factors that influence speech
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Correctness and appropriateness Factors
ParticipantsSocial contextTopicFunction
Speech functions
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A: Do you want a coffee?B: Actually, I'm a bit pushed for time.
A: Could I just borrow your book for a moment?
B: Actually, I'm just about to use it in class. Sorry.
A: How's John doing?B: Actually, he's doing all right!
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(point to a window) Open the window. Please open the window. Could you open the window? Would you mind opening the window? I was wondering if you could open the
window for me?
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Talking to your teacher:Open the window.Would you mind open the window?
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Correctness refers to being grammatically correct.
Appropriateness refers to saying the right thing at the right time to the right person
Sociolinguistics is concerned with appropriateness
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Participants Social context Topic Function
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ParticipantsWho is speaking? Who are they speaking
to?
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Intimate
Distant
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High status
Low status
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Social contextWhere are they speaking?
High formality
Low formality
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Exchanging information
Low information
content
High information
content
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Talking about a topic with friends
High affective content
Low affective content
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FunctionWhy are they speaking?
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The purpose of talk will affect its formExpressiveDirectiveReferentialPhatic
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Expresses the speaker’s feelings I’m feeling great today. I love spring. I’m really tired this morning.
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Attempts to get someone to do somethingClear the table.Don’t smoke here.Can you pass the salt?
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Provides information In thirty seconds it will be three o’clock
sharp.There are eight main speech functions. I was born in Massachusetts.
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Expresses closeness and empathy with othersHi, how are you? It’s a lovely day, isn’t it?The meal was lovely. You’re a fantastic
cook.You look tired. Are you okay?
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There are othersMetalinguistic: to describe language Money is a mass (non-count) noun and car
is a count noun.Poetic: focuses on the rhythm of languagePeter Piper picked a peck of pickled
peppers.
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Commissives: promises or threats I promise that I’ll hand in my paper
tomorrow.Performatives: expresses formal
language, e.g., marriage vows, bets, declarations of war, etc.
I now pronounce you man and wife.
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Correctness and appropriateness Factors
ParticipantsSocial contextTopicFunction
Speech functions