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FLEXURAL AND TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PALM SHELLAGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAM
Chin Tong Yen
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours(Civil Engineering)
2009
Faculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: FLEXURAL AND TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PALM SHELLAGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAM
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005 – 2009
Saya CHIN TONG YEN(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti MalaysiaSarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk
tujuan pengajian sahaja.3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis
ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentinganMalaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: 659, LORONG 4, KAMPUNGSIMEE, 31400 IPOH, PERAK.
ASSOC. PROF EHSAN AHMED(Nama Penyelia)
Tarikh: 6 April 2009 Tarikh:
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagaiSULIT dan TERHAD.
Final Year Project Report below:
Title : Flexural and Time Dependent Behavior of Palm Shell AggregateConcrete Beam
Author : Chin Tong Yen
Matric No. : 13874
Has been read and certified by:
__________________________ ________________________Assoc. Prof Ehsan Ahmed Date
Supervisor
FLEXURAL AND TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PALMSHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAM
CHIN TONG YEN
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with
Honours (Civil Engineering) 2009
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In preparing this project, I was in contact with many people, supervisor, colleagues
and technicians. They have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts.
In particular, I would like to express my thankfulness to Associate Professor Ehsan
Ahmed for his guidance, encouragement and support. Thanks for gave out a lot of
precious time for discussion and solving problems that I faced when doing my thesis.
In the same time, I am grateful to my family members, thanks for the support and
care. The technician in laboratory concrete should also be recognized for his support
and help. My sincere appreciations also extend to my colleagues who provided
assistance and idea to me. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this
limited space.
Thank you.
iii
ABSTRAK
Pada beberapa tahun ini, didapati banyak kajian telah dikendalikan untuk memerhati
prestasi konkrit tempurung kelapa sawit. Tempurung kelapa sawit adalah satu bahan
ringan semulajadi untuk menggantikan agregat kasar dalam konkrit. Penggunaan
tempurung kelapa sawit sebagai agregat kasar bukan shaja boleh mengurangkan kos
pembinanan tetapi juga mengurangkan masalah pencemaran akibat sisa tempurung
kalapa sawit. Ujikaji ini bertujuan untuk menyiasat sifat lenturan dan pergantungan
masa tempurung kelapa sawit agregat rasuk. Dalam ujikaji makmal ini, dua
tempurung kelapa sawit agregat rasuk konkrit bertetulang telah dibuat. Sifat lenturan
dan pergantungan masa rasuk telah dikaji dengan memohon beban bertambah dan
beban kekal atas rasuk masing-masing. Laporan ini tertumpu kepada keputusan
pesongan atas kedua-dua rasuk tersebut. Keputusan eksperimen telah dibandingkan
dengan keputusan berdasarkan teori. Keputusan keseluruhan menunjukkan
tempurung kelapa sawit dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai bahan penggantian agregat
kasar dalam konkrit kerana ia tidak pesong banyak bawah beban kekal selepas satu
waktu lama.
iv
ABSTRACT
In recent years, many researches had been conducted to observe the performance of
oil palm shell concrete. Oil palm shell is a natural lightweight material to replace
coarse aggregate in concrete. Utilizing of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate not only
can reduce the construction cost but also reduce the pollution problem due to palm
shell waste. This study aims to investigate the flexural and time dependent behavior
of palm shell aggregate concrete beam. In this laboratory work, two reinforced palm
shell aggregate concrete beams were cast. Flexural and time dependent behavior of
the beams was studied by applied increasing load and sustained load on the beams
respectively. The report focus on the deflection results on these two beams. The
experimental results were compared with the theoretical results. Overall results
indicated that, oil palm shell can considered as a good replacement of coarse
aggregate in concrete because it does not deflect very much under sustained load
after a long time.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Dedication i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstrak iii
Abstract iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables x
List of Figures xii
List of Abbreviations and Notations xiv
List of Appendices xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives 3
1.4 Scope of the research 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General 5
2.2 Deflection in Concrete 5
2.3 Time Dependent Behavior of Concrete 6
vi
2.4 Creep 7
2.4 Factors Influencing Creep 9
2.5.1 Influence of Aggregate 9
2.5.2 Influence of Water Cement Ratio 9
2.5.3 Influence of Humidity 10
2.5.4 Influence of Temperature 10
2.5.5 Magnitude of Creep 11
2.6 Shrinkage 11
2.7 Research Review 12
2.7.1 Basri H.B , Mannan M.A andZain M.F.M 12
2.7.2 Mannan M. A and Ganapathy G 13
2.7.3 Teo D.C.L, Mannan M.A andKurian V.J 15
2.7.4 Fanourakis G.C and Ballim Y 17
2.7.5 Gilbert R.I 19
2.7.6 Lim H.S, Wee T.H, Mansur M.Aand Kong K.H 20
2.7.7 Sato R, Maruyama I, Sogabe Tand Sogo M 21
2.7.8 Arockiasamy M, Chidambaram S,Amer A and Shahawy M 22
2.7.9 Saha M.K and Tan K.H 23
2.8 Summary 23
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 General 24
vii
3.2 Laboratory Work 25
3.3 Literature Review 26
3.4 Theoretical Analysis 26
3.5 Material Preparation 26
3.5.1 Cement 27
3.5.2 Fine Aggregates 27
3.5.3 Coarse Aggregate 28
3.5.4 Oil Palm Shell (OPS) 28
3.5.5 Water 29
3.6 Testing of Material Properties 30
3.6.1 Specific Gravity and Absorptionof Coarse Aggregate Test 30
3.6.2 Specific Gravity and Absorptionof Fine Aggregate Test 30
3.6.3 Unit Weight of Aggregate Test 30
3.6.4 Total Moisture Content of Aggregate Test 31
3.6.5 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate 31
3.6.6 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate 31
3.7 Mix Design 32
3.8 Instrumentation and form work preparation 32
3.9 Specimen preparation 33
3.10 Specimen testing 34
3.10.1 Slump test 34
3.10.2 Compression test 35
3.10.3 Flexural test 36
3.10.4 Long term Deflection Test 37
viii
CHAPTER 4 THEORETICAL STUDY
4.1 General 39
4.2 Assumption 39
4.3 Concrete Modulus of Rupture 40
4.4 Concrete Modulus of Elasticity 40
4.5 Short Term Deflection Analysis 40
4.5.1 Cracked Section 41
4.5.2 Uncracked Section42
4.5.3 Effective Moment of Inertia 43
4.6 Long Term Deflection Analysis 44
4.6.1 Creep 44
4.6.2 Shrinkage 45
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1 General 47
5.2 Material Properties Tests 47
5.2.1 Specific Gravity andWater Absorption of Aggregate 48
5.2.2 Unit Weight of Aggregate 49
5.2.3 Total Moisture Content 50
5.2.4 Sieve Analysis 51
5.2.5 Mix Proportion of Concrete 54
5.3 Full Scale Test 56
5.3.1 Flexural Behavior ofPalm Shell Aggregate Beam 56
5.3.2 Time Dependent Behavior 60
ix
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 General 63
6.2 Conclusions 63
6.3 Recommendations 64
REFERENCES 65
APPENDIX 69
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Physical properties of oil palm shell and
crushed stone
Properties of oil palm shell
Properties of palm shell concrete
Description of workability and magnitude of
slump
Specific gravity and absorption of oil palm
shell
Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse
and fine aggregate
Unit weight and void of oil palm shell
Unit weight of coarse and fine aggregates
Total moisture content in oil palm shell
Total moisture content in fine and coarse
aggregate
13
16
16
35
48
48
49
49
50
50
5.7 Sieve analysis of oil palm shell 51
5.8 Sieve analysis of fine aggregates 52
5.9 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates 53
5.10 Mix proportion and compressive strength of
palm shell concrete
55
5.11 Experimental and theoretical deflection 57
5.12 Experimental long term deflection results 61
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
5.1
Typical time dependent behavior of concrete
Variation of strain with time showing the
effect of unloading
Creep of concrete loaded and stored at
different relative humidity
Acceptable proportion of palm shell concrete
Deflection of palm shell concrete slab
Compressive strength development of OPS
concrete
Summary of factors accounted for by
different design code
Typical load deflection curve of normal
concrete
Flow chart of the project
Flow chat of the laboratory work
Oil palm shell use in the study
Description of slump test
Set up of flexural test
Set up of long term deflection test
Cracked beam transform section
Uncracked beam transform section
Oil palm shell grading curve
7
8
10
14
15
17
18
21
24
25
29
35
37
38
42
43
xiii
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Fine aggregates grading curve
Coarse aggregates grading curve
Arrangement of flexural test
Comparison of experimental and theoretical
flexural deflection
51
52
53
57
58
5.6 Beam deflection pattern 59
5.7 Crack pattern under the beam 59
5.8 Arrangement of long term deflection test 60
5.9 Comparison of experimental and theoretical
long term deflection
62
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND
NOTATIONS
fr - Concrete modulus of rupture
f ’c - Concrete compressive strength
Ec - Concrete modulus of elasticity
wc - Density of concrete
As - Area of steel reinforcement
b - Concrete width
x - Depth of neutral axis
d - Distance from compressive surface to the centroid of tensile
bars
d’ - Distance from compressive surface to the centroid of
compressive bar
Ie - Effective moment of inertia
Mcr - Cracking moment
Ma - Maximum applied moment
Ig - Gross moment of inertia
D - Concrete depth
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Concrete is a man-made composite where composed mainly of natural
aggregates, such as gravel and sand or crushed rock. The other constituent material in
concrete is the binding medium which used to bind the aggregate together to form a
composite material. The most common binding medium is the product form by a
chemical reaction between cement and water. This reaction is known as hydration.
There are many types of concrete available such as lightweight concrete, high-
strength concrete, high performance concrete, self-consolidating concrete and others.
Different types of concrete will used when there are some specific requirements to
meet. Generally, the normal concrete is using the Ordinary Portland Cement.
In hardened state, concrete is a rock liked material with high compressive
strength but comparatively low tensile strength (usually is about 10 – 15 % of its
compressive strength). Therefore, in practice, it is normally incorporate with steel
reinforcement to resist the tensile forces. This combination is known as reinforced
concrete.
In our country, palm shell is such solid wastes that produce in our palm oil
manufacturing industry. Every year, over 4 million tones of palm shell waste is
2
produce (Teo et al, 2006). Palm shell is light; therefore palm shell is one of the
natural lightweight materials. The availability of this material is not a problem, since
it is the waste that can found in all palm oil mill area. There is some research done on
the palm shell and show that it can be a replacement material for coarse aggregate in
concrete (Mannan & Ganapathy, 2004). But some other performances for the palm
shell aggregate concrete are still keeping unknown.
Therefore studies on such performances need to be carrying out to prove the
applicability of the palm shell aggregate concrete. The application of oil palm shell
as coarse aggregate is a cost-effective and environmental friendly approach to
produce lightweight concrete.
1.2 Research problem
Palm shell is the new raising material that being investigated as the replacement
of coarse aggregate in concrete. Most of the previous researches done had observed
the palm shell concrete compressive strength and workability (Basri et al, 1998). But
there was no researches done to observe the palm shell concrete’s time dependent
performance.
For the reason above, a study on the flexural and time dependent performance
of the palm shell concrete beam is carried out. Coarse aggregate is partially replaced
by palm shell to obtain a desirable strength of concrete mix. Palm shell concrete
beam is designed based on the desirable strength and then tested in the laboratory to
observe the effect of sustained load and time dependent performance of the beam.
3
1.3 Objectives
The aim of the study is to investigate the flexural and time dependent behavior
of the palm shell aggregate concrete. To achieve the aim of the study, three
objectives are set as below:
a) To design a suitable mix proportion for palm shell aggregate concrete with
the aim to obtain a desirable strength.
b) To investigate the flexural behavior of palm shell concrete beam.
c) To investigate the long term deflection behavior of palm shell concrete beam.
1.4 Thesis Organisation
There are six chapters that included in this study. Chapter one will briefly
introduce the utilizing of palm shell in concrete, the research problem and also the
aim and objective of the study. Chapter two will be introduced some behavior of the
concrete, the factors that will influence the behavior of the concrete and also the
studies that had done by others researcher to observe the behavior of concrete.
For chapter three, there will be a description on the experimental works that are
carried out, the materials used and the details procedures involve to carry out the
experimental tests for palm shell concrete beam. Chapter four is giving the
theoretical analysis for the long term performance of the palm shell concrete beam
and in chapter five; the experimental results are compared with the theoretical results.