower administer PO 1

16 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Cattle,

buffalo

Mix and boil 250g fruit and 20g Leaves of tea in 2 liter cow milk also mix with 250g sugar when cool administer PO at night 100 percent result.

1

Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki pattti

Leaf

17 Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton

Aak Flower Buffalo Mix 50g flowers with 100g molasses administer PO for 2-3 days. 1

18 Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Fruit Buffalo Mix 1kg fruit of each plant with 500kg Gulkand and 500g molasses administer PO for 2 days.

2

Citrus reticulate biance. Kino Fruit

19 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Buffalo Boil 250g fruit and 250g Gulkand in 2 liter water administer PO. 3

Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower

20 Brassica rapa L. Shalgham Root Buffalo Boil 250g, 25g tea, 500g molasses in 4 liter milky whey also mix in 250ml Sarson oil administer PO 90-95% results.

1

Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki pattti

Leaf

21 Oryza sativa L. Chawal Seed Cattle Boil 1kg rice in 3-4 liter water remove water mix 250g ghee and sugar and than cooked in 4 liter milk administer PO for 3-4 days

3

22 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle 1 liter juice of Piyaz administer PO for 2 days 3

23 Lens culinaris Medik. Masar Seed Buffalo Maser bread cooked in tel oil, administer PO for 2 days. 4

24 Terminalia chebula Sabz Hareed Fruit Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 300g fruit and 250 g molasses in 3 liter water when one remain and half litter mix in 250g tel oil administer PO.

2

Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil

25 Menthe longifolia Jungle Pudina

Leaf Buffalo Mix 250g Leaves with 250g molasses and 50g salt administer PO for 3-4 days

3

26 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Cattle Boil 250g oil, 250g ghee and 1 kg molasses in 2 liter milky whey 2

67

administer PO for 3-4 days

27 Cicer arietinum Chanay Bark Buffalo Soak 100kg bark and seed of each plant in 1 liter milk at night at morning administer PO

1

Lens culinaris Medik. Masar Bark

28 Terminalia chebula Hareed Bark Buffalo Mix 250g bark with 250g makhan administer PO for 2-3 days 4

29 Camelha sinensis (L.) o. kantze

Chaey ki pattti

Leaf Buffalo Boil 20g tea Leaves, 60g Anjubar and 250g molasses in 2 liter water when 1 liter mixes with 1 liter milky whey remain and 500g ghee administer PO.

2

Persicaria amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decr.

Anjubar Fruit

30 Cicer arietinum Chanay Seed Buffalo Mix 250g with 200g brown sugar, administer PO. 1

31 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Buffalo Boil 250g Leaves in 1 liter water when remain 250ml mix with 50g sugar administer PO

3

32 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Buffalo Boil 300g fruit, 50 g seed and 250g molasses in 3 liter water when remain1 liter mixes with 1 kg tel oil, administer PO.

1

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil

33 Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower Cattle Mix 500g Gulkand, 50g seed mix with 250g molasses, 50g common salt and 50g glucose sugar make a bolus administer PO.

2

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

34 Musa x paradisiaca L. Kaila Leaf Buffalo Burn Kaila Leaves, take 50g burning material mix with 100g molasses administer PO daily.

1

35 Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower Buffalo Mix 500g Gulkand, 500ml juice of onion, 250g seed of Ajjwain mix with 100g mineral power, 250 soda bicarb and 500g molasses administer PO

1

Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

36 Persicaria amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decr.

Anjubar Seed Buffalo Administer PO 1 liter juice of Anjubar administer PO. 2

37 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Buffalo Mix 250g fruit, 500g Gulkand, 250g onion and 1 liter four Arqa 1

68

Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower with 100g salt administer PO

Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb

38 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 250g fruit, 50g Tel, 50g soda bicarb and 100g black salt in 4 liter water when remain 1 liter mix with 500ml oil and 500ml milky whey administer PO daily for 2-3 days.

1

Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil

39 Lawsonia inermis L. Mehndi Leaf Buffalo Mix 100g Leaves, and fruit of each plant with 100g molasses administer PO

1

Salvadora oleoides Decne

Peelkayan Fruit

40 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid zeera Seed Buffalo Mix 50g seed of zeera with 250 brown sugar soak in 2 liter milky whey administer PO

3

41 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Buffalo Mix 250g Piyaz with 250g Gulkand and 250g molasses administer PO

2

Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower

42 Cicherium intybus L. Kashnai Seed Buffalo Boil 100g of each plant in 10 liter water when remained 5 liter take 1 liter mix with 1 liter of four Arqa administer PO daily for 4 days.

1

Nymphaea alba Gul neluofer Flower

Rosa x damascena Mill. Gul surkh Flower

Persicaria amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decr.

Anjubar Seed

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

Prunus domestica L. Aluo Bukhara

Fruit

Tamarindus indica L. Aluo amali Fruit

43 Cassia senna Sana Makai Leaf Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 1kg Leaves in 2 liter water when remain 1 liter Administer PO.

4

44 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Stem Buffalo Boil ½ kg stem in 2 kg water filter it; administer PO as a single dose for 3 days.

5

69

Total entries 122

18 Helminthiasis

1 Convolvulus arvensis Wun wehri Whole plant

Buffalo Boil 500g in 2 L water and reduce to 500ml, administer PO on alternative day.

1

2 Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit Buffalo Mix 1 fruit with 250g molasses, administer PO. 2

3 Nicotiana tabacum Tambakoo Leaf Goat Mix 15g Leaves with 100g molasses, administer PO. 4

4 Mallotus philippensis (Lam) Mull. Arg.

Kamala Leaf Sheep Mix15g with 100g yoghurt administer PO. 2

5 Ferula assafoetida Heing Resin Sheep Mix 30g with 50g molasses administers PO. 6

6 Ferula assafoetida Heing Resin Buffalo Boil 50g resin and 250g Leaves in 1L water, reduce the volume to 500ml and administer PO.

2

Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf

7 Capparis decidua Karae Stem Cattle Boil 50g stem in 500 ml water administer PO. 1

8 Aloevera Kanwar gandal

Stem Buffalo Mix 500g stem with 50g table salt administer PO. 3

9 Capparis decidua Karae Stem Buffalo Mix 250g stem with 100g molasses administer PO. 2

10 Ferula assafoetida Heing Resin Buffalo Mix 125g resin + 50g table salt + 6 L lasi, Pour in a clay pot and burry in cattle dung for 7 days, administer 250 ml PO daily for 10 days.

2

11 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.

Sarson Oil Cattle Mix 250 ml oil with 250g yoghurt and administer PO. 1

12 Ocimum basilicum L. Pubri Leaf Cattle Grind 250g Leaves in 100 ml water, administer PO for 2 days. 11

13 Nerium oleander Kanair Leaf Goat Mix 50g Leaves with 125g molasses, administer PO. 1

14 Ferula assafoetida Heing Resin Horse, Donkey

Mix 50g resin and 250g Leaves with 250g molasses, administer PO.

3

Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf

70

15 Jasminum humile Chumba Flower Buffalo Mix 100g Leaves of both plants with 100g molasses, administer PO.

1

Nerium oleander Kanair Flower

16 Prunus persica Aarro Leaf Goat Mix 50g Leaves with 20g salt, administer PO. 1

17 Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit Buffalo Mix 1 fruit + 50g seed + 50g chili with 25g salt and 25g black salt, administer PO.

1

Vernonia anthelmintica Kali zeeri Seed

Capsicum annuum

Surkh mirch

Fruit

18 Vitis vinifera Angoori sirka (Saugi)

Vinegar Cattle Mix 250ml vinegar + 50g copper sulfate + 4 L lasi. Keep the mixture for 7 days administer PO. Dose for large animal is 100 ml and 25-30ml for small animal.

1

19 Ruta graveolens Soay Seed Cattle Mix 100g seed with 100g molasses, administer PO. 1

20 Calotropis procera Aak Flower Buffalo Cook 100g flowers in hot sand and mix with 100g molasses, administer PO.

1

21 Coriandrum sativum Dhanya Seed Goat Grind 50g seed with 50g common salt, administer PO. 1

22 Ferula assafoetida Heing Resin Horse, Donkey

Mix 50g of each plant administers PO,

administer 500g PO.

2

Allium cepa Piyaz Bulb

Allium sativum Thoam Bulb

Ocimum basilicum L. Pubri Leaf

23 Sorghum bicolor Jawar Seed Cattle Administer PO 100g for 2 days 1

24 Capsicum annuum Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Administer 500g fruit PO for 2-3 days. 1

25 Ocimum basilicum L. Pubri Leaf Buffalo Mix 100g Leaves of each plant with 50g molasses, administer PO. 4

Jasminum humile Chumba Leaf

71

26 Foneiculum vulgare Mill.

Sounf Seed Buffalo Mix 50g seed, 1 fruit, and 250g Leaves with 50g molasses, administer PO

2

Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit

Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf

Total entries 58

19 Haemoraghic septicemia

1 Swertia spaciosa (D.Don)

Korr jeeri Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Take 50g seed of each plant, Given the smoke of seed of plant in to the nostrils of the animal.

1

Trachyspermum ammi (L.)

Ajjwain Seed

2 Terminalia chebula Retz. Hareed Fruit Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 250g Leaves, 10g tea and 250g sugar in 2 litre cow milk administer PO

1

Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze

Chaey ki pattti

Leaf

3 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Buffalo Boil 250g Leaves in 1 litre water placed on the swelling area. 2

4 Medicago sativa L. Loosen Whole plant

Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g Leaves in water place on the swelling area. 1

Morus australis Poir L. Shehtoot Leaf Boil 100g Leaves of each plant in water and apply on the swelling area relief in swelling.

3

5 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Apply on the affected area. 1

6 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Buffalo Boil 30g seed, 100g oil, 50g seed, and 50g root boil in 1 litre water administer PO.

1

Sesamum L. Tel Oil

Trachyspermum ammi (L.)

Ajjwain Seed

72

Saccharum bengalense Kanay Root

7 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch Fruit Buffalo Mix 100g fruit with 50g Mollases administer PO. 1

8 Zizyphus nummularia (burn.f

Bairy Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g Leaves of each plant in water apply on swelling area. 1

Salvadora oleoides Decne.

Peelkayan Leaf

9 Morus australis Poir L. Shehtoot Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g Leaves in water apply on the swelling area. 6

10 Ficus religiosa L. Pepal Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 50g Leaves of each plant in water place on the swelling area. 1

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf

Dalbergia sissoo roxb.ex DC.

Tahli Leaf

Prosopis glandulosa Walaiti Kikar

Leaf

Sesbania sesban Jantar Leaf

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Albizia lebbeck Shareen Leaf

Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Leaf

Ficus carica Anjeer Leaf

Citrus reticulate biance. Kinno Leaf

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

Sufaida Leaf

73

Morus australis Poir L. Shehtoot Leaf

11 Swertia spaciosa (D.Don)

Korr jeeri Seed Buffalo Mix 50g seed, 100g Leaves, 50g soda bicarb and 50g black salt with 100g Mollases administer PO.

1

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

12 Trachyspermum ammi (L.)

Ajjwain Seed Cattle Mix 250g seed and 500g bulb with 250g soda bicarb administer PO.

1

Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

13 Morus australis Poir L. Shehtoot Leaf Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 100g Leaves of each plant in water placed on the inflamed area

2

Zizyphus nummularia (burn.f

Bairy Leaf

Chenopodium album L. Bathu Leaf

14 Trachyspermum ammi (L.)

Ajjwain Seed Buffalo Mix 100g of each plant with 100g Mollases administer PO. 1

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

Total entries 24

20 Indigestion

1 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50g seed with 250g Mollases administer PO. 3

2 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Bark Cattle,

Buffalo,

Sheep,

Goat

Mix 2kg, 2kg, 250g, 1kg, 500g, 125g, 250g, 500g, 500g, 1kg, 500g, and 1kg Mollases respectively in ghura close the mouth of the ghura place in a day light. After a week

Large animal= take 250g masala, 100g sugar.mix in 500ml water Administer PO.

1

Nicotiana tabacum L. Tambakoo Leaf

Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

Capsicum frutescens L Sabz Mirch Fruit

74

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf Small animal – take 50g masala, 50g sugar mix in 250g water administer PO excellent result.

Osmium basilicum Pubri Leaf

Ruta graveolens L. Soay Seed

Zizyphus nummularia (burn.f

Bairy Fruit

Albizia lebbeck Shareen Seed

Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Fruit

Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus

Mooli Whole plant

3 Capsicum annuum L. Surkh mirch Fruit Buffalo Soak 250g fruit without seed in water at night at morning grind administer PO for 4 days.

2

4 Peganum harmala L. Hermal Seed Buffalo Mix 50g seed, 2 fruit, 250g Leaves and 250g whole plant with 2kg Mollases also mix with 50g soda bicarb.

2

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Fruit

Salvadore oleoides decne Warn Leaf

Convolvulus arvensis L Wun wehri. Whole plant

5 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 100g of each plant respectively with 100g Common salt. Take 50g mix with 100g Mollases administer PO.

1

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

Amomum subulatum Roxb

Chauti Illachi

Seed

Amomum subulatum Bari Illachi Seed

75

Roxb

Menthe arvensis L. Jungle pudina

Seed

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

6 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Buffalo Mix 50 g bulb and fruit of both in 30 g common salt make a bolus administer PO for 4 days.

3

Capsicum frutescens L. Sabz Mirch Fruit

7 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Cattle Boil 50 g seed in 1 liter water administer PO for 3 days. 3

Total entries 15

21 Lactolith

1 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cooked 1 kg Thoam, 1 kg white salt, 250g thakri Naushdar in 4 litre milk administer PO in four divided doses.

5

2 Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata

Loong Seed Take a loong administer in the teat canal. 2

Total entries 07

22 Laminitis

1 Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Mal kangni Stem Horse,

donkey

Mix 50g of each plant with 100g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days.

1

Embelia ribes Wa warang Stem

Peganum harmala L. Hermal Seed

2 Zizyphus nummularia (burn.f

Bairy Fruit Sheep, Mix 50g fruit of each plant administer PO. 3

76

Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit goat

3 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 30g seed of both plants with 100g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days.

4

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Korr jeeri Seed

4 Allum Aloevera (L.) burm f.

Kanwar gandal

Leaf Buffalo Cooked 2-3 Leaves in hot sand with 50g salt administer PO. 6

5 Trigonella foenum-graceum L.

Matheray Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 2 kg Matheray, 500g black salt, common salt 4 kg with 4 kg Mollases grinded, administer PO 500g for 10 days.

1

Total entries

23 Lice infestation

1. Nicotiana tabacum Tambakoo Leaf Buffalo Boil 250g Leaves, fruit in 1 L water and apply topically for 2-3 days.

4

Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit

2. Lepidium sativum Halya Seed Cattle Mix 50g seed of each plant with 250g Molasses, administer PO for 2-3 days.

1

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira

3. Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Boil oil and apply topically 2

4 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf

Sheep Boil 200 g Leaves and 2 fruits in 1 L water, apply topically for 4 days.

4

Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit

5 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf Goat Boil 200 g Leaves in 1L water, apply topically for 3 days 2

Total entries 15

77

24 Loss of appetite

1 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 100g bulb and 100g fruit with 20g common salt administer PO for 2-3 days.

12

Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit

2 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 100g of each plant with 100g Mollases administer PO. 3

Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb

Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit

Total entries 15

25 Mange

1 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf

Buffalo Boiled 250g Leaves 1L water and applied topically for 4-5 days. 3

2 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf Buffalo Paste is prepared by grinding 250g of both plants Paste is topically applied for 1 week.

3

Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit

3 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Buffalo Topical application for 4-5 days. 26

4 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Buffalo Mix 500 ml oil in 1L Lasi, administer PO for 4-5 days. 2

5 Trachyspermum ammi Ajjwain Seed Buffalo Mix 50g of each in 50g Russ1 and 250g Molasses and administer PO for 2-3 days. Mix 1 fruit + 50g Leaves with 100g black salt2,

1

Piper nigrum Kali mirch Seed

78

administer PO for 3 days.

Curcuma zedoaria

Kachoor Bulb

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.

Kuth Rhizome

Azadiracta indica Neem Leaf

6 Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit Buffalo Cook two fruits in hot sand, mix with 200g molasses administer PO for 3 days

2

7 Aloe vera Kanwar gandal

Leaf Buffalo Mix 200g Leaves with 50g salt; administer PO early in the morning for 3 days.

3

8 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Buffalo Mix 250ml oil in 500g yoghurt, administer PO for 2-3 days. 10

9 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle Administer 250g oil PO for 4 days 4

10 Peganum harmala Hermal Seed Buffalo Boil 100g seed in 500ml water administer PO, repeat after one day. 1

11 Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit Buffalo . Mix 1 fruit + 50g Leaves with 100g black salt3 administer PO for 3 days

2

Withania coagulans Paneer Leaf

12 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf Buffalo Mix and grind 250 g Leaves of both plants with 1 fruit, administer PO for 3 days.

6

Withania coagulans Paneer Leaf

Citrullus colocynthis Korr tumma Fruit

13 Nicotiana tabacum Tambakoo Leaf Cattle Boil 50g Leaves in 500ml water and mix with 200ml oil, apply 3

79

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil topically for one week.

14 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil

Cattle Mix 500ml oil with 250g Rus and 500g desi ghee, make a bolus and administer PO for 2-3 days.

2

Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf

15 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle Grind 250 g bulb in 250 ml oil administer PO for 4-5 days. 1

Allium cepa Piyaz Bulb

16 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf

Cattle Mix 250g Leaves and 100g seed, give PO for 4-5 days. 1

Trachyspermum ammi Ajjwain Seed

17 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle Administer 250 ml oil PO for 4 days 4

18 Capsicum frutescens Sabz Mirch Fruit Cattle Mix 100 g each in 200 g molasses, administer PO in 4 equal doses for 4 days.

5

Allium cepa Piyaz Bulb

Azadirachta indica

Neem Leaf

19 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf Sheep Boil 250 g Leaves in 500 ml oil and topically apply for 1 week 3

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.

Sarson Oil

20 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Goat Topical application for 10 days 3

80

21 Cyperus rotundus L. Dehlay Seed Cattle Mix 50g seed, 1 fruit and 50g Leaves with 100g black salt given per os for 3 days administer PO

1

Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader

Korr tumma Seed

Withania coagulans Dunal

Paneer Leaf

Total entries 85

26 Mastitis

1 Oryza sativa L. Chawal Seed Buffalo 500g white rice place in cool water at evening, morning grinded and mix with 500g makhan and 250g Mollases given per os for 3-4 days

1

2 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle Cooked 1kg Thoam in 4 liter milk also mixed with 1kg ghee and 1kg Sarson oil given per os in four divided doses

2

3 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 500ml oil in 2 liter river water also mixed with 50g salt and 250g Mollases respectively administer PO for 3-4 days

2

4 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

buffalo

Grinded 500g sugar in 500ml oil administer PO for 3-4 days 4

5 Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit Sheep, goat

Grinded 100g with 100g salt administer PO for 4-5 days 1

6 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Boil 200g fruit in 1 liter water administer PO for 2-3 days. 3

7 Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Fruit Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 500g fruit in 1kg sugar and 500g oil also mix with 50g phalli Naushdar; administer PO for 3-4 days.

1

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil

8 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 1kg oil and 50g Naushdar in 1 liter water administer PO twice a day

1

81

9 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix 250g fruit with 250g Molasses administer PO for 3-4 days 1

10 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Grinded 250g oil in 1 liter cool water administer PO 2-3 days 4

11 Musa x paradisiaca L. Kaila Stem Buffalo Mix 250ml water with 250g brown sugar administer PO 2-3 days 3

12 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Seed Cattle Mixed 100g in 1 liter administer PO 2-3 days 2

13 Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit Buffalo Soak 100g in 1 liter cool water at evening, at morning grinded administer PO 3-4 days

5

14 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix 100g fruit and 250g oil in 250g ghee administer PO 2-3 days 1

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil

15 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 250g bulb with 250g makhan administer PO 2-3days 4

16 Dalbergia sissoo roxb. Ex DC.

Tahli Leaf Buffalo Mix 100g Leaves of each plant respectively administer PO for 3days.

1

Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Leaf

Lawsonia inermis L. Mehndi Leaf

17 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Seed Cattle Mix 250g, 50g seed administer PO 2-3 days 1

Coriandrum sativum L. Dhanya Seed

18 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 100g bulb and fruit of both plants respectively in 250g makhan administer PO for 2days.

3

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

82

19 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Mix and grind 500g fruit in 500g desi ghee administer PO 2-3 days 2

20 Brassica rapa L. Shaljum Fruit Buffalo 2kg shaljum administer PO 2-3 days. 1

21 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed Cattle Soak 100g seed, in cool water after 24 hours boil in 6 liter water when remain 2 liter administer PO. 1 liter daily for 3 days.

1

22 Terminalia chebula Hareed

Fruit Buffalo Mix 500g fruit, 100g jookhar with 100g Qualmi shora and 500g makhan administer PO.

1

23 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Seed Cattle Grind 1000g, 250g, and 250g seed respectively. Make a bolus administer PO for 3-4 days.

1

Cicherium intybus L. Kasni Seed

Coriandrum sativum L. Dhanya Seed

24 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Soak 100g fruit in water at night; at morning mix and grind with 500g makhan administer PO for 2-3 days.

3

25 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle Mix and grind 100g bulb and fruit of both plants with 250g sugar administer PO 3-4 days

1

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

26 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Buffalo Mix and grind 200g bulb and 250g fruit with 250 makhan administer PO 2-3 days

1

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

27 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Sheep,

goat

Mix 100g fruit with 250g desi makhan administer PO for 2-3 days 1

28 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix 500g oil with 250g molasses administer PO 2-3 days 2

29 Coriandrum sativum L. Dhanya Seed Sheep Grind 50g, 100g seed in 1 liter water also mix in 1 liter milk administer PO 2-3 days

1

Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Seed

30 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Sheep, Boil and grind 100g Thoam in 1 liter milk administer PO 2-3 days. 2

83

goat

31 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 250g Thoam, 100g white salt in 1 liter milk administer PO for 2-3 days.

1

32 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix and boil 250g zeera, 250g Dhanya, 50g Soghee, and 500g white salt, 250g noshadar, 50g phalli noshadar, 50g taterae, 50g soda bicarb in 5 liter milk administer PO excellent result.

1

Coriandrum sativum L. Dhanya Seed

Vitis vinifera Saugi Fruit

33 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Mix and grind 500 g Sarson, 500g sugar, 100g common salt in 2 liter water administer PO for 2 days.

1

34 Ferula assafoetida L. Heing Fruit Buffalo Boil 50g fruit in 3 liter water, when remain 1 liter mixwith 250g desi ghee administer PO

1

35

Capsicum annuum L. Surkh mirch Fruit Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50 g, 100 g, and 250 g respectively in 500 ml cool water administer PO for 3 days

4

Allum Cipa L.

Piyaz

Bulb

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil

36 Allium sativum L. Thoam Fruit Goat Mix 250 g bulb & 50 g Naushdar in 1 liter milk given orally for 3-4 days.

3

37 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Buffalo Boil 50 g seed, 250 g ghee and 250 g sugar in 1 liter milk administers per os for 3 days 50%.

3

38 Capsicum frutescens L

Sabz Mirch Fruit Buffalo Mix 250 g fruit, 100 g bulb in 2 liter water of Musa Paradisiacal L and 30 g common salt administer PO for 3 days.

2

Allium cepa. L. Piyaz Bulb

Musa x paradisiaca L. Kaila Stem

39 Capsicum annuum L. Surkh mirch Fruit Buffalo Mix 125 g fruit & 250 ml oil in 500 ml cool water administer PO for 3 days

2

Brassica rapa L. subsp. Sarson Oil

84

oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

40 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Mix 250g in 250g makhan administers PO for at least 3 days. 4

Total entries 79

27 Milk fever

1 Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Bajra Seed Cattle Make bread of Bajra flour Administer PO 2 bread at morning and evening.

2

2 Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Sund Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50g of each plant with 250g Mollases administer PO. 1

Citrus pseudolimon Tanaka Tanaka

Gulgul Fruit

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

3 Mallotus philippensis (Lam) Mull. Arg.

Kamala Fruits Buffalo Mix 25g kamala with 100g Mollases administer PO. 1

4 Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Fruit Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50g of each plant with 50g soda bicarb and 100g Mollases administer PO.

1

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb

Badam Fruit

Vitis vinifera Saugi Fruit

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

Sesbania sesban Jantar Seed

Ferula assafoetida L. Heing Bulb

5 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Buffalo Mix 500g bulb with 500g Mollases administer PO. 5

Total entries 10

85

28 Myiasis

1 Ocimum basilicum Pubri Leaf Sheep.

Goat

Topical application of water extract. 3

2 Ocimum basilicum Pubri Leaf Cattle ,

Buffalo

Mix the water extract of both plants with 100ml petrol, wash the wound.

2

Syzygium aromaticum Loong Seed

Total entries 05

29 Newcastle disease

2 Alum sativum L. Thoam Bulb Pigeon Boil 5g bulb in water administer PO. 1

3 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Poultry Mix 10-15g bulb with 20g Mollases administer PO. 5

4 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Poultry Mix 10-15g bulb, administer PO. 4

5 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Poultry Mix 10-15g bulb with 20g makhan, administer PO. 6

6 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Poultry Soak 1 fruit in oil administer PO.

3

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil

7 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Poultry Mix 20g and 10g of both plant, administer PO. 4

Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb

8 Olea europaea L. Zatoon Oil Poultry Administer PO 2-3 ml olive oil 1

9 Vitis vinifera L. Saugi Fruit Pigeon Administer PO daily 2-3 gram fruit 1

10 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Poultry Mix 10g, 10g and 5g seed with 10g Mollases administer PO. 2

Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb

Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed

11 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Poultry Mix 10g with 10g makhan and 10g Mollases administer PO. 4

12 Nicotiana tabacum L. Tambakoo Leaf Poultry Mix 10g Leaves with 10g Mollases administer PO. 1

86

13 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Poultry Mix 10-15g bark mix with 10g Mollases administer PO. 1

Total entries

30 Panting (Hula)

1 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle Soak 1kg seed, 1kg bark, and 500g seed in 8 liter water in a( (Ghura) administer PO 500ml daily

1

Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Bark

Triticum aestivum L. Gandam Seed

2 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Cattle Mix 250ml oil in 500ml water, administer PO for 2days. 1

3 Punica granatum L. Anar Fruit Cattle Mix 500g fruit with 250g sugar administer PO for 8 days. 2

4 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Cattle Mix and grind 1kg Leaves in 4 liter water administer PO 2 liter morning and 2 liter at evening for 3-4 days

1

5 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Fruit Buffalo Mix and grind 500g fruit with 100g sugar administer PO at the morning for 4-5 days

1

6 Punica granatum L. Anar Fruit Sheep ,

goat

Mix 500ml sharbut Anar with 100g Chanay administer PO for 4-5 days

1

Cicer arietinum Chanay Seed

7 Cicer arietinum Chanay Seed Buffalo Mix 100g flour of each in 100g molasses, administer PO. 1

Hordeum vuigare L. Jao Seed

8 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Seed Cattle Mix 500g seed in 1 liter milk administer PO for 3-4 days 2

9 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Boil 250g fruit in 1 liter water also mix with 250g ghee administer PO for 2 days

1

87

10 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Goat 250ml water extract of Sounf seed, administer PO daily for 3-4 days

1

11 Cuminum cyminum L. Sufaid jeera Seed Cattle Soak 50g seed of each plant in 2 liter sheep milkand administer PO for 2-3 days

1

Coriandrum sativum L. Dhanya Seed

12 Linum usitatissimum L. Alsi Seed Cattle Mix 100g seed of each plant with 80g noshadar, 50ml Qualmi shora, 50g glucose, 2 tablet of mushkphur make a bolus, administer PO for 4-5 days

1

Glycyrrhiza glabra Mulathi Seed

Cicer arietinum Chanay Seed

Punica granatum L. Anar Seed

13 Hordeum vuigare L. Jao Seed Buffalo Mix 250g flour of Jao in 4-5 litre water, administer PO daily for 10-15 days.

3

14 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Seed Cattle Mix 1 kg seed of each in 4 liter water administer PO in 4 doses for 4 days.

3

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Seed

15 Allium sativum L. Thoam Root Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 250 g of each plant and 250 g Mollases in 1 kg butter whey administer PO for 5 days.

2

Syzygijum cumini (L) Skeds

Jaman Fruit

Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Stem

Total entries 22

31 Paralysis

1 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle Mix 100g bulb with 100g Mollases administer PO daily for 3 days. 2

2 Olea europaea L. Zatoon Oil Cattle, Mix and grind 7 Badam and 10 ml olive oil with 100 ml milk and 8

88

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb

Badam Fruit Buffalo 100g flour administer PO.

3 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb

Badam Fruit Goat Grind 7 Badam with 100 ml milk and 100g flour administer PO. 3

4 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Buffalo Grind and mix 20g seed with 100g Mollases administer PO. 1

Total entries 14

32 Pneumonia

1 Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 30g seed, 2 eggs in 250ml hot milk administer PO. 4

2 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf Buffalo Mix 250 Leaves with 250g nasri administer PO. 1

Total entries 05

33 Prolaps

1 Saccharum bengalense Kanay Root Buffalo Grind 500g root in 500ml water administer PO. 1

2 Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flower Buffalo Administer PO 250g Gulkand daily. 2

3 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 250g oil and 250g yogurt in 1kg brown sugar administer PO for 3 to 4 days

4

4 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle Mix and grind 500 g bulbs in 500g sugar administer PO. 2

5 Musa x paradisiaca L. Kaila Stem Cattle,

buffalo

Take 200ml, 100ml and 100ml water extract of each plant respectively administer PO for 2 3 days.

5

Citrus lemon (L.) Burm. f.

Lemon Fruit

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman Leaf

6 Dalbergia sissoo roxb.ex DC.

Tahli Leaf Buffalo Mix 500g Leaves and 500g thatha (honey) in 500g Mollases administer PO.

1

89

7 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Taramira Oil Buffalo Mix 250ml oil, 300g leaves and 300g Leaf mix in 250g brown sugar divided in four doses Administer PO for 4 days.

2

Butea monosperema (Lam.) Taub

Kamarkas Leaf

Vitex bengalense Samaluo Leaf

8 Oryza sativa l. Chawal Seed Buffalo Boil 1kg seed in 3-4 litre water after boiling mix in 500g ghee in 500g oil administer PO.

2

9 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle Mix 500g oil in 500g brown sugar, administer PO. 5

10 Ficus benghalensis L. Bohr Root Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 1kg root in 2 litre water when remain 1 litre administer PO. 4

11 Terminalia chebula Hareed Fruit Cattle,

buffalo

Grind 200g fruit administer PO 50g daily for 4 days. 1

12 Butea monosperema (Lam.) Taub

Kamarkas. Seed Buffalo Mix 50g seed mixes in 250g Gulkand administer PO. 2

13 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. Clarke compositae

Kuth Stem Cattle Grind 100g stem in 1litre four Arqa administer PO. 3

14 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Seed Cattle,

Buffalo

Mix 250 ml oil in 250 ml butter whey administers per os for 3 days.

4

15 Cucurbita maxima Kadoo Fruit Buffalo Feed 1 fruit of Cucurbita maxima daily for 4 days. 3

16 Rosa indica L Gulab Flowers Buffalo Feed 500 g flowers of Rosa indica L daily for 3 days. 3

17 Ficus benghalensis L. Bohr Root Cattle Grind 250 g roots in 500 g Mollases administer PO for 3 days. 2

18 Butea monosperema (Lam.) Taub.

Kamarkas Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 150 g in 50 g Mollases, administer PO for 2 days. 2

90

Total entries 48

34 Retention of foetal membrane

1 Rosa cymosa Tratt. Gulab Flowers Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 500g Gulkand and 500g sugar in 1 litre milk administer PO. 11

Total entries 11

35 Rheumatic fever

1 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50g, 40g, 30g of each plant respectively in 200g jaggery administer PO for 2-3 days

3

Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Fruit

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

2 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50g seed of each plant in 100g Mollases administer PO for 2 days

4

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer Leaf

3 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. Nilotica

Desi Kikar Bark Buffalo Boil 100g bark in 500ml water and wash the mouth and feet of affected animal with that water

1

4 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 100g with 100g molasses also mix 5 tablets of brufen administer PO twice a day.

3

5 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50g seed with 50g salt also mix with 100g of Gann-da-goay applied topically on the upper part of body.

1

6 Capsicum frutescens L.

Sabz Mirch Fruit Buffalo Mix 100g fruit and bulb of onion with 100g salty bread administer PO.

2

Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

91

7 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

Cattle Mix 50g of each plant with 100g molasses, administer PO. 2

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf

Ruta graveolens L. Soay

8 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.)

Kali zeeri Seed

Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 100g seed of each with 200g molasses administer PO. 1

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

9 Lens culinaris Medik. Masar Seed Buffalo Boil 250g seed in one liter water administer PO. 3

10 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb

Badam Seed

Cattle,

buffalo

Cooked 7 Badam, 50g Ajjwain and 5 fruit of surkh mirch in flour administer PO.

1

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed

Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit

11 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed Cattle Mix 50g seed and 100g bulb in 100g jaggery administer PO for 2-3 days.

1

Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

12 Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed Buffalo Mix 10g, 100g, 30g in 100g jaggery, administers PO for 2 days. 2

Capsicum frutescens L. Sabz Mirch Fruit

Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

13 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed Cattle Mix 100g seed, 500g bulb with 250g sodium bicarbonate and 250g molasses administer PO.

1

92

Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb

14 Capsicum annuum L.

Surkh mirch

Fruit Buffalo Cooked 2 fruit in (ata-ka-paray) administer PO. 2

15 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle Grind 1kg bulb with 250g Saugi administer PO 6

Vitis vinifera Saugi Fruit

16 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50 g, 250 g, 100 g, 10 g, 15 g in 100 g jaggery, administers PO for 2 days.

3

Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed

Withania coagulans (Stokes) Dunal

Paneer

Leaf

Piper nigrum L. Kali mirch Seed

Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Fruit

17 Feniculum vulgare Mill. Sounf Seed Cattle Mix 50 g seed, 25 g common salt in 100 g jaggery administer PO for 2 day.

2

Total entries 38

36 Rheumatism

1 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spraguex turril

Ajjwain

Seed Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 50g, 30g seed of each plant with 250g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days.

5

Amomum subulatum Roxb

Bari Illachi Seed

2 Sesamum indicum L. Tel Oil Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 250g oil, 250g Leaves, 50g seed, 2og seed, 250g Gulkand, 250g Mollases in 2 litre water when remain 500 ml mix with 250g tel oil administer PO if required given alternative day.

2

Vitex bengalense Samaluo Leaf

Trachyspermum ammi Ajjwain Seed

93

(L.) Spraguex turril

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

Chauti Illachi

Seed

3 Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari

Guggal Stem Horse Given a smoke of Guggal through nostrils. 2

Total entries 09

37 Sheep pox

1 Allum Cipa L. Piyaz Bulb Sheep,

goat

Mix 50g of each plant mix with 100g Mollases administer PO. 2

Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb

2 Vitis vinifera Saugi Fruit Sheep 10-15g dry grapes administer PO 1

Total entries 03

38 Strangles

1 Glycyrrhiza glabra Mulathi Stem Horse Mix 50g and 100g with 100g Mollases administer PO. 1

Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb

2 Allium cepa L. Piyaz Bulb Horse Mix 100g bulb with 100g Mollases administer PO. 2

3 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Horse Mix 50g oil with 50g common salt pour in nostrils. 1

4 Solanum virginianum L. Kandiari Fruit Horse Mix 3-4 fruit in sheep milk pour in nostrils. 2

5 Albizia lebbeck Shareen Seed Horse Grind 50g seed pour in nostrils. 4

6

Linum usitatissimum L. Alsi Seed Horse Mix 100g, 50g seed with 100g Mollases administer PO. 2

Glycyrrhiza glabra Mulathi Seed

Total entries 12

94

39 String hault

1 Sesbania sesban f Jantar Seed Horse Boil 500g seed in 1 litre water after boiling mix the boiling seed with 250g makhan administer PO repeat on alternative day

2

Total entries 02

40 Tail necrosis and gangrene

1 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

buffalo

Clean the wound and apply Sarson oil on the wound. 1

2 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

buffalo

Mix 10g naila thothia in 100g Sarson oil apply on the wound. 4

Total entries 05

41 Teat stricture

1 Allium sativum L. Thoam Bulb Cattle,

buffalo

Cooked 100g bulb in 2 litre milk also mix with 250g sugar administer PO.

3

Total entries 03

42 Tick infestation

1 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.

Sarson Oil Buffalo Topical application for one week. 9

2 Melia azadirachta Kari Fruit Buffalo Mix 250g fruit with 500ml oil to make a paste, topical application for 2-3 days

2

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.

Bakain Oil

3 Citrullus colocynthis Sarson Fruit Buffalo Fruit should be cut and applied topically. 2

4 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Tambakoo Oil Buffalo Mix 100g oil with 100ml Kerosene oil and 20g naswar applied 1

95

subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

topically for 3 days.

5 Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Korr tumma Oil Buffalo Mix 250ml oil with 250g seed, administer PO for 3-4 days. 1

Lepidium sativum Matheray Seed

6 Azadirachta indica Taramira Leaf Buffalo Boil 250 g Leaves in 500 ml oil and apply topically for 1 week. 4

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.

Sarson Oil

7 Capparis decidua Halya Root Cattle Boil 250g roots in 1 L water; apply topically for 4-5 days. 1

8 Trigonella foenumgraceum

Taramira Seed Cattle Administer 50g seeds PO for 2-3 days. 1

9 Azadirachta indica Neem Leaf Cattle Boil 250 g Leaves in 500 ml oil, apply topically for 3 days. 2

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill,) Thell.

Korr tumma Oil

10 Nicotiana tabacum Tambakoo Leaf Sheep Boil 100g Leaves in 500ml water; apply topically for 2-3 days. 2

11 Citrullus colocynthis (Linn) Schrader.

Korr tumma

Oil

Goat Topical application. 6

Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson

Azadirachta indica

Neem

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. Sativa (Mill,)

Taramira

96

Thell.

Total entries 31

43 Tympany

1 Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. L.

Sarson Oil Cattle,

Buffalo

Boil 250g oil in 500ml water, administer PO. 8

2 Convolvulus arvensis L Wun wehri. Whole plant

Sheep,

Goat

Boil 500g whole plant in 2 litre water administers PO. 4

3 Saccharum bengalense Kanay Root Buffalo Boil 250g root in 2 litre water administer PO. 1

Total entries 13

44 Uterus pus

1 Rosa indica (Gulab) Gulab Flower Cattle,

buffalo

Boil 500g Gulkand in 2 litre milk also mix in 500 sugars administer PO for 4 days.

13

2 Curcuma longa L. Haldi Bulb Cattle,

Buffalo

Cooked 100g bulbs in 2 litre milk administer PO. 3

Total entries 16

45 Wound

1 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem Leaf

Cattle,

Buffalo,

Sheep,

Goat

Boil 100g Leaves in 1 litre water wash the wound. 5

Total entries 5

97

Table 4.7: List of other than plants practices for the treatment of different live stock diseases reported by the farmers (n =200) in Distt Jhang

Sr. No.

Remedies Local name Animal Dosages/administration Res

1 An estrous

1 Common salt

Chita namak Buffalo Mix 50g salt mix with 250g Mollases administer PO for 3 days. 4

2 Ghee Kashmir ghee Buffalo Administer PO 250g ghee for 4 days. 2

3 Egg Desi Murghai Kay unday

Cattle,

buffalo Four egg of hen given orally for 3-4 days. 6

4 Egg Tatayar Kay unday Buffalo 3 egg of Tatayar given orally for 3 days. 3

Total entries 15

2 Black quarter

1

Nasri Nasri Cattle,

Buffalo Boil 250g nasri and 250g ghee in 1 litre milk administer PO.

2

Ghee Ghee Buffalo

Milk Doodh Buffalo

2 Water Cool water Cattle,

Buffalo Cool water topically applies on the heavy muscle. 4

Total entries 06

3 Ca deficiency

1 Animal bone Haddi ka churra Cattle,

buffalo Mix 50g bone powder with 50g Mollases administer PO for at least 10 days. 7

2 Cow milk Gann da Doodh Cattle,

buffalo Administer PO 1 litre for 10-15 days. 2

3 Butter Makhan Buffalo Administer 500g makhan PO daily for 4-5 days. 3

4 Butter Makhan Cattle, Cooked 250g wheat flour in 500g desi ghee, administer PO. 1

98

Honey Shahad buffalo

5 Water Pani Horse Stay in water for 4-6 hours daily at least 10-15 days. 2

6 Blood Khoon Buffalo Remove blood from vein. 4

7 Burn Dum Buffalo Burn with hot iron at neck and os coxae. 5

8 Butter Makhan Cattle,

buffalo Mix 500g butter with 500g sugar administer PO repeat for next 3 alternative days.

2

9 Egg Unday Cattle,

buffalo Mix 10 eggs of desi hen in 2 litres cool milk administer PO for 2-3 days. 1

10 Mollases Ghur Buffalo Mixed 250g Mollases in 2-3 litre cool water administer PO for 3-5 days. 2

11 Mineral powder Calcium powder Cattle, Buffalo

Sheep, Goat Mix 100g mineral powder with 100g Mollases administer PO daily for 15-20 days.

5

12 Salt Four namak Cattle,

buffalo Mix 50g four salt with 100g Mollases administer PO for 10-15 days. 3

13 Dum Burn with hot iron Buffalo Burn the neck and os coxae area of the animal with hot iron. 4

14 Unday Desi murgay ka unday

Buffalo Mix and grind 10 eggs in 2 litre boil milk administer PO. 2

15 Mollases Ghur Buffalo Mix and grind 250g Mollases in 2 litre water administer PO. 5

16

Gulkand Gulkand Cattle,

buffalo Mix 500g Gulkand and 500g sugar in 1 litre milk boil administer PO. 3 Sugar Cheeni

Milk Doodh

Total entries 51

4 Canine distemper

1 Unday Desi murgay ka unday

Dog Mix and boil 2 eggs in 250 ml milk administer PO. 1

2 Milk Doodh Dog Milk should be place on the iron plate and allow the dog to drink. 6

3 Yoghurt Dhay Dog Yoghurt should be place on the iron plate and allow the dog to eat. 6

99

Total entries 13

5 Colic

1 Qualmi shaura Qualmi shaura Horse Mix 50g in 1 litre milk whey administers PO. 2

2 Titan Titan Horse Administer 1-2 titans PO. 1

3 Pat say Pat say Horse Boil 500g in 1 litre milk administer PO. 3

4 Hen Hen Chauti Horse Mix 20g in 100g Mollases administer PO. 14

5 Pat say Pat say Horse Place in male penis. 1

6 Pat say Pat say Horse Place in female vagina. 4

7 Makhan Ghee Cattle,

buffalo Boil 250g makhan in 1 litre milk administer PO. 2

8 Castor oil Castel Cattle,

buffalo 250 ml Castel oil given orally. 4

Total entries 31

6 Crop bound condition

1 Milk Doodh Poultry Administer 50ml milk PO. 2

Total entries 02

7 Diarrhoea

1 7 up Soda Sheep, Goat Drink 7 up bottle. 1

2 Milk Doodh Buffalo Administer 1 litre milk PO. 1

3 Soda bicarb Meetha soda Cattle, Buffalo Mix 25g soda bicarb in 2 litre sharbut of Mollases, administer PO. 3

4 Mollases Ghur Buffalo Administer 1-2 kg Mollases administer PO. 1

5 Sugar Cheeni Buffalo Administer 500g sugar administer PO. 1

6 Cloth Ratty leer Sheep, Goat Attached Ratty leer with the tail of animal. 2

7. Mollases Ghur Cattle, Buffalo Mixed 250 g Mollases in 3-4 liter cool water and administer PO for 3-4 days.

3

Total entries 12

100

8 Enterotoxaemia

1

Nasri Nasri

Cattle, Buffalo Boil 250g nasri and 250g ghee in 1 litre milk administer PO.

14

Ghee Ghee

Milk Doodh

2 Mollases Ghur Cattle, Buffalo Make a sharbut of 200g Mollases in 3 litre water administer PO. 2

3 Milk whey Lasi Cattle, Buffalo Take 3 litre milk whey, administer PO. 3

4 Mud Ghura Cattle, Buffalo If anything is not available we take 1-2 kg mud administer PO. 1

5 Dettol Dettol Sheep, Goat Wash the affected area of animal with Dettol 3

6 Naswar Naswar kashmiri Buffalo Kashmiri naswar applied topically on the affected area of animal. 4

7 Calcium oxide Choona Cattle, Buffalo Wash the animal with choona water. 2

Total entries 29

9 Fibrosis

1 Zinc oxide Zinc oxide Cattle, Buffalo Clean the teat and apply zinc oxide. 3

Total entries 03

10 Fleas

1 Sump oil Kala tail Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity of kala tail applied topically on the body of animal. 8

2 Kerosene oil Mitti ka tail Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity of kerosene oil applied topically on the body of animal. 5

3 Dettol Dettol Dog, cat Wash the affected area of animal with Dettol 3

4 Naswar Naswar kashmiri Cattle, Buffalo Kashmiri naswar applied topically on the affected area of animal. 4

5 Calcium oxide Choona Cattle, Buffalo Wash the animal with choona water. 2

Total entries 22

11 Fly repellant

1 Water Pani Horse Keep the animal in deep water and died the fly. 3

2 Diesel oil Diesel oil Cattle, Buffalo Spray on the dog fly at time of morning and evening oil fall on which fly died immediately.

7

3 Kerosene oil Mitti da tail Cattle, Buffalo Spray the kerosene oil on the fly. 4

101

4 Sump oil Kala tail Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity of kala tail applied topically on the body of animal. 2

5 Soap Sabion Dog, cat Washed with soap than applied kerosene oil. 2

6 Sump oil Kala tail Sheep, goat Applied topically on the body of animal. 4

7 Diesel oil

Kerosene oil

Diesel oil

Mitti da tail Cattle, Buffalo

Sufficient quantity of diesel and kerosene oil mixed spray on the body of animal.

9

8 Camel bone Uth the haddi Buffalo 100 gram of camel bone hot in fire then grinded mixed with 100gram jaggery given orally for 4 days.

3

9 Mineral powder Ca powder Buffalo 100 gram mineral powder given orally for 15-20 days. 10

Total entries 44

12 Foot and mouth disease

1 Ghee Ghee Cattle, Buffalo Boil 500g ghee in 1litre milk, administer PO. 1

Milk Doodh

2 Soda bicarb Meetha soda Cattle, Buffalo Wash the mouth of animal with soda bicarb. 2

3 Sand Tati raat Cattle, Buffalo Walk the animal on hot sand. 3

4 Dettol Dettol Cattle, Buffalo Wash the mouth and feet of animal with Dettol. 1

5 Mgso4 Lal dhay Cattle, Buffalo Make a weak solution of kmno4 and wash the mouth and feet of animal. 3

Total entries 10

13 Haemoglobion urea

1 Sugar

Cheeni Buffalo Mix 1 litre in 5 litre cool water makes a sharbut administer PO. 2

2 Sugar Cheeni Buffalo Grind 250g sugar Administer PO. 1

3 Milk Doodh Buffalo Mix 500 ml milk and 50g common salt in 2 litre water administer PO. 2

4 Mineral powder Ca powder Cattle, Buffalo Mix 100g powder with 100g Mollases administer PO twice a day for at least 15-20 days.

5

5 Sodium bi carbonate

Metha soda Cattle, Buffalo Mix 100g with 100g Qualmi shaura, administer PO. 1

6 Milk, butter Doodh ghee Buffalo Mix 500g ghee in 2 litre milk, administer PO. 4

102

7 Gulkand, milk, butter

Gulkand, Doodh ghee

Cattle, Buffalo Boil 250g Gulkand and 250g ghee in 2 litres milk administer PO for 3-4 days.

3

8 DCP powder Ca powder Cattle, Buffalo Mix 100g with 250g Mollases administer PO. 4

9 Mollases

Milk whey

Ghur

Lasi Buffalo 1kg Mollases mixed in 4kg lasi given orally 2-3 days. 2

Total entries 24

14 Haemorrhagic septicemia

1 Blood Khoon Cattle, Buffalo Remove 50-60 ml of blood from ear. 6

2

Nasri Nasri

Buffalo Boil 250g nasri and 250g ghee in 1 litre milk administer PO. 2 Ghee Ghee

Milk Doodh

Total entries 08

15 Helminthiasis

1 Naila thothia

Naila thothia Horse, donkey

Mix 1-2gm of naila thothia with 200g Mollases administer PO repeat on alternative day.

3

2 Naphthalene balls Phenyl dee golian Buffalo Mix 2 naphthalene balls in 500g Mollases administer PO. 2

Total entries 05

16 Indigestion

1 Nasri Nasri calpi Indigestion 500g nasri calpi administer PO daily for 2-3 days. 3

Total entries 03

17 Lactolith

1

Salt Sheesha namak

Cattle, Buffalo Mix 100g salt and Naushdar in 1 litre milk administer PO for 4-5 days. 2 Naushdar Phalli Naushdar

Milk Dhood

2 Common salt Chita lone Buffalo 50g common salt place at night, at morning grind administer PO for 40 days.

1

103

3

Naushdar Naushdar

Buffalo Mix 25g of each mix in 100g Mollases administer PO. 5 Qualmi shaura Qualmi shaura

Joo khar Joo khar

Tatri Tatri

4

Salt Sheesha namak

Cattle, Buffalo Cooked 50g of each in 3 litre milk divided in 5 doses administer PO daily for 5 days.

4 Joo khar Joo khar

Qualmi shaura Qualmi shaura

5 Salt Salt

Buffalo Administer 100g salt and sugar PO. 2

Sugar Sugar

6 Tooth Dant Buffalo Lactolith can be removing through tooth. 1

Total entries 15

18 Laminitis

1 Water Cool water Horse Place the horse in the cool water of canal for 2 hours. 13

Total entries 13

19 Lice infestation

1 Diesel oil Diesel oil Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity of diesel oil sprays on the body of animals. 6

2 Kerosene oil Mati ka teel Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity of kerosene oil sprays on the body of animals. 4

3 Dettol Dettol Sheep, Goat Sufficient quantity of Dettol applied topically. 3

4 Huka water Huka da pani Buffalo Washed the animal with Huka water. 2

5 Sump oil Kala tail Cattle, Buffalo Applied topically on the body of animal. 4

Total entries 19

20 Maggots

1 Naphthalene balls Phenyl dee golian Cattle, Buffalo,

Sheep, Goat Mix 2 naphthalene balls in 50g oil pour on the maggots wound. 5

2 Petrol Petrol Sheep, Goat Petrol pour on the maggots wound 2

Total entries 07

104

21 Mange

1 Sulphur Gandak Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity applied topically for 4-5 days. 7

2 Buffalo dung Phagns da Goya Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity of buff dung applied topically for 1 week. 1

3 Drainage water Ganda pani Cattle, Buffalo Wash the animal with drainage water for 2-3 days. 2

4 Old well water Puranay kuyan ka pani

Cattle, Buffalo Wash the animal with old well water for 3-4 days. 1

6 Kerosene oil Mitti da tail Sheep, Goat Sufficient quantity applied topically for 4-5 days. 5

7 Sump oil Kala Tail Sheep, Goat Sufficient quantity applied topically for 5 days. 5

8 Diesel oil Diesel Cattle, Buffalo Sufficient quantity of diesel oil & ghus applied topically for 1 week. 4

9 Soap Sabion Dog, cat Washed the affected area with soap and applied topically ghus for 4 days. 3

Total entries 28

22 Mastitis

1 Milkey whey Lasi Buffalo Apply on the upper part of the body. 10

2 Sugar Cheeni Cattle, Buffalo Mix 1 kg in 3 litre water administer per for 3 days. 1

3 Butter Makhan Buffalo Boil 1 kg makhan let cool administer PO for 2 alternative days. 2

4 Rat, kair Chuya kair Buffalo Mix in cool water applies on the body. 3

5 Sodium bi carbonate

Metha soda Cattle, Buffalo Mix 50g with 100g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days. 1

6 Soap Sabion Buffalo 50gm lifebuoy mixed in 2kg milk + 100gram sugar given orally at alternative day.

2

Total entries 19

23 Milk fever

1 Air Hawa Cattle, Buffalo Pump air through pump in the all four teats. 8

2 Ratak Ratak Cattle, Buffalo Mix 2-3 ratak with 100g Mollases. 5

3 D C P Mineral powder Cattle, Buffalo Mix 100g mineral powder with 100g Mollases administer PO. 12

4 Bandage Guram putty Buffalo Hot bandage apply on the head area.

4

105

5 Ratak Ratak Cattle, Buffalo Take 5 ratak administer PO.

6

6

Unday Desi murgay ka unday

Cattle, Buffalo Boil 8 eggs and 500g ghee in 2 litre milk administer os. 3 Ghee Ghee

Milk Dhood

Total entries 38

24 Nasal discharge

1 Cloth Neeli leer Cattle, Buffalo Smoke of Neeli leer should be given. 2

2 Sugar Cheeni Horse Sugar should be place on the newspaper and its smoke should be given. 5

3 Water Pani Horse Water bhap should be given through mouth and nostrils. 6

4 Milk whey Lasi Cattle, Buffalo Mix 1 kg lasi in 4 litre water also mix in 50g common salt boil, administer PO.

2

25 Panting

1 Wheat flour Gandam ka ata Panting Mix and grind 500g flour in 1 litre water administer PO for 2-3 days. 2

2 Soda bicarb Metha soda Panting Mix 50g with 100g Mollases administer PO for 2-3 days. 2

3 Crow eggs Kaya ka unday Panting Take 5 crow egg administer PO for 2 day. 1

4 Mollases Ghur Panting (Hula) Mix 250 gram Mollases in 3-4 liter cool water and administer PO for 2-3 days.

3

Total entries 08

26 Newcastle disease

1 Naphthalene bolus

Phenyl dee golian Poultry Naphthalene bolus attach with the body of bird. 3

Total entries 03

27 Paralysis

106

1

Unday Desi murgay ka unday

Cattle, Buffalo Mix and boil 1 egg and 60g honey in 1 litre milk administer PO. 4 Milk Doodh

Honey Shahad

Total entries 04

28 Prolaps

1 Egg Tatayar ka unday Buffalo Administer r PO 2 eggs of Tatayar for 2 days. 1

2 Egg Tatayar ka unday Buffalo Mix 1 egg with 50g soda bicarb and 100g wheat flour administer PO. 2

3 Soap Sabion Buffalo Grind 250g soap in 2-4 litre water also mix with 500g brown sugar administer PO.

1

4 Sodium bi carbonate

Metha soda Cattle, Buffalo administer PO 1gram Sodium bi carbonate + 100gram Mollases. 3

Total entries 07

29 Retention of foetal membrane

1

Gulkand Gulkand

Cattle, Buffalo Mix 500g Gulkand and 500g sugar in 1 litre milk, boil administer PO. 24 Sugar Cheeni

Milk Doodh

Total entries 24

30 Rheumatic fever

1 Egg Desi unday Cattle, Buffalo Administer PO 4 eggs 2 days. 4

2 Mollases Ghur Cattle, Buffalo Administer1 kg mollases PO. 8

3 Hot bread Guram rooti Cattle, Buffalo Administer PO 2-3 hot bread. 2

Total entries 14

31 Rheumatism

1 Egg Desi unday

Cattle, Buffalo Cooked 5 eggs in 1 kg desi ghee administer PO. 3 Ghee Ghee

107

Total entries 03

32 Strangles

1 Cloth Neeli leer Horse Smoke of Neeli leer should be given orally 6

2 Toat Toot Horse Smoke of toot should be given very effective. 2

3 Wheat straw Bhoghasay Horse Smoke of Bhoghasay is also very effective. 1

4 Sugar Cheeni Horse Sugar should be place on the newspaper and its smoke should be given. 7

Total entries 16

33 String hault

1 Water Cool water Horse Wash the animal in cool water. 2

2

Nasri Nasri

Horse Boil 250g nasri and 250g ghee in 1 litre milk administer PO. 3 Ghee Ghee

Milk Doodh

Total entries 05

34 Tail necrosis and gangrene

1 Yogurt Dhay Cattle, buffalo Wash the affected area of tail with yoghurt. 1

2 Milk whey Lasi Cattle, buffalo Wash the affected area of tail with yoghurt. 1

3 Copper Copper Cattle, buffalo Apply on the wound area of the tail. 4

Total entries 06

35 Teat stricture

1 Naushdar Naushdar Cattle, buffalo

Take 50g and 20g of each mix in 50g Mollases administer PO for 15-20

days. 11

Qualmi shaura Qualmi shaura

Total entries 11

36 Tick infestation

1

Diesel oil Oil Cattle, buffalo

Mix 100g oil and 5 tablets of fernail applied topically. 2

Naphthalene Phenyl dee golian

108

bolus

2 Kero sene oil Mati ka teel Cattle, buffalo

Mix 100ml oil and 20g of naswar applied topically. 3

Naswar Naswar

3 Water

Pani

Horse

Kept the animal in water for 1 hour the tick should be died. 2

4 English lice shampoo

shampoo Dog, cat

Washed the affected area with shampoo showing. 3

5 Milkey whey Lasi Sheep, goat

Washed the animal with lasi for 2-3 days. 1

6 Fire Aug Cattle, buffalo

Burn the ticks in fire. 5

7 Ghee Dalda ghee Sheep, goat Applied topically showing good result for controlling of ticks. 1

8 Milk Dhood Sheep, goat Affected area should be washed with milk. 1

9 Calcium oxide White choona Cattle, buffalo Should be applied on the animal area. 1

10 Buffaloes urine Phags da mutar Buffalo

Topically applied on the affected area. 1

11

Diesel oil

Diesel oil

Cattle, buffalo Sufficient quantity of diesel oil & petrol mixed and spray on the ticks once all ticks died

6

Petrol Petrol

13 Kerosene oil Mitti da tail Sheep, goat

Spray the kerosene oil on the ticks once all ticks died 3

14 Sump oil Kala tail Cattle, buffalo Sufficient quantity of kale tail applied topically for 1 week 2

17 Stone Pather Cattle, buffalo,

Sheep, goat Removal with the help of stone,

Manual removal & burn. 2

Total entries 33

37 Tympany

109

1 Nasri Nasri Cattle, buffalo Boil 1 kg nasri and 250g Gulkand boil in 1 litre milk administer PO. 2

Total entries 02

38 Wound

1 Khakhar Khakhar Cattle, buffalo 50g khakhar mix in 100g boil oil and sufficient quantity pours on the wound.

1

2 Soda bicarb Meetha soda Sheep, goat Sufficient quantity poured into the wound. 2

Total entries 03

110

4.2. Anthelmintic Activity

4.2. 1. In vitro Anthelmintic Activity

4.2.1.1. Adult Motility Assay

The results of adult motility assay showed that (i) hours taken for mortality of 100% worms (Haemonchus

contortus), and (ii) dose dependent response of worms to different concentration of herbal extracts of plants

individually as well as in combination. Extract of plants in whole combination exhibited highest anthelmintic

activity in a dose dependent manner and all the worms were found dead after 4 hours post-exposure at 100

mg/ml as has been depicted here in table 4.8. Mortality of worms was comparable to that with Levamisole

(reference drug) at 1.50 mg/ml after 2 hours post-exposure. There was no mortality of worms in PBS till 12

hours.

4.2.1.2. Egg Hatch Test

A total of 3 selected plants were tested individually and in combinations for their effects on hatching of

Haemonchus contortus eggs. LC50 and percent hatching of eggs has been shown in table 4.9. All the

selected herbal extracts of plants inhibited egg hatching and thus indicated their anthelmintic ovicidal

effects. A comparison of the LC50 of crude aqueous methanol extracts of different plants revealed that the

combined effect of these three plants (Curcuma longa, Citrullus colocynthis, Peganum harmala) were

found having highest efficacy (LC50= 14.54 ug/ml) where as individual impact of Peganum harmala was

recorded having lowest efficacy (LC50=76.43).

4.2.2. In vivo Anthelmintic Activity

Anthelmintic activity of herbal extract was evaluated using 270 sheep naturally parasitized with

Haemonchus contortus. Fecal egg count reduction in naturally parasitized sheep was the criterion for the

evaluation of anthelmintic activity of herbal extract individually and in combinations. Herbal extracts

exhibited anthelmintic activity in a time and dose-dependent manner. The maximum reduction (98.7%) in

eggs per gram of feces (EPG) was recorded on day 18 post-treatment in sheep treated with combination of

three plants @ 4 g/kg body weight. The reduction in EPG (99.4%) with Levamisole was comparable to that

with herbal extract @ 4 g/kg body weight as has been mentioned in table 4.10.

111

Table 4.8: In vitro effect of herbal extracts on motility of Haemonchus contortus of sheep in comparison with levamisole

Name of Plants Dose concentrations 0 hr 2 hr 4 hr 6 hr 8 hr 10 hr 12 hr

Curcuma longa

3.125 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 2±1.16i 4.33±0.56h 5.67±0.61g

6.25 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 2.33±1.29i 3.7±1.0hi 6.33±1.16ef 6.66±0.91e

12.5 0.0±0.00k 2.32±1.01i 4.7±0.42gh 5.33±1.21ij 7±0.13d 7.6±1.21d 8.67±1.51c

25 0.0±0.00k 4±0.39h 5±0.99g 7±1.36d 7±1.22d 9.33±0.51ab 9.7±1.0ab

50 0.0±0.00k 5.7±1.15g 6.3±1.16ef 7.6±0.54d 9.33±0.57ab 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

100 0.0±0.00k 6.3±0.29ef 7.3±0.57bc 9±0.01b 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

Citrullus colocynthis

3.125 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 2.32±1.04i 3.3±1.0hi 5.7±0.21g 6.3±0.18ef

6.25 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 2.72±.019i 4±1.23h 5±0.52i 6.7±0.99ef 7.7±0.91de

12.5 0.0±0.00k 2.7±1.23i 4.3±0.49h 6.7±0.21ef 7±0.11e 8.3±0.19bc 9±0.14b

25 0.0±0.00k 5.3±1.13ij 6.7±1.42ef 8.3±0.99bc 9±0.12b 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

50 0.0±0.00k 6.3±0.92ef 8±0.71d 9±0.23b 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

100 0.0±0.00k 7.7±0.47cd 8.3±0.82bc 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

Peganum harmala

3.12 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 3.7±0.99hi 5.3±1.92ij 4±1.10h

6.25 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 2±0.78i 2±0.92i 5.3±0.33ij 5.7±1.10ij 7±0.91e

12.5 0.0±0.00k 2±0.99i 4±0.79h 5±0.69g 7.3±0.28de 8±0.91d 8.7±0.92cd

25 0.0±0.00k 4±0.37h 5.3±0.91ij 6.70.19ef 8.7±0.19bc 9.3±0.23ab 10±0.00a

50 0.0±0.00k 6±0.23e 7.3±0.13de 7.7±0.13de 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

100 0.0±0.00k 7±0.23e 7.6±0.17de 8.7±0.13bc 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

Curcuma longa x Citrullus colocynthis

3.12 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 2±1.43i 2.7±0.49i 4.3±0.71gh 6±0.50e 6.7±0.31ef

6.25 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 3.3±0.30hi 4.3±0.19gh 5.7±0.29gh 7.3±0.02de 8.0±0.21d

12.5 0.0±0.00k 3.0±0.08h 4.7±0.12gh 6.7±0.30ef 7.3±0.10de 8.7±0.11bc 9.3±0.21ab

25 0.0±0.00k 5.7±0.91ij 7.0±0.20e 8.7±0.15bc 9.7±0.09ab 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

50 0.0±0.00k 6.7±0.51ef 8.3±0.40cd 9.7±0.02b 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

100 0.0±0.00k 7.7±0.30de 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

Curcuma longa x Peganum harmala

3.12 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 1±0.01j 1±0.02j 3.7±0.41hi 5±0.41g 5.7±0.12hi

6.25 0.0±0.00k 1.3±0.23j 2±0.18i 2.3±0.1i 4.7±0.22gh 6.3±0.50ef 7.3±0.14de

12.5 0.0±0.00k 2.7±0.23i 5±0.12g 5±0.12g 7.0±0.60e 8.0±0.10d 8.7±0.12bc

25 0.0±0.00k 4.3±0.11gh 5.7±0.34hi 7.3±0.01de 8.7±0.10bc 9.10±0.03b 9.7±0.40ab

50 0.0±0.00k 6.3±0.78ef 7±0.42e 7.7±0.31de 9.7±0.02b 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

100 0.0±0.00k 6.7±0.01ef 7.3±0.31de 8.7±0.04cd 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

Citrullus colocynthis x Peganum harmala

3.12 0.0±0.00k 1.7±0.09ij 2±0.222i 2±0.11i 4±0.12gh 5±0.50f 5.3±0.50hi

6.25 0.0±0.00k 2.3±0.23i 2.3±0.21i 2.7±0.15ij 4.7±0.34gh 6±0.40e 7±0.04e

12.5 0.0±0.00k 4.7±0.52gh 5±0.12f 5±0.11f 7±1.03e 7.7±1.02de 8.3±0.01bc

25 0.0±0.00k 6±0.30e 6±0.13e 7±0.20e 8.3±0.12bc 8.7±0.42cd 10±0.00a

50 0.0±0.00k 6.3±0.18ef 6.7±0.21ef 7.3±0.41de 9.3±0.42ab 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

112

100 0.0±0.00k 7±0.10e 7.7±0.50de 8±0.54d 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

Curcuma longa x Citrullus colocynthis x Citrullus colocynthis

3.12 0.0±0.00k 4±0.62h 4.3±0.29gh 6.3±0.19ef 7±0.04e 7±0.30e 7.3±0.60e

6.25 0.0±0.00k 4±0.41h 5±0.23h 7±0.20e 7.7±1.10de 8.3±0.22cd 8.7±0.54bc

12.5 0.0±0.00k 6±0.12e 6.7±0.50ef 8.3±0.32cd 9±0.42b 9.3±0.24ab 10±0.00a

25 0.0±0.00k 9±0.20b 9±0.10b 9.3±0.41ab 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

50 0.0±0.00k 9.3±0.07ab 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

100 0.0±0.00k 9.7±0.04ab 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

PBS Un known 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k 0.0±0.00k

Levamisole 1.5 mg/ml 0.0±0.00k 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a 10±0.00a

1Each treatment group had three replicates each having 10 worms; the values with same superscript in a row do not differ significantly at P ≥ 0.05

113

P1= Curcuma longa; P 2= Citrullus colocynthis; P3= Peganum harmala

Figure 4.1: In vitro effect of crude-aqueous methanolic extracts on survival of Haemonchus contortus

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1.5

mg/

ml

6.25

mg/

ml

25 m

g/m

l

100

mg/

ml

6.25

mg/

ml

25 m

g/m

l

100

mg/

ml

6.25

mg/

ml

25 m

g/m

l

100

mg/

ml

6.25

mg/

ml

25 m

g/m

l

100

mg/

ml

6.25

mg/

ml

25 m

g/m

l

100

mg/

ml

6.25

mg/

ml

25 m

g/m

l

100

mg/

ml

6.25

mg/

ml

25 m

g/m

l

100

mg/

ml

Levmisol P1 P2 P 3 P 1&2 P 1&3 P 2&3 P 1,2 & 3

Mea

n M

orta

lity

Concentrations of Plants

114

Table 4.9: Percent egg hatch and LC50 of crude aqueous methanol extracts of various plants and their different combinations

Plant

CAME/ concentrations µg mL-1

LC50

µg/ml

1.2 12 120 1200 12000

Percent Egg Hatch

Plant 1

82 69 56 30 10 69.7543

Plant 2

71 50 34 16 0 62.5321

Plant 3

76 61 52 26 6 76.4326

P1X2 73 55 44 22 5 46.1243

P1X3 77 63 54 24 7 44.5671

P2X3 70 52 45 18 2 41.7831

P1,2,3 62 48 42 8 0 14.5431

Oxfendazole 60 51 40 6 0 0.0441

Plant 1= Curcuma longa; Plant 2= Citrullus colocynthis; Plant 3= Peganum harmala

115

Table 4.10: In vivo anthelmintic activity of the herbal formulation based reduction in eggs per gram of feces (Mean+SE) in sheep naturally parasitized with gastrointestinal nematodes

P1

Days 1g/kg body

weight 2g/kg body

weight 4g/kg body

weight Levamisole Untreated

0 3065.4±334a 2956.6±319a 2884.2±314a 2926.6±310.9a 2776.6±326a

3 2472.8±311b

19.3%

1883.4±309b

36.3%

1375.8±302b

52.3%

140.4±31.3b

97.%

2771±305a

0.02%

6 2078.04±289.2c

32%

1105.8±287.1c

62.6%

744±281c

74.2%

87.8±28.2c

97%

2768.2±291a

0.3%

9 1888.3±184d

38.4%

822±180d

72.2%

542.2±179.2d

81.2%

52.68±17.4 d

98.2%

2754.4±12a

0.8%

12 1802.5±112e

41.2%

727.3±119.23e

75.4%

450±114.5e

84.4%

29.3±11.9e

99%

2785±109a

-0.3%

15 1741.2±264.2f

43.2%

703.6±259.4f

76.2%

398±261.9f

86.2%

23.42±8.8f

99.2%

2788±267.3a

-0.4%

18 1698.2±97.4f

44.6%

597.2±102.1f

79.8%

357.6±101.3f

87.6%

23.42±4.3f

99.2%

2762.8±97.2a

0.5%

P2

0 3024.2±328.2a 3133.2±321.5a 3064±319a 2926.6±310.9a 2776.6±326a

3 2383±119b

21.2%

1836±111.3b

41.4%

1268.5±131b

58.6%

140.4±31.3b

97.%

2771±305a

0.02%

6 1923.4±217.4c

36.4%

1077.8±213.2c

65.6%

851.8±229.7c

72.2%

87.8±28.2c

97%

2768.2±291a

0.3%

9 1778.2±194.1d

41.2%

714.5±184.3d

77.2%

576±199.6d

81.2%

52.68±17.4 d

98.2%

2754.4±12a

0.8%

12 1615±192.3e

46.6%

495±197.4e

84.2%

232.8±187.4e

92.4%

29.3±11.9e

99%

2785±109a

-0.3%

15 1445.6±51.4f

52.2%

426±52.1f

86.4%

141±57.3f

95.4%

23.42±8.8f

99.2%

2788±267.3a

-0.4%

18 1409.2±27.9f

53.4% 419.8±23.6f6.6%

116.4±21.2f

96.2%

23.42±4.3f

99.2%

2762.8±97.2a

0.5%

P3

0 3144±288.1a 2986±281.9a 2992.4±283.4a 2926.6±310.9a 2776.6±326a

3 2635±39.2b

16.2% 1810.8±41.1b

39.4% 1310.6±40.7b

55.2% 140.4±31.3b

97.%

2771±305a

0.02%

6 2062.5±79.1c

34.4% 1098±72.4c

63.2% 831.8±70.6c

72.2% 87.8±28.2c

97%

2768.2±291a

0.3%

9 1880±123.4d

40.2% 740±111.5d

75.2% 610.4±109.6d

79.6% 52.68±17.4 d

98.2%

2754.4±12a

0.8%

12 1748±161.2e

44.4% 615±154.5e

79.4% 350.1±159.9e

88.2% 29.3±11.9e

99%

2785±109a

-0.3%

15 1628±31.2f 531±37.6f 255±41.3f 23.42±8.8f 2788±267.3a

116

48.2% 82.2% 91.4% 99.2% -0.4%

18 1616±164.6f

48.6% 495.6±167.9f

83.4% 233.4±1581.7f

92.2% 23.42±4.3f

99.2%

2762.8±97.2a

0.5%

P1×2

0 2926±213.7a 3124.2±219.1a 3182.2±217.2a 2926.6±310.9a 2776.6±326a

3 2247±144.4b

23.2%

2118.2±142.3b

32.2%

1463.8±149.1b

54%

140.4±31.3b

97.%

2771±305a

0.02%

6 1948.8±129.7c

33.4%

1112.2±121.4c

64.4%

852.8±134.2c

73.2%

87.8±28.2c

97%

2768.2±291a

0.3%

9 1767.3±111.2d

39.6%

806±112.9d

74.2%

655.5±119.7d

79.4%

52.68±17.4 d

98.2%

2754.4±12a

0.8%

12 1632.7±11.2e

44.2%

643.6±9.8e

79.4%

375.5±13.6e

88.2%

29.3±11.9e

99%

2785±109a

-0.3%

15 1509.8±121.6f

48.4%

543.6±127.5f

82.6%

273.7±131.8f

91.4%

23.42±8.8f

99.2%

2788±267.3a

-0.4%

18 1486.4±41.4f

49.2%

518.6±39.5f

83.4%

216.4±37.2f

93.2%

23.42±4.3f

99.2%

2762.8±97.2a

0.5%

P1×3

0 3663.6±14.6a 3514±12.9a 3581.4±11.7a 2926.6±310.9a 2776.6±326a

3 2857.8±111.4b

21.4%

2164.6±117.5b

38.4%

1626±121.1b

54.6%

140.4±31.3b

97.%

2771±305a

0.02%

6 2428.8±29.6c

33.2%

1258±31.7c

64.2%

702±22.8c

80.4%

87.8±28.2c

97%

2768.2±291a

0.3%

9 2196.2±41.4d

39.6%

899.6±46.6d

74.4%

494.2±49.9d

86.2%

52.68±17.4 d

98.2%

2754.4±12a

0.8%

12 2101.6±119.5e

42.2%

695.8±116.9e

80.2%

379.6±110.7e

89.4%

29.3±11.9e

99%

2785±109a

-0.3%

15 1985.3±101.9f

45.4%

653.6±112.2f

81.4%

315.2±107.5f

91.2%

23.42±8.8f

99.2%

2788±267.3a

-0.4%

18 1956.2±12.9f

46.2%

618.5±11.7f

82.4%

301±10.4f

91.6%

23.42±4.3f

99.2%

2762.8±97.2a

0.5%

P2×3

0 2340.8±121.3a 2486.2±1271.7a 2491±129.6a 2926.6±310.9a 2776.6±326a

3 1774.3±112.7b

24.2%

1531.4±123.8b

38.4%

1131±111.3b

54.6%

140.4±31.3b

97.%

2771±305a

0.02%

6 1499.2±45.4c

36.2%

666.3±41.7c

73.2%

687.5±42.9c

72.4%

87.8±28.2c

97%

2768.2±291a

0.3%

9 1395±111.4d

40.4%

586.7±118.2d

76.4%

493.2±122.5d

80.2%

52.68±17.4 d

98.2%

2754.4±12a

0.8%

12 1282.8±125.1e

45.2%

392.8±135.2e

84.2%

164.4±129.2e

96.4%

29.3±11.9e

99%

2785±109a

-0.3%

15 1156.4±109.2f

50.6%

313.3±103.4f

87.4%

89.7±107.8f

96.4%

23.42±8.8f

99.2%

2788±267.3a

-0.4%

117

Each group had ten sheep; PT= Post-treatment; Values with different superscripts in a column differ significantly

(P ≥ 0.05), Plant 1= Curcuma longa; Plant 2= Citrullus colocynthis; Plant 3= Peganum harmala

18 111.9±11.9f

52.2%

288.4±12.1f

88.4%

69.7±13.5f

97.2%

23.42±4.3f

99.2%

2762.8±97.2a

0.5%

P1×2×3

0 2674.4±211.4a 2714.4±209.2a 2781±219.1a 2926.6±310.9a 2776.6±326a

3 2027.1±12.9b

24.2%

1514.6±17.2b

44.2%

1079±19.3b

61.2%

140.4±31.3b

97.%

2771±305a

0.02%

6 1620.6±145.9c

39.4%

912±139.5c

66.4%

656.2±131.4c

76.4%

87.8±28.2c

97%

2768.2±291a

0.3%

9 1385.3±91.3d

48.2%

564.5±89.2d

79.2%

383.8±88.1d

86.2%

52.68±17.4 d

98.2%

2754.4±12a

0.8%

12 1219.5±82.7e

54.4%

369.1±79.2e

86.4%

133.4±74.3e

95.2%

29.3±11.9e

99%

2785±109a

-0.3%

15 1133.9±179.3f

57.6%

255.1±168.6f

90.6%

50±168.7f

98.2%

23.42±8.8f

99.2%

2788±267.3a

-0.4%

18 1118±19.6f

58.2%

206.2±17.4f

92.4%

38.8±10.8f

98.6%

23.42±4.3f

99.2%

2762.8±97.2a

0.5%

118

Figure 4.2: Anthelmintic activity of various concentrations of plants (P1= Curcuma longa;

P2= Citrullus colocynthis; P3= Peganum harmala)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Egg

per

gra

m o

f fa

eces

Treatments

2g 4g 1g

119

4.2. Anti-Tick Activity

Anti-tick activity was exhibited by the selected prepared herbal formulations used in this

experiment. A dose dependent anti-tick effect was observed in all the tests carried out in this

study. There was increasing mortality of tick larvae with increasing concentrations of herbal

extracts as opposed to no or very less mortality in the control group. Control group mortality is

less than 1%. There was a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the number of ticks exposed to

50mg/ml herbal extract compared with control. The combination of three selected plants

(Curcuma longa, Citrullus colocynthis and Peganum harmala) at dose rate of 50 mg/ml showed

the highest mortality100% where individual application of Peganum harmala @ 3.125 showed

the minimum mortality percentage. The detailed result of various dose concentrations of

different plants individually as well as in combination has been depicted in graph 4.3). For

evaluating the acaricidal activity of plant crude extracts (CEs) against R. microplus, a new

modification of larval immersion test, syringe test, was first standardized using commercial

acaricides. After standardization of syringe test, preliminary screening of plant CEs was done

against R. microplus by using at least five different concentrations of each CE. Initial screening

of CE gives an idea about range of activity of CE against R. microplus. Plant extracts, which

showed promising acaricidal effect against R. microplus were selected for evaluation of

acaricidal activity, following standard procedures i.e. bioassay for each plant was repeated at

least for three times. At the end of this study, acaricidal effect of three plant extracts was

evaluated against R. microplus. Out of total screened 113 plants in the study area three plant

extracts/products were evaluated for their acaricidal activity against R. microplus. All of these

plant extracts showed good results and were applied in combination also during the first phase of

the screening process. Acaricidal activity of each plant was evaluated at two different exposure

times (time-mortality experiment) i.e. 24 h post exposure and 6 day post exposure. The highest

activity was recorded at 6th day after application in case of three plants combination at the dose

rate of 50mg/ml, whereas, lowest acaricidal efficacy was observed at 24 hours with the dose rate

of 3.125 mg/ml in case of individual effect of Peganum harmala.

120

P1= Curcuma longa; P2= Citrullus colocynthis and P3= Peganum harmala, Dose concentrations (mg/ml) = 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 (shown in the legend)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

24 hrs 6thDay

24 hrs 6thDay

24 hrs 6thDay

24 hrs 6thDay

24 hrs 6thDay

24 hrs 6thDay

24 hrs 6thDay

P1 P2 P3 P1&2 P1&3 P2&3 P1,2&3

Mor

tali

ty (

%)

of t

ick

s

Plants

Graph 4.3 : Acaricidal efficacy of various dose concentrations of different plant extracts collected from district Jhang

50 25 12.5 6.25 3.125

121

Graph 4.4: Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. microplus submitted tosyringe test (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longawhole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

Pro

bit

Mor

talit

y (%

)

Concentrations of plant Concentrations of plant

A B

122

Concentrations of plant

Graph 4.5: Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. microplus submitted to syringetest (larval immersion test) with aqueous ethanol extract of Peganum harmala whole plant,diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

Concentrations of plant

Graph 4.6: Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringetest (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longa and Citrulluscolocynthis whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

Graph 4.7: Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringetest (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longa and Peganumharmala whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

Pro

bit

Mor

talit

y (%

)

Concentration of plant

A B

Pro

bit

Mor

talit

y (%

)

Concentrations of plant

A B

Pro

bit

Mor

tali

ty (

%)

Concentrations of plantConcentrations of plant

A B

123

Concentrations of plant

Concentrations of plantConcentrations of plant

Graph 4.8: Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringetest (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis and Peganum harmala whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

Pro

bit

Mor

talit

y (%

)

A B

Graph 4.10: Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringetest (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis whole plant,

Pro

bit

Mor

talit

y (%

)

C t ti f l tConcentrations of plant

A B

Concentrations of plant Concentrations of plant

Graph 4.9: Probit mortality x log concentration plot from R. Microplus submitted to syringetest (larval immersion test) with aqueous methanol extract of Curcuma longa ,Citrulluscolocynthis and Peganum harmala whole plant, diluted in 0.2% Triton X-100

A B Pro

bit

Mor

talit

y (%

)

124

4.2. Anticoccidial Activity

Three hundred experimental chicks were divided into ten groups comprising of 30 chicks in each

group infected and treated orsally on day 12 of their age. Treatment continued up to 19th day of

the age of chicks and the parameters used for evaluation of anticoccidial activity included were

body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), fecal oocyst count, lesion

scoring, oocyst scoring, feacal scoring, and survival percentage of chicks. Experiment was

pursued for 33 days.

4.2.1. Body weight gain

Five chicks from each experimental group were weighed on day 19, 26 and 33 of their age.

Among treated groups, maximum weight gain (1072.4 g) was recorded in chicks treated with

combination of the herbal extract (HE.) @ 6 g/chick of three plants followed in decreasing order

by chicks treated with amprolium @125ppm (1058.2 g), while individual effect of Peganum

harmala was found having lowest (371.4 g) weight gain @ 2 g/chick on day 19 of their age.

Infected untreated chicks gained lesser weight (327.8 g) than uninfected untreated chicks (432.2

g). Results revealed that weekly weight gain was higher up to 3rd week, which decreased

gradually in the 4th and 5th weeks mentioned in graph 4.9. Highest FCR (1.96) values were

recorded in case of infected unmedicated at the 3rd week of age, whereas, lowest value was

observed at the combined effect of three plants (1.51) 4th week of age used in this study. The

detailed weight gain and FCR of the individual as well as combined herbal extracts has been

mentioned below in the Table 4.11.

125

Graph 4.11: Body weight gained of chicks at different weeks

Table 4.11: Feed conversion ratio in artificially Eimeria tenella infected chicks with different doses of

Herbal extracts compared with control at different weeks of age

Plant 1

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 667.1 381.2 1.75

4 g herbal extract /bird 675 404.2 1.67

6 g herbal extract /bird 709.45 446.2 1.59

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1266.8 782 1.62

4 g herbal extract /bird 1280.4 820.8 1.56

6 g herbal extract /bird 1291.4 849.6 1.52

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1667.02 969.2 1.72

4 g herbal extract /bird 1683.13 1032.6 1.63

1.7 1.621.561.651.581.56

1.741.65

1.561.68 1.6 1.55

1.741.651.57

1.711.621.581.621.571.54

00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82

050

100150200250300350400450500

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

P1 P2 P3 P 1,2 P 1,3 P 2,3 P 1,2,3

FC

R

Mea

n W

t. g

ain

Concentrations of Plants

12-19 days 19-26 days 26-33 days FCR (g/g)

126

6 g herbal extract /bird 1688.07 1068.4 1.58

Plant 2

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 643.62 378.6 1.7

4 g herbal extract /bird 655.12 404.4 1.62

6 g herbal extract /bird 704.05 442.8 1.59

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1220.07 772.2 1.58

4 g herbal extract /bird 1249.24 811.2 1.54

6 g herbal extract /bird 1293.82 851.2 1.52

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1596.92 962 1.66

4 g herbal extract /bird 1614.76 1022 1.58

6 g herbal extract /bird 1671.38 1071.4 1.56

Plants 3

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 672.95 371.8 1.81

4 g herbal extract /bird 674.76 394.6 1.71

6 g herbal extract /bird 691.65 429.6 1.61

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1283.22 768.4 1.67

4 g herbal extract /bird 1299.2 812 1.6

6 g herbal extract /bird 1297.09 859 1.51

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1680.35 960.2 1.75

4 g herbal extract /bird 1684.65 1021 1.64

6 g herbal extract /bird 1669.22 1063.2 1.57

Plants 1,2

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 660.7 375.2 1.76

4 g herbal extract /bird 677.6 408.2 1.66

6 g herbal extract /bird 704.3 448.6 1.57

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1250 776.4 1.61

127

4 g herbal extract /bird 1258.5 817.2 1.54

6 g herbal extract /bird 1286.52 846.4 1.52

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1621.53 965.2 1.68

4 g herbal extract /bird 1638 1030.2 1.59

6 g herbal extract /bird 1660.77 1064.6 1.56

Plants,1,3

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 686.5 377.2 1.82

4 g herbal extract /bird 695.2 404.2 1.72

6 g herbal extract /bird 697.45 433.2 1.61

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1278.21 779.4 1.64

4 g herbal extract /bird 1287.38 814.8 1.58

6 g herbal extract /bird 1290.09 843.2 1.53

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1691.9 966.8 1.75

4 g herbal extract /bird 1693.56 1026.4 1.65

6 g herbal extract /bird 1677.07 1068.2 1.57

Plant 2,3

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 668.92 375.8 1.78

4 g herbal extract /bird 669 398.2 1.68

6 g herbal extract /bird 701.96 436 1.61

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1275.5 768.4 1.66

4 g herbal extract /bird 1283.8 807.4 1.59

6 g herbal extract /bird 1287.7 830.8 1.55

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1622.4 960 1.69

4 g herbal extract /bird 1630.7 1019.2 1.6

6 g herbal extract /bird 1664.51 1060.2 1.57

Plants 1,2 ,3

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

128

2 g herbal extract /bird 658.89 392.2 1.68

4 g herbal extract /bird 662.08 413.8 1.6

6 g herbal extract /bird 711.98 456.4 1.56

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1228.03 787.2 1.56

4 g herbal extract /bird 1261.02 824.2 1.53

6 g herbal extract /bird 1290.44 854.6 1.51

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

2 g herbal extract /bird 1601.3 982.4 1.63

4 g herbal extract /bird 1639.4 1037.6 1.58

6 g herbal extract /bird 1672.09 1072.4 1.56

Control Groups

Treatments Feed consumption Final weight gain FCR (g/g)

3rd week of age 12-19 days 19 days

infected unmedicated control 642.52 327.8 1.96

uninfected unmedicated 700.16 432.2 1.62

medicated groups Amprolium 706.27 444.2 1.59

4th week of age 19-26 days 26 days

infected unmedicated control 1149.29 624.6 1.84

uninfected unmedicated 1278.8 830.4 1.54

medicated groups Amprolium 1288.65 847.8 1.52

5th week of age 26-33 days 33 days

infected unmedicated control 1397.59 743.4 1.88

uninfected unmedicated 1657.73 1042.6 1.59

medicated groups Amprolium 1661.37 1058.2 1.57

* Statistical analysis was not possible because of group feeding of chicks

129

4.2.3. Fecal oocyst counting

Herbal extract exhibited anticoccidial activity in a dose dependent manner as evident from the

oocysts counts in medicated and control chicks. The maximum oocysts counts (46.04 x 103/g of

droppings) were recorded on day 6 post-inoculation of 75000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella

in infected unmedicated chicks; whereas, the minimum value (12.65 x 103/g of droppings) was

recorded in chicks treated with combined herbal extract of three plants @ 6 g/chick. The oocyst

counts (16.2 x 103/g of droppings) in chicks treated with amprolium were comparable to that with

the herbal extract @ 6 g/chick body weight. The individual as well as combined effect of herbal

extracts over feacal oocyst count has been depicted in graph in 4.12.

130

Graph 4.12: Effect of medication on fecal oocyst counts in chicks artificially infected with

Eimeria tenella compared with positive and negative controls

Values are the means of nine chicks, i.e., three chicks from each replicate of a group; Means

sharing similar superscripts within a column do not differ (P<0.05).

31.33

24

15.4

27.45

21.29

14.36

35.26

25.94

16.23

28.87

22.25

15.04

32.94

23.07

13.86

30.11

23.91

15.52

26.01

21.73

12.65

46.04

0

16.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2 g herbal ext

ract /bird

4 g herbal ext

ract / bird

6 g herbal ext

ract / bird

2 g herbal ext

ract /bird

4 g herbal ext

ract / bird

6 g herbal ext

ract / bird

2 g herbal ext

ract /bird

4 g herbal ext

ract / bird

6 g herbal ext

ract / bird

2 g herbal ext

ract /bird

4 g herbal ext

ract / bird

6 g herbal ext

ract / bird plant 1x3

2 g herbal ext

ract /bird

4 g herbal ext

ract / bird

6 g herbal ext

ract / bird

2 g herbal ext

ract /bird

4 g herbal ext

ract / bird

6 g herbal ext

ract / bird

2 g herbal ext

ract /bird

4 g herbal ext

ract / bird

6 g herbal ext

ract / bird

infected un m

edicated contr

oluninfec

ted unmedicate

dampro

lium medicate

d control

plant 1 plant 2 plant 3 plant 1x2 plant 1x3 plant 2x3 plant 1x2x3

Mea

nO

ocys

tCou

nt

Dose Concentrations

131

4.2.4. Oocyst and Lesion scoring

Five birds of each sub group were randomly selected and sacrificed after 7 days post-inoculation

of the challenge dose of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella for oocyst and lesion scoring.

Microscopic examination of scrapings of caecal mucosa on day 7 post-inoculation revealed

maximum number (>100 oocysts/field) of oocysts in infected unmedicated chicks; whereas,

minimum values (1-10 oocysts/field) were recorded in chicks treated with herbal extract @ 6

g/chick and amprolium ( Graph 4.13). The pattern of efficacy of different treatments was similar

to that of oocyst counts in droppings.

Similarly, five birds of each sub group were randomly selected and sacrificed after 7 days post-

inoculation of the challenge dose of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella for lesion scoring.

Maximum lesion scoring was recorded in infected unmedicated group; whereas, minimum values

were recorded in chicks treated with combined herbal extract (1, 2 & 3) @ 6 g/chick and

amprolium. The pattern of efficacy of different treatments was similar to that of oocyst counts in

droppings and oocyst scores in caecal mucosa.

132

Table 4.13: Effect of herbal extract on oocyst score and lesion score in chicks artificially

infected with Eimeria tenella compared with positive and negative controls

Oocyst score values are average of five chicks at day 7 post-inoculation; 0= No oocysts; +1= 1-10 oocysts /field; +2= 11-20 oocysts /field; +3= 21-50 oocysts /field; +4= 51-100 oocysts /field; +5= >100 oocysts /field

Lesion score values are average of five chicks at day 7 post-inoculation; 0= No lesion; +1= Mild lesions; +2= Moderate lesions; +3= Severe lesions; +4= Very severe lesions

2.5

1.751.5

1.751.5

1.25

2.252 2

2.25

1.751.5 1.5

2

1.5

0.751 1

0.751

1

4

1.25

0

2.252

1.5

2

1.51.25

2 21.75

21.75

1.5

2

1.51.25

1.51.25

1

1.51.25

1

4.75

1.25

0 00.511.522.533.544.55

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g

infe

cted

Impr

oliu

m

Unm

edic

ated

P1 P2 P3 P1,2 P1,3 P2,3 P1,2,3

Scor

e of

Fae

cal

Seve

rity

of l

esio

n

Dose Concentrations of Plants

lesion score faecal score

133

4.2.5. Faecal Scoring

All the infected chicks passed dropping containing blood from the 3rd-7 day of infection.

Severity of faecal score was the maximum on day 4 post-infection. Faecal score in the treated

groups was significantly low in severity from the infected non-treated group. Higher doses of

plant extracts and amprolium efficiently controlled bloody diarrhea as have been depicted in

the graph 4.14).

Means sharing similar superscripts with in a column do not differ (P< 0.05); severity of bloody diarrhea has been scored from 0 to 4. The normal status was represented by 0 while 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicate 25, 26 to 50, 51 to 75, or over 75 % blood in total feces, respectively

1.81.44

1.08

1.521.28

0.92

2.041.68

1.361.6

1.4

0.96

1.81.56

1.28

1.841.44

1.12

1.68

1.20.8

3.45

0

1.2

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

2 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /b

ird

4 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird

6 g

herb

al e

xtra

ct /

bird 0 0

Rec

omen

ded

Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3 Plant 1x2 Plant 1x3 Plant 2x3 Plant 1x2x3 IN NNAmp

Fae

cal s

core

Doses of Plants

134

4.2.6. Survival percentage of chicks

Maximum mortality (n=9) was recorded in the infected non medicated in chicks followed by

those treated with herbal extract of Peganum harmala (individual) and mixture 2 (n=5). There

was no mortality in non-infected non-medicated in chicks. Thus, highest survival percentage

(100%) was recorded in uninfected untreated chicks followed in decreasing order by chicks

treated with combined herbal extract (mixture 4) and Amprolium (96.67%) and lowest in

individual effect of Peganum harmala (83.33%). Detail of the results has been shown in Table

4.12

Table 4.12: Survival percentage of chicks artificially infected with Eimeria tenella treated with

different doses of herbal extract compared with positive and negative controls

Groups Mortality Days post inoculation

3 4 5 6 7

Total Mortality

Mortality %age

Survival %age

P1 – 3 1 - - 4 15.25 87.54

P2 – 2 - – – 2 6.67 93.33

P3 – 3 2 – – 5 16.67 83.33

P 1x2 – 2 1 - - 3 10 90

P1x3 – 3 2 – – 5 16.67 83.33

P2x3 – 2 1 – – 3 10 90

P1x2x3 - 1 - - - 1 3.33 96.67

IM – 1 – – 1 3.33 96.67

IN – 5 4 – – 9 30 70

NN – 0 0 – – 0 0% 100%

P1= Curcuma longa; P2= Citrullus colocynthis; P3= Peganum harmala; IM= infected medicated; IN=infected non-medicated; NN=Non-infected non-medicated

135

Chapter # 5

DISCUSSION

Study motivation

The following facts were the base of this study:

1. Livestock has to face the problem of parasitism in developing and under developing

countries like Pakistan, which is responsible for lowering the productivity (Ahmed et al.,

2007). Among these, tick infestation (Iqbal et al., 2013), helminthiasis (Sajid et al., 1999)

and avian coccidiosis (Khan et al., 2006) are the most devastating problems of animal

production.

2. Implication of synthetic drugs in veterinary pracices is fronting encounters due to their

high costs (Rodriguez-Vivas et al., 2006), toxicity (Graff et al., 2004), mixing of drug

metabolites in animal produts like milk and meat (Tarbin et al., 2006) and resistance of

acaricide (Miller et al., 2007), anthelmintics (Van Wyk et al., 1997) and anti-coccidial

(Williams, 2006). Situation of resistance to synthetic drugs in Pakistan is not different

from that in the other parts of world (Saeed et al., 2007; Abbas et al., 2008).

3. History about outmoded use of plants in veterinary medicine has been well documented

through out the world (Schillhorn, 1997). The current challenges faced by the synthetic

drugs have led to the invigorated concern of veterinarians and animal health workers in

ethno-veterinary medicine mainly comprising of plants. The revival of interest in plants

has also influenced trends in diseases control researches in Pakistan leading to

documentation (Farooq et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2008) and application of ethno-

botanicals in local treatment by using standard parasitological procedures (Iqbal et al.,

2010; Abbas et al., 2010; Sindhu et al., 2010).

136

5.1. Appraisal of herbal preparation

In the backdrop above, the combined extracts of Rhizome of Curcuma longa, fruit of

Citrullus colocynthis and seed of Peganum harmala were found gifted. The plants included in

this study were selected on the basis of their reported anthelmintic, acaricidal and anticoccidial

activities, frequency of usage in traditional veterinary medicine, availability convenience and

cost of treatment.

Curcuma longa (Haldi) is one of the commonly grown indigenous herb in farmer’s fields

and backyards in Pakistan. It is an extensively studied medicinal plant throughout the world (e.g.,

Steinhauer, 1994). It possesses a wide range of biologically active compounds and have been

evaluated for various activities like anthelmintic (Jhon et al., 2009; Singh et al., 2011),

insecticidal (Jbilou et al., 2006), antibacterial (Kim et al., 2005), antifungal, and antiflamatory

activity (Apisariyakul et al., 1995; Yoshioka et al., 1998; Neogi et al., 1999; Majumdar et al.,

2000), anticoccidial (Abbas et al., 2010).

Citrullus colocynthis (Tumma) a desert shrub of family cucurbitaceae is extensively scattered in

the tropics of Asia and Africa. The colocynth plant is a native of arid soils. It has a large, fleshy perennial

root, which sends out slender, tough, angular, scabrid vine-like stems. These usually lie on the ground for

want of something to climb over, but which, if opportunity present, climb over shrubs and herbs by means

of axiliary branching tendrils. In Pakistan, it is wildly grown and available almost everywhere in

roadsides, canal banks and rangelands. It has variety of anthelmintic (Azizi et al., 2012 and Talole et al.,

2013), acaricidal (Gengaihi et al., 2000) and anti-coccidial (Marzouk et al., 2011; Baloch et al., 2013)

activities round the globe.

Peganum harmala (Zygophylaceae) is a medicinal herb with a long history of folkloristic use in

Iran. Antimicrobial (Harsh and Nag, 1984; Arshad et al., 2008a), antifungal (el Bahri and Chemli, 1991),

antiprotozoal (Arshad et al., 2008), anticancer (al-Allaf et al., 1999; Lamchouri et al., 1999) and anti-

microbial (Asgarpanah et al., 2012) effects of P. harmala extract have been reported. Also, the inhibitory

effects of P hermala seeds extract and its beta-carboline alkaloids on human DNA topoisomerase have

been previously shown (Sobhani et al., 2002). In vitro antileishmanial activity of P harmala seeds extract

against L. major promastigotes has been previously reported (Mirzaie et al., 2007, Yousefi et al., 2009).

137

Documentation of ethno-veterinary practices

Salient findings of the study on ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) documentation revealed that (i)

The total number of EVM practices reported by the respondents, remedies for parasitic infestation had the

maximum contribution (≈60%), (ii) 113 plants were documented for their use in EVM practices in Jhang

(Punjab, Pakistan) indicating an important role of plants in the treatment of different diseases of livestock,

(iii) there was wide diversity in usage and in combination of different plants for the treatment of different

diseases, and (iv) there was wide variation in the dose, vehicle, form of plant used, mode of preparation

and administration/ application for the use of plants even among the EVM practices for the same

disease/condition. In this study a total of 606 ethno veterinary practices comprising of 445 based on plant

usage and 161 based on other than plant, chemical and other organic matter were documented. A total of

113 plants species representing 54 families were documented to treat the different livestock diseases.

Among the various reported diseases, haemoglobion urea was the most frequently reported by the

respondents in order followed by diarrhoea, foot and mouth disease (FMD), mange, calcium deficiency,

mastitis, colic, enterotoxaemia, ticks infestation, helminthiasis, prolaps, rheumatic fever, fly infestation,

milk fever, newcastle disease, retention of foetal membrane, nasal discharge, haemoraghic septicemia,

lice infestation, an estrous, laminitis, strangles, fleas, lactolith, panting, canine distemper, indigestion,

paralysis, allergy, uterus pus, loss of appetite, tympany, crop bound condition, teat stricture, myiasis,

rheumatism, tail necrosis and gangrene, black quarter, fibrosis, wound, cough, string hault, pneumonia,

sheep pox and gid. Results revealed that number of EVM remedies were not essentially consistent with

the number of entries of different diseases documented in the study. It was, however, interestingly noted

that all the diseases of livestock documented in the area had one or more than one remedies prescribed by

the traditional healers or self medicated by the farmers. Haemoglobin urea and parasitic diarrhoea were

the most frequently reported diseases in the study area. Haemoglobin urea was treated using the

maximum variety of traditional remedies/plants, followed by parasitic diarrhoea. It is evident from the

data that most of the diseases were due to poor management and nutritional deficiencies, which was

typical of the orthodox rural culture.

EVM has evolved through observation, trial and error, perfecting the techniques based on the

experiences gathered through experimentation and handling the resulting information down from one

generation to the next (McCorkle, 1995).

EVM mainly depends on the local knowledge of the people and this system of treatment/cure is

commonly referred as “unani, folk, eastern or indigenous” medicines. Therefore, the materials used in

such indigenous medicinal systems are indigenous to the area and therefore, have large variation from one

region to the other. In the current study, of the 113 plants documented for their use in EVM, most of them

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were indigenous to the area. The top 10 most frequently reported plants were: Brassica rapa L. subsp.

oleifera (DC.) Metzg, Allium cepa L, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Capsicum annuum L, Trachyspermum

ammi (L) Sprague ex Turrill, Allium sativum L, Citrullus colocynthis(L) Schrad, Capsicum frutescens L,

Eruca vesicaria (L) Cav, Amomum subulatum. Maximum usage was recorded for Brassica rapa oleifera,

Metzg used in 21 different livestock diseases followed by Allium cepa, Azadirachta indica, Capsicum

annuum, Trachyspermum ammi, Sprague ex Turrill, Allium sativum, Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad,

Capsicum frutescens, Eruca vesicaria, Cav, Amomum subulatum were used in 20, 13, 12, 11, 11, 10, 10,

10, 09 different livestock diseases respectively. Out of total 606 remedies were used for the treatment

included; allergy (n=16), estrous (n=29), black quarter (n=8), calcium deficiency (n=48), canine

distemper (n=8), colic (n=8), Cough (n=02), crop bound condition (n=05), diarrhoea (n=42),

enterotoxaemia (n=29), fibrosis (n=03), fleas (n=06), fly infestation (n=11), foot and mouth disease

(n=25), gid (n=01), haemoglobion urea (n=53), haemoraghic septicemia (n=16), helminthiasis (n=28),

indigestion (n=08), lactolith (n=08), laminitis (n=06), infestation (n=10), loss of appetite (n=02), mange

(n=29), mastitis (n=46), milk fever (n=11), myiasis (n=04), nasal discharge (n=09), newcastle disease

(n=14), panting (n=15), paralysis (n=05), pneumonia (n=02), prolaps (n=22), retention of foetal

membrane (n=02), rheumatic fever (n=20), rheumatism (n=04), sheep pox (n=02), strangles (n=10), string

hault (n=03), tail necrosis (n=05), gangrene (n=02), teat stricture (n=02), tick infestation (n=28), tympany

(n=04), uterus pus (n=02), and for Wound (n=03). Maximum usage of seeds, fruit and leaves of plants in

traditional phytomedicine has been reported since centuries and it may be attributed to the convenient

availability of these parts as household items and empirical evidence of their efficacy.

The documented plants represented 55 Families , Poaceae was the most represented family by

plants 9 followed by Papilionaceae eight plants, Apiaceae and Solanaceae (each by six plants),

Brassicaceae, Rosaceae and Zingiberaceae (each by five plants), Mimosaceae, Moraceae and Rutaceae

(each by four plants), Asteraceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Myrtaceae (each by three plants), Alliaceae,

Chenopdiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Meliaceae, Oleaceae and Salvadoraceae (each by two plants)

and Anacardiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Burseraceae, Capparidaceae, Combretaceae,

Convolvulaceae, Cupressaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Lauraceae, Liliaceae, Linaceae,

Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Musaceae, Myristicaceae, Myrsinaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Papaveraceae,

Pedaliaceae, Piperaceae, Polygonaceae, Punicaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Salvadoraceae, Theaceae,

Verbenaceae, Violaceae, Vitaceae and Zygophyllaceae (each by one plant). There was maximum usage of

seeds (n=194) followed by leaves (n=147), fruit (n=141), oil (n=83), bulb (n=77), flowers (n=23), stem

(n=21), root (n=15), bark (n=10), whole plant (n=06), resin (n=05) and arial parts (n=1). Use of similar

plants to cure both animal and human diseases is also common practice in traditional medicine elsewhere

(Al-Allaf et al., 1999; Asgarpanah et al., 2012). Some of the plants documented here, were found having

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other uses in the community like use in human medicine, or as food, while others were used as firewood.

Generally, efforts aimed at conserving plants may be improved if the species selected for conservation

have many different uses, as multiple uses may motivate people to conserve species (Aguilar and Condit,

2001; Etkin, 2002). Multiple actions of plants may be rationalized on the basis of hypothesis that various

plants have efficacy against more than one conditions. For example, use of Curcuma longa in anestrus,

colic, constipation, indigestion, tympany and worm infestation (Kim et al., 2005; Jbilou et al., 2006). This

suggests that a wide variety of chemicals are present in this palnt.

Jaggery, milk and gulkund and diesel oil were the most frequently used vehicles/adjuncts in the

treatment of different ailments in animals other than plants. Jaggery and milk are the proven energizers

and deisel oil is effectively used in ectoparasitic infestation (tick, mite, fleas, flies and lice) indicating

their refreshing/tonic effects. Mode of preparation and administration of different recipes documented in

this study are also typical of using traditional medicine as a convenient medicine. As stated by Schillhorn

van Veen (1997), most of the history of animal husbandry, farmers and herders has relied on empirically

derived practices in management and health. Veterinary medicine as practiced today has its origin in

traditional medicine as practiced in dawn of time in China, India and the Middle East. King Hammurabi

of Babylon was the man who designed various laws concerning the fees that veterinarians could charge

for treatment of animal near 1800 B.C. Early Buddhist Indian society already worshipped cattle and other

animals and animal health was mentioned in the Rock Edict II of King Ashoka (269-232 BC). It is

therefore, suggested that animal hospitals were shaped during his supremacy (Lodrick, 1981). Latter on,

China, Egypt and Arab countries developed veterinary centres.

At this time, the fast disappearing of old age peoples were the most experienced custodians of

EVM knowledge in our country. Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants was declining due to the loss

of the octogenarians who die with their knowledge of medicinal plants un-recorded (Cox, 2000). On the

basis of deep conservational knowledge of their bionetwork, local herdsmen were self-made

ethnobotanists who can name virtually every plant found on their land. The ethno diagnostic skills

allowed the people to couple livestock diseases to herbal remedies leading to the development of a

reliable traditional bioprospecting system. There is no need of scientific analysis traditional

bioprospecting but the aboriginal knowledge of a community, which leads to a new plant grounding

development by confined communities.

Crude extracts of plants have the potentional actions like the synthetic drugs with some variability

in dose concentration.This variation could be due to the factors including; place, time of plant collection,

storage methods and season of the year (Ibrahim, 1996). Moreover, Ibrahim reported (1996) used that

these crude products are biotransformed more readily in vivo than were repeated commercial drugs. It

may be due the fact that drugs were given `to effect' (Ibrahim, 1996), to achieve clinical improvement

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rather than ample discharge of the causative agent. However, for anti-parasiticals, key defendants

expected to see the parasites limitized in the faeces (Lans, 2000).

Use of plants alone or in combination is well practiced by herdsmen as advised complex

chemical interactions among constituents of a single plant and with mixtures of plants may, presents

various parasitic activies. When some plants mixed together they may have synergetic effects or

antagonistic effects based on the availability of bioactive compounds. The active ingredients of most of

the ethnobotanicals have not yet explored.

In particular, bovines were found more prone to wounds due to continuous exposure of

ectoparasites in the field during the summer months. Treatments are prepared to apply on the animal’s

hide for this purpose. Parasitic diarrhoea was quite widespread among animals due to unbalanced

nutrition, hygienic norms or over parasitic egg burdened fodder in the field.

Use of material other than plants like sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride

and gulkand. Use of such materials were also recorded elsewhere, such as the use of soap by herders in

Nigeria (Alawa et al., 2003); motor oil in Kenya (Heffernan et al., 1996); or , iron rust and sulphur in

Thailand (Mathias-Mundy and McCorkle, 1989).

Some of the reported practices have been validated on scientific basis for their use among

ruminants. These include Zingiber officinale (Iqbal et al., 2001b), Mallotus philippinensis (Akhtar and

Ahmad, 1992), Azadirachta indica (Costa et al., 2008), and Nicotiana tabacum (Iqbal et al., 2006a) for

their anthelmintic activity, and Azadirachta indica (Abdel-Shafy and Zayed, 2002) for its acaricidal

effects. Majority of the respondents are satisfied and yet modern medicine is gradually becoming part of

the animal health coverage with the establishment of veterinary hospitals and due to a steady loss of the

plants used in traditional veterinary practices (Gueye, 1997). Some of the reports about quackery practices

have alos been well documented in the world (Bowman, 2006; Njorogue and Bussmann, 2006).

Recently, there is report about the ethnobotanicals (Jabbar et al., 2006) used as anthelmintics in

Muzaffar Garh (Pakistan) located about 200 km away from the present study area (Jhang). Variations in

the animal health practices for different diseases are well reported in the literature (Bowman, 2006;

Njorogue and Bussmann, 2006). These variations indicate the diversity of the traditional animal health

practices, which need to be validated and transferred to the other livestock raisers at national and

international level (Gesler, 1991).

5.2. Anthelmintic efficacy of herbal formulation

Various researchers of the world have carried out in vitro and in vivo bioassays for the evaluation of

anthelmintic (Adult motility assay, egg hatch test and fecal egg count reduction test) efficacy of herbal

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extract for initial screening of plants and other compounds (Molan et al., 2003; Paolini et al., 2004;

Hounzangbe-Adote et al., 2005; Niezen et al., 2002; Iqbal et al., 2010).

Results of all the three tests indicated anthelmintic efficacy of the herbal extract. In adult motility

assay herbal extract (HE.) exhibited anthelmintic effects in a dose dependant manner and worms were found

dead at 2 hours post-exposure at 3.125 mg/ml and above. Similarly, ovicidal effects of HE were recorded in a

dose dependant manner with LC50 value of 76.43µg/ml, which was far greater than that of standard drug,

oxfendazole, i.e., 0.0441µg/ml. In vivo, maximum reduction (98.6%) in eggs per gram of feces (EPG.) was

recorded on day 18 post-treatment in sheep treated with @ 4 g/kg body weight as compared with 99.2% with

levamisole, which was comparable to that with combined herbal extract.

Use of botanical anthelmintics is very common and probably constitutes the major part of the

traditional veterinary medicine. Hundrad percent mortality of Haemonchus contortus 2 hours post-

exposure to methanol extracts of Zingiber officinale and by 6 hours, Allium sativum and 83.4% Cucurbita

mexicana extracts was reported (Iqbal et al., 2001b). From Pakistan, a number of studies have reported

reduction in eggs per gram of feces in sheep naturally parasitized with gastrointestinal nematodes, e.g., 67.2%

with Artemisia brevifolia (Iqbal et al., 2004), 88.4% with Calotropis procera (Iqbal et al., 2005), 66.6% with

Zingiber officinale (Iqbal et al., 2001b), 73.6% with Nicotiana tabacum (Iqbal et al., 2006), 58.8% with

Swertia chirata (Lateef et al., 2006c), 73.9% with Vernonia anthelmintica (Iqbal et al., 2006), 78.4% with

Butea monosperma (Lateef et al., 2006a), 78.1% with Trachyspermum ammi, 93.9% with Caesalpinia crista

(Jabbar et al., 2007), 84.7% with Ziziphus nummularia (Bachaya et al., 2009b), 40.2% with Azadirachta

indica (Iqbal et al., 2010), etc. similarly variations in the reduction of eggs per grams of feces with different

plants, LC50 in egg hatch tests also vary for different herbal extracts (Jabbar et al., 2007; Bachaya et al

2009a; Badar et al., 2011) and 96.2% of combined effects of four plants (Zaman et al., 2012). 5.3.

Acaricidal efficacy of herbal formulation

The in vitro bioassays used in this study for evaluation of acaricidal efficacy of herbal extract have

been successfully carried out for initial screening of plants and their combinations. Modified larval

immersion test/syringe test (Al-Rajhy et al., 2003; FAO, 2004; Miller et al., 2007) by topical application

were used for acaricidal efficacy.

Results of the test used for evaluation indicated acaricidal efficacy of the herbal extract (HE)

alone and in combination. Mortality of tick larvae was higher (p<0.05) in combined HE treated groups as

compared with the individuals as well as control groups. Effect of extracts of different plants on larvae

has been investigated by other workers (Zaman et al., 2012) using different plants. A wide variation,

however, has been recorded in the concentrations of herbal extracts and time taken for exerting toxic

effects on larvae in different studies. In the present study, 3.125-50 mg/ml of plant extract was found

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toxic to larvae (24 hours and 6th day exposure) and showed mortality of larvae. Dipeolu and Ndungu

(1991) have demonstrated acaricidal efficacy of a natural product based on ground mixture of Nicotiana

tabacum leaves and a mineral salt mined from around Lake Magadi of Kenya. Larvae of R.

appendiculatus were killed on the ears of calves within 24 hours.

Exposure of R. microplus larvae to oleoresinous extract (oleoresin) from the copaiba tree, i.e.

Copaifera reticulata resulted in larval mortality 24 h after treatment (Fernandes and Freitas, 2007;

Ribeiro et al., 2007) have reported 11.7 to 14.7% with the hexane extract of Calea serrata (Ribeiro et al.,

2007; Ferrarini et al., 2008) have demonstrated lethal effects of Limonene, limonene oxide and eight b-

amino alcohol derivatives @ 10 and 2.5 mg/ml on larvae of R. Microplus respectively.

This can only be speculated that how herbal extract does gets in to the body of tick unless proved

through experiments? However, the logical assumption would be that the phytochemicals of herbal

extract get absorbed in the skin surrounding the site of tick attachment. The phytochemicals may thus

interfere with the feeding of tick and/or cause their paralysis. Herbal extract was rubbed twice a day for

six days on and around the sites of tick attachments; therefore, it should be sufficient time for absorption

of phytochemicals in the skin in the concentrations to interfere with tick feeding and/or cause their

paralysis. 5.4. Anticoccidial efficacy

The parameters for anticoccidial efficacy of the herbal formulation designed in the current study

were oocyst counts, oocyst score, lesion score, diarrhoea, feed conversion ratio, survival percentage and

weight gain pre- and post-treatment and calculation about these parameters have also been reported by

(Youn et al., 1993; Youn and Noh, 2001; Abbas et al., 2006; Arab et al., 2006). Significant reduction in

oocyst counts, oocyst scores, bloody diarrhea, FCR and increase in survival rate and weight gain of chicks

treated with combined HE as compared with infected unmedicated chicks could be due to the synergetic

effect of anticoccidial phytochemicals of three plants (personal observation). Interestingly, values of some

parameters were either comparable or even better than those of amprolium treated and/or uninfected

unmedicated chicks pointing to some growth promoting factors in the HE.

There are few reports on the use of botanicals as anticoccidial including Azadirachta indica (Tipu

et al., 2002; Biu et al., 2006), Momordica charantia (Hayat et al., 1996), Holerhena antidysentica,

Barberis aristata, Embelia ribes and Acorus calamus (Guha et al., 1992), oregano essential oil

(Giannenas et al., 2004), sugar cane extracts (Abasy et al., 2003) and Melia azedarach (Akhtar and

Rifaat, 1987).

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The combination of three plants may impart its action on the development stages of

Eimeria. Moreover they can improve intestinal structure and function of infected birds as an

osmoprotectant (Augustine et al., 1997; Augustine and Danforth, 1999).

Variation among the plants parasitic efficacies may naturally be due to the following factors like

a) differences in the nature and amount of active phyto chemical units of the plants b) mode of

preparation, c) dose and d) administration of extract used.Theses variations could be credited to many

other factors like extraction method, type of solvent used for extraction, origin of the plant, development

stages of the plant at harvesting, drying process and storage technique (Croom, 1983). Therefore, it can be

realized that comparisons of efficacy can only be made if uniform standards are used in the procedures

followed for collection, drying, storing, extracting and evaluation assays. Drying process, storage

conditions, type of extraction method, type of solvent used for extraction, origin, age and part of the plant

are the possible factors linked with the amount of active principle. Chemical constituents can vary

significantly between individual plants due to genetic or environmental differences. These compounds

have different affinities for different solvents according to difference in polarities. Each fraction contains

different chemical compounds due to different solvent used for extraction process.

5.5 Phytochemicals as antiparasitics

Though, having variation, herbal formulation evaluated in the present study exhibited antiparasitic

activities in all the tests used. The variation in antiparasitic effects may primarily be attributed to the

differences in the targets on the parasites to exert antiparasitic effects and chemistry of the plants.

5.5.1. Targets of antiparasitics

The known target sites for antiparasitics are solely proteins and include ion channels enzymes,

structural proteins and transport molecules (Kohler, 2001). The pharmacological activity of antiparasitic is

based on their affinity for specific receptors located inside the target parasite: e.g., β-tubulin, acetylcholine-

gated channels and glutamate-gated chloride channels, respectively (Mottier et al., 2006).

In many parasitic stages of helminthes, an essential component of their fermentative metabolism is

the fumarate reductase reaction (Scheibel et al., 1968). It has been shown that the broad spectrum

anthelmintic thiabendazole (Prichard, 1970) and its analog, cambendazole (Malkin and Camacho, 1972)

inhibit the fumarate reductase system of H. contortus, whereas Van Den Bossche and Janssen (1969) found

that 1-tetramisole inhibited the fumarate reductase system of a number of other nematodes.

A prime target for antiparasitic attack is the energy-generating system itself, i.e., the respiratory

metabolic pathway that consumes carbohydrate and generates ATP, with reduced organic acids as excretory

products. A drug which causes a breakdown in the respiratory metabolic pathway, or its control mechanisms,

will be effective (Behm and Bryant, 1979). Compounds that increase the utilization of ATP beyond the

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parasite's capacity to generate it, will also be effective, and can be said to be acting on the respiratory pathway

indirectly. Many antiparasitic are known to affect some of these pathways, in particular the pathway from

phosphoenolpyruvate to propionate. The enzymes involved are phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate

dehydrogenase, fumarase, fumarate reductase and a complex succinate decarboxylase pathway.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fumarate reductase from Moniezia expansa are inhibited by

cambendazole and mebendazole in vitro (Rahman and Bryant, 1977). Malate dehydrogenase from Fasciola

hepatica is inhibited by a range of fasciolicides in vitro and in vivo, and it has been suggested that the

synthesis of ATP in this pathway is prevented by limiting the supply of malate to the mitochondria (Lwin and

Probert, 1975).

The targets to exert antiparasitic effects may differ in various parasite stages. Grady and Kotze

(2004) while discussing assay used for mechanism based screening for anthelmintic effects stated that

potential problem with whole organism screening is that the screens are most easily applied to the free-living

stages of parasite species (examples: larval development assay, larval motility assay, and egg hatch assay)

whilst the ultimate use of the antiparasitic will be directed at the parasitic stages. The neurotoxic drug effects

may be similar in free-living and parasitic stages; whereas, the biochemistry and physiology of free-living

and parasitic stages differ in many aspects relevant to potential antiparasitic targets or potential detoxification

mechanisms; for example, changes in energy metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic during the transition

from free-living to parasitic life stages (Komuniecki and Komuniecki, 1995), decrease in oxidative

detoxification capability in parasitic stages as compared to free-living (Kotze, 1997).

Based on the mode of action, the currently in market antiparasitic can be divided into nicotinic

agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, GABA agonists, GluCI potentiators, calcium permeability

increasers, β-tubulin binders, proton ionophores, inhibitors of malate metabolism, inhibitors of

phosphoglycerate kinase and mutase, inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism and stimulators of innate

immunity.

5.5.2. Mechanism of action of phytochemicals

Phytochemicals of three plants can be broadly divided into terpenoids, alkaloids, glycocydes,

steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and reducing sugars, Saponin and anthraquinones (Singh et al., 2008), hermine

and hermaline (Bukhari et al., 2008). Some of these are toxic to the microorganisms in different ways

(Cowan, 1999) like enzymatic inhibition by the oxidized compounds, possibly through reaction with

sulfhydryl groups or through more nonspecific interactions with the proteins, inactivation of the protein and

loss of function (Stern et al., 1996). Probable targets in the microbial cell are surface-exposed adhesins, cell

wall polypeptides, and membrane-bound enzymes (Cowan, 1999), ability to make complex with extracellular

and soluble proteins and to complex with bacterial cell walls, more lipophilic flavonoids may also disrupt

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microbial membranes (Tsuchiya, et al., 1996) binding of cell walls of ruminal bacteria, preventing growth

and protease activity (Jones et al., 1994; Nonaka et al., 1990).

Terpenoids and essential oils (Suresh et al., 1997; Amaral et al., 1998) is not fully understood but is

speculated to involve membrane disruption by the lipophilic compounds. The antimicrobial effects of

alkaloids (Omulokoli et al., 1997) such as berberine and harmane (Hopp et al., 1976) are attributed to their

ability to intercalate with DNA (Phillipson and O’Neill, 1987). The inhibitory effect of lectins and

polypeptides on microorganisms may be due to the formation of ion channels in the microbial membrane

(Terras et al., 1993) or competitive inhibition of adhesion of microbial proteins to host polysaccharide

receptors. This was proved by Amoros et al. (1992) who demonstrated that flavone and flavonol components

were active in isolation against HSV-1, multiple flavonoids incubated simultaneously with the virus, were

more effective than single chemicals, a possible explanation of why propolis is more effective than its

individual compounds.

The discussion on phytochemical groups having antimicrobial properties suggests that inspite of

differences in the biology of insects, arachnids, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminths, there are some

common targets among them which can also be utilized by the compounds having antiparasitic activity.

These may include inhibition of enzymes, complexing with proteins, polysaccharide, formation of ion

channels, etc. Such targeted interventions may result in disturbing the normal biochemical and physiological

processes leading to starvation, structural changes, neuromuscular interruptions, and other effects on

parasites. In fact, most of these are the known target sites for commonly used antiparasitics (Mottier et al.,

2006).

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Chapter # 6

SUMMARY

The objective of the current study was to document the traditional veterinary practices in

some selected parts of district Jhang (Pakistan) and to validate the anthelmintic, acaricidal and

anti-coccidial activities of some selected plant extracts.

A total of 10 union councils comprising of 50 villages of district Jhang were included in the

study for documentation of EVM practices. Information was collected from the local

experts/traditional healers following Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural

Appraisal Techniques using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussions. Three of the

113 documented plants/parts of plant were selected for validation of their anthelmintic activity,

acaricidal efficacy and anticoccidial activity following standard parasitological procedures, i.e.

Adult Motility Assay, Egg Hatch Test and Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test for anthelmintic

activity, Syringe test for Acaricidal efficacy and weight gain, feed consumption ratio, oocyst per

gram of faeces, lesion scoring, oocyst scoring, faecal scoring and survival percentage for

anticoccidial activity.

Noticeable findings of the study on EVM documentation were that: (i) of the total number of

EVM practices reported by the respondents, remedies for parasitic infestation had the maximum

contribution (≈ 64%), (ii)113 plants were documented for their use in EVM practices in Jhang

(Punjab, Pakistan) indicating an important role of plants in the treatment of different diseases of

livestock, (iii) there was wide variation in the dose, vehicle, form of plant used, mode of preparation

and administration/application for the use of plants even among the EVM practices for the same

disease/condition, (iv) there was wide diversity in usage and in combination of different plants for

the treatment of different diseases.

Anthelmintic activity of herbal formulations (Curcuma longa, Citrullus colocynthis and

Peganum hermala) was evident from the in vitro mortality of Haemonchus contortus, ovicidal

effects in egg hatch test and fecal egg count reduction in sheep naturally parasitized with

gastrointestinal nematodes. These formulations of the selected plants also demonstrated anti-tick

activity through mortality of tick larvae, individually as well as in combination. Anti-coccidial

147

effects of herbal formulation were confirmed by body weight gain, feed consumption ratio,

oocyst per gram of faeces, lesion scoring, oocyst scoring, faecal scoring and survival percentage

in chicks treated with herbal extracts compared with infected unmedicated chicks. All the

parmeters were found having highest values treated with combined herbal extracts of three

selected plants in order followed by other binary combination, the individual effects and infected

unmedicated chicks. Interestingly, values of some parameters were either comparable or even

better than those of amprolium treated and/or uninfected unmedicated chicks pointing to some

growth promoting factors in the herbal extract.

Conclusions and Recommendations

1. The plant extracts is apt for the resource-poor farmers as a broad spectrum anti-parasitic. These

herbal crude products are cheaper and easily available. Assimilation of these formulations in

integrated parasitic management practices will add to the sustainability and thus generates

income of the farmers.

2. Precincts of this study were low number of animals used in the in vivo studies.

3. These extracts seem promising as a broad spectrum anti-parasitic. However, controlled studies

should be launched for standardization of the doses and applications of the product. Studies on

fraction based activity of formulation will be useful in identifying the active principles leading

to development of a refined product with better anti-parasitic efficacy.

4. This can only be ventured that how herbal extract does gets in to the body of tick unless

proved through experiments? However, the logical assumption would be that the

phytochemicals of herbal extract get absorbed in the skin surrounding the site of tick

attachment. The phytochemicals may thus interfere with the feeding of tick and/or cause their

paralysis. Herbal extract was rubbed twice a day for six days on and around the sites of tick

attachments; therefore, it should be sufficient time for absorption of phytochemicals in the

skin in the concentrations to interfere with tick feeding and/or cause their paralysis.

5. All the plants used in this study have been validated for their anthelmintic, acaricidal or

anticoccidial activity. Therefore hypothesis of the present study was that “plant extracts

having anthelmintic, acaricidal and anticoccidial activities individually have broad spectrum

anti-parasitic activity when used in combination”. Hypothesis was proved based on the

results of this study.

6. All the plants used in this study are commonly used and available in the rural areas and

148

farmers can easily make water decoctions as done in this study.

7. Future experiments may be planned to understand the mechanism of absorption as well as

developing an appropriate delivery agent for herbal extract inside the tick body.

8. Studies on shelf life of the plant extract and its residual activity need to be carried out. The

extract, however, may be recommended for use at farm level based on empirical evidence of

its anti-parasitic activity. Pharmaceutical companies may also be encouraged to market the

product in crude form after setting standardization of some quality criteria.

149

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