facts to remember for scholarship
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8/10/2019 Facts to Remember for Scholarship
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Facts to remember for Scholarship History
Introduction.
War finds many ways of being cruel.
“You can measure the lasting effects of a Trauma only by imaging their absence.”– Robert Cowley
Political
A.L Rowse thought that WW2 was inevitable and worthwhile as
essentially a continuation of the first, both started by Germany to get
domination
Yet, unfair to say that this was the sole cause – better attributed to other
factors like 1929, collapse of Weimar government and the consequent rise
of Hitler
Versailles was 18 January 1919 Ex. Battle of Tannenberg 1914, 120 000 Russian vs 20 000 German
casualties
Russia lost 5 million men as prisoners or casulaties
Musket Wars 1818-1830s / New Zealand Wars of 1860s
ANZUS 1951, SEATO 1954
Vietnam Wars 1955-1975
Geo-political
Germany lost 12% of Population, 13% of territory, Alsace-Loraine, Polish
Corridor
R. Henig – thought Treaty was a compromise, no one got full peace
New states of Czech / Austria / Hungary / Finland / Estonia / Romania /
Yugoslavia / Poland
30 million people as ethnic minorities, ethnic tensions
Mandate systems
Creation of Israel – Haganah, prepared to use violence
November 29, 1947 UN adopted resolution to establish independent
Jewish State
Economic
British govt spent 9 billion pounds on war, borrowed 1 million
Germany pay 6.6 billion pounds in reparations. By 1922 they could notpay this, leading to a hyper-inflation crisis
These terms were condemned by JM Keynes, who argued that this would
only produce a Carthaginian peace with all these terms on Germany
No one dealt with war debts for US
23 k factories destroyed, 48 000 km of roads wrecked, area larger than
Wales ruined in France
New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 4.73 million acres confiscated in New
Zealand
Technological
80 000 treated for shellshock, but estimates suggest sufferers up to 325000
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Dr Harold Gillies, plastic surgeon
Maori pa – gunfighter pa – had two stockades, a screen designed to
impede the charge of an assault force at close range, inner stockade had
trench and a firing parapet
Cold War arms race. Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 killed 80 000, Nagasaki
3 days later, 40 000 more 100 000 died slow deaths due to radiation
Constant testing in Bikini Atoll in Pacific by USSR, UK, France and China
Leaves a legacy
Women
“We need men, but we need arms more than men.” David Lloyd George
90% of munitions workesr were female
They sacrificed a lot – exposed to poisoning, TNT turned skin yellow,
explosive powders
State sponsored nurseries, canteens, freedom
Treasury Agreement made it illegal for women to employed inengineering trade
24 – 37% employed in proportion of women
Joined Voluntary Aid Detachment and Women’s Royal Navy Services, and
Women’s Land Army 100k
Traditional vs revisionist historical view
Many women to replace one man, employment only for the duration of
the war, women divided
If war was key to franchise, then why only women over 30?
Social
French 1.4 killed, 2.5 wounded British 0.75 killed, 1.5 wounded
Russia 1.7 killed
Germany 2 killed
New Zealand, 120 000 enlisted, 1 million population. 18.5k died, 50k
wounded.
Gallipoli started 25 April 1915, lasted 9 months, 2700 died
New Zealand featured on world stage, ANZAC legend born, focused on
prowess of citizen-soldiers of AUSNZ
War has impact on every day lives – rations, evacuation, bomb threats,
censorshipCultural
Maori urbanisation – 10% before, 68% after
People were ‘manpowered’ – directed to work in essential industries at
home
James Belich calls it the “myth of martial New Zealaneness, later known as
the ‘Anzac legend’ “
Jock Phillips, outsiders perceived New Zealand as man’s country – so
manhood = New Zealand’s nationhood
Keith Sinclaire argued that nationalism began in the Boer War 1899-1902,
when Abs played in 1905
Eldred-Grigg argued that this war