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1978

Factor Structure of the Preschool PersonalityQuestionnaire.Donald LichtensteinLouisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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7903145

LICHTENSTEIN, DONALDFACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE PRESCHOOL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE.

THE LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COL., PH.D., 1978

UniversityMicrofilms

international 300 n . z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , mi 4 biob

FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE PRESCHOOL

PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE

A Dissertation

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and

Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

in

The Department of Psychology

byDon Lichtenstein

B.S., University of Miami, 1957 M.S., University of Miami, 1962

August, 1978

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like first to thank my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Irving

Lichtenstein, for their continual support and encouragement of my

educational endeavors. My uncle, Dr. Robert M. Allen, is due a spe­

cial note of gratitude for having initially introduced me to the field

of psychology and then having a major influence upon my clinical

training.

For this dissertation, Dr. Ralph Mason Dreger is due a lion's

share of the credit for guiding, gently prodding, constructively crit­

icizing, and shareing the frustrations of coping with a "cantankerous"

computer--with which there were continual "communication difficulties."

To him I offer a very warm and special THANK YOU!

I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Drs,

Robert Goon, Virginia Glad, Nathan Gottfried, William Haag and Felicia

Pryor, for the thoughtful comments and constructive criticisms which

helped formulate the content and ultimate form of the final disserta­

tion.

Thanks are due to the many students and secretarial staff that

have helped in collecting data, collating material, card punching,

transcribing, typing, and general assistance with the vast amount of

work that is part of such an extensive undertaking.

Finally, words of thanks are not sufficient to express my debt of

gratitude to my wife, Shirley, and my two sons, David and Bryan, who

have shown such patience, understanding, and hopeful anticipation for

so many years— my thanks, my appreciation, my love!

li

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................... i±

LIST OF TABLES..................... v

ABSTRACT................. vl

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE........................................... 1

HISTORY OF THE PRESCHOOL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE............... 7

METHOD.............................................................. 10

Subjects........................................................ 10

Administration................................ 12

Analysis........................................................ * 15

Factor Analyses and Rotations............ 15

Factor Scores ............................................... 20

Reliability.................................................. 21

Validities.................................................... 22

RESULTS............................................................ 23

DISCUSSION.......................................................... 41

CONCLUSION.......................................................... 45

REFERENCE N O T E S .................................................... 46

REFERENCES.......................................................... 47

APPENDICES.......................................................... 54

I. PSPQ FACTORS............................................. 55II. DECILE SC O R E S ........................................... 97

III. 1968 30 FACTOR VARIMAX ROTATION........................ IllIV. FACTORS IN WHICH ITEMS ARE FOUND........................ 118

ill

PageAPPENDICES (continued)

V. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP ANSWER S H E E T S .................... 122VI. PRE-SCHOOL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE ................ 146

V I T A ............................................................... 159

iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Distribution of Subjects by Age, Sex, Race andSocioeconomic Level ................................... . . . . 11

2. Children Eliminated from Sample . . . . . ................... 13

3. Names of Factors Derived from the PSPQ................ 18

4. Reliability and True Score Estimates......................... 19

5. Thirty Fact Rotation Comparisons at Three Age Levels........ 24

6 . Thirty Fact Rotation Comparisons at Three Age Levels........ 26

7. Thirty Fact Rotation Comparisons at Three Age.Levels........ 27

8 . Thirty Fact Rotation Comparisons at Three Age Levels........ 30

9. Thirty Fact Rotation Comparisons at Three Age Levels........ 31

10. Thirty Fact Rotation Comparisons at Three Age Levels........ 33

11. Second Order Factor Names Derived from the P S P Q ............. 36

12. First Order Factor Composition of Second Order Factors. . . . 37

13. Second Order Factor Composition of Third Order Factors. . . . 39

14. Tentative Matches of ESPQ Factors with the PSPQ Factors . . . 40

v

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine the factor structure

of the Preschool Personality Questionnaire (PSPQ). This Is a 200-item

forced-choice, self-report inventory, for four through six year olds.

It is a downward extension of the series of personality questionnaires

that originated with Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

at the adult level.

The study also addressed itself to the task of establishing a new

standardization of the PSPQ utilizing large, full representative samples

of four-year-olds (204), five-year-olds (204), and six-year-olds (208).

Racial and socioeconomic data were taken into account. Factor analysis

was done by item, utilizing principal components, varimax, and promax

procedures.

Fourteen first-order factors, five second-order factors, and three

third-order factors were derived and discussed. Some preliminary

findings of differences at the three different age levels were also

mentioned. Each of the factors appears descriptive of personality

functioning as it appears in the preschool-age child.

A preliminary matching of factors with those derived from earlier

Cattelllan scales is encouraging in its alignment with factor traits

suggested at higher age levels.

Frequency distributions of factor loading weights for the scored

items of each factor are presented.

vi

REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREIt has been said that the heart of a scientific discipline is

the accuracy and refinement of its measuring techniques (Allen, 1954).

The intangibles Involved in the subject matter of personality have

spawned numerous efforts at measurement. One hundred and forty-seven

personality tests of all types were critically reviewed in the 7th

edition of Mental Measurements Yearbook (Buros, 1972). Seventy-three

more measures of children's personality and emotional characteristics,

not available from test publishers, were detailed in Tests and Measure­

ments In Child Development; A Handbook (Johnson, 1976; Johnson and

Bommarito, 1971). Walker (1973) also reviewed 143 socloemotlonal

Instruments used with 4- to 6 -year-old children. Ilg and Ames (1965),

who describe many tests of "school readiness," include several probes

for the five-year-old child's performance and use of the Rorschach test.

None of these publications lists a single personality questionnaire

designed specifically for preschool-age children four to six.

The California Test for Personality developed by Thorpe, Clark

and Tlegs (1950) seemed to be an exception. The authors state that the

test was devised for grades kindergarten to adult. There is no indica­

tion as to how many kindergarten children were Involved; but altogether,

4500 pupils in the kindergarten through third grade range were Included

in the standardizing samples. However, only children from grades one and

above are referred to in the tables setting forth median I.Q.'s, item

analysis data, intercorrelations of test sections, and summaries of

1

2

research. Apparently, emphasis was not upon the kindergarten student.

One standardized Instrument, the Personality Inventory for

Children, has recently been published by Western Psychological Services

(1978). However, It Is dependent upon parent response rather than the

child's verbal self-report. Further, the standardization population of

three- to five-year-old children only totaled 2 0 0.

Therefore, there remains a void in the assessment of preschool

personality; there are no questionnaires presently available that are

designed specifically for this age group. Kagan (Note 1) suggested the

probability of bias among developmental psychologists against the use­

fulness of questionnaire data from children as young as four, five, and

six. However, experience with the Preschool Personality Questionnaire

(PSPQ), a 200-item, force-choice questionnaire, has demonstrated that a

questionnaire can speak to the child's comprehension even as low as four

years of age (Cattell and Dreger, 1974).

The PSPQ is an outgrowth of R. B. Cattell's multivariate approach

(Dreger, 1972) to personality assessment. This is an approach that

involves advanced correlational methods and the simultaneous study of

measurement of many variables. Using factor analysis as a main statis­

tical tool, Cattell has developed a number of instruments that reflect

several variables simultaneously. The results are expressed in person­

ality factors that form unique profiles for a particular individual.

His original Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) for adults

(Cattell, et al., 1970) has already undergone a number of extensions to

include younger populations: Junior-Senior High School Personality

Questionnaire (HSPQ), for 12 years through 18 years (Cattell and Cattell,

3

1958); Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ), nine years through 12

years (porter and Cattell, 1959); Early School Personality Questionnaire

(ESFQ), six years through nine years (Coan and Cattell, 1963). The PSPQ

is directed to the ages four through six.

The PSPQ is predicated in the theory of "trait consistency" as

elaborated by Allport (1937, 1961), Cattell (1946, 1957, 1973), Eysenck

(1952, 1972), Eysenck and Eysenck (1969), Guilford (1959), and other

trait theorists. It is fully recognized that the tradition of "situa-

tionism" as represented best in the Character Education Inquiry

(Hartshorne, et ai., 3 books) in the early part of this century and

Mlschel (1971, 1976) and behavior interactionists more recently, do not

look with favor on concepts of "personality structure" or traits as long-

lasting functions of the Individual. Nevertheless, even Mischel (1976)

now recognizes that some consistencies hold for some people for some of

the time. Behavior modification authorities now are more cautious

about which persons are suitable for which kinds of interactions than

in the earlier days when behavior modification appeared to discount

anything in the "black box" and counted only on reinforcement contingen­

cies.

As trait personality theories are now taking account of situation-

ism (Cattell, 1977), called "trait fluctuations" and "states," there

does not seem to be any reason for discarding such theories. Some con­

sistencies do exist in the personality, continuities across periods of

time. Therefore, it is a legitimate enterprise to attempt to discover

what the structure of personality is, what traits, or in mathematical

terms, dimensions of personality there are. It is hoped that the

4

construction of the PSPQ will further these aims for one important

section of the life span, the preschool years.

The factors represented in the 16PF originally directed the choice

of items to be used for the subsequent questionnaires. However, these

items had to be modified suitably for the interests, environmental

features, and life situations of adolescent and younger children. At

each age, new representative items were always freely added by the

authors of the respective tests. Previous to the PSPQ, the scales have

shown a reasonable approximation to a developmental continuation of more

than a dozen of the 16 source traits delineated for adults. These

traits change in their contribution to test variance and they change

somewhat in their expression, but they persist as functional unities.

According to Coan (1972), if we view the essential character of

most important personality factors as remaining constant throughout the

course of development, it would appear that the major changes that come

with age are of two types. First, there are shifts in the form of

expression of any trait, because there are age changes in available

responses and available situations. Second, there are shifts in level;

for example, there is an Increase in levels of stability and emotional

control and decrease in level of impulsive emotionality. There are

individual differences with respect to both kinds of change; there are

some age shifts that occur almost universally. Coan feels that present

evidence on personality development is of a "multi-dimensional system

whose complexity remains fairly constant from early childhood to adult­

hood. The component factors display continuity or qualitative constancy,

but show characteristic shifts in level and form of expression."

5

These observations are in agreement with the evidence gathered by

Dreger (1977) on developmental structural changes in the child's person­

ality. At four to six years of age, it was felt (Cattell and Dreger,

1974) that there might be a major reorganization of structure; and the

aim of the construction of the PSPQ was to cover more fundamentally the

totality of the child's behavior, thought and affect processes, as

reflected in expert judgment. Therefore, at various points in the course

of the development of the PSPQ, items were contributed by Cattell, G.

Dreger, R. Dreger, H. G. Ginott, j. Nesselroade, and D. R. Peterson.

These contributors represented an eclectic overview of personality with

experience in psychoanalysis, education, family relations, and clinical

child psychology.

Various criticisms have been raised in reviews of Cattellian ques­

tionnaires in the Mental Measurements Yearbook (Hogan, Jackson, Miller,

Bouchard, Rorer, 1972; Lor, 1965; Adcock, 1959; Harsh, Lubin, and

Wittenborn, 1953). The most repeated objections appear to focus on

questions of validity, reliability, and inadequate information concern­

ing item development and population sample.

Reliability coefficients are referred to as being only modest for

test-retest, often falling below .80. Parallel-forms reliabilities

center in the .50's. The latter scores are considered particularly un­

favorable and the use of the parallel forms is even discouraged by their

authors.

The reviews have consistently called for more correlations with

practical criteria (e.g., observable behavior, other tests, etc.),

rather than statistical concept validity, Cattell maintains that the

6

various scale dimensions have been replicated or confirmed. Anastasi

(1976) has taken the position that, despite extensive research, Cattell's

proposed traits must be regarded as tentative.

Although still In its infancy, some initial attempts to obtain

validity and reliability data for the PSPQ are reported below. Item

development information and population sample information for the FSPQ

are detailed below in the History and Method sections.

HISTORY OP THE PRESCHOOL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE

The aim of determining the trait structure of children below

school age, as manifested in questionnaire response, led to a joint

undertaking by Cattell and D. R. Peterson in 1956 (1958). The study, a

part of a large multimedia investigation, took place at the University

of Chicago Nursery School. Initially, Cattell and Peterson took 60

items from a study of 11 year olds by Cattell and Gruen (1954), modified

them downward for comprehension at the preschool level, added 44 more,

and subjected all items to a pretest with 20 subjects. The results

indicated that only 90 of the items were appropriate for this age group;

these were administered orally to 80 children, in six sessions of 15

items apiece. A Factor analysis of the results produced 13 factors.

Simple structure was highly satisfactory, Bargmann's (1963) test yielding

p <.01 for all factors. However, when the constituent items were in­

spected, factor meanings were obscure.

A supplementary investigation took the best six items from the

clearest 13 factors (72 items) and administered them to 38 children. This

procedure merely tested reliabilities and correlations from ratings from

which it was concluded that six items per factor gave no satisfactory

reliability at this age. An inauspicious beginning'

Two more studies (Cattell and Dreger, 1974) were conducted to test

further the adequacy of the items for preschool children. In the first

study, 44 items, roughly the three or four best items for each of the

original 13 factors (considered "marker items"), along with 20 ability

7

8

measures, were administered to 115 five and six year olds. This study

yielded 18 factors, four of them clearly being ability factors and 14

personality factors. Only very tentative interpretations of these

factors were offered.

In the second study, a large pool of items chosen in hopes of

revealing the manner in which children think, feel and express them­

selves was added by H. Ginott, G. Dreger, and R. Dreger to the 44 marker

items. This pool was first administered to 20 children in the Laboratory

School at the University of Illinois. Item analysis was carried out with

proportions of responses tabulated. Those items that were answered in

only one direction by the preponderance of the population were elimi­

nated as having no apparent discrimination value. The 156 new items

which survived this screening were added to the 44 marker items developed

previously. The resultant 200-item instrument was administered to a

total of 180 preschoolers ages four, five and six. The factor analysis

yielded 22 factors by the Scree test. Thirteen were roughly equivalent

to the earliest derived factors, plus nine new factors.

The next step was an "ESPQ-PSPQ Boundary Study" (Cattell and Dreger,

1976) in which 950 first-grade children were given 160 ESPQ items, 200

PSPQ items, and 200 new "extension" items for the ESPQ in seven sessions.

Of the 950 children who participated, records were completed for 616.

ESPQ and PSPQ items were divided into 52 parcels, two parcels apiece for

each of the 13 factors from each instrument. Seventeen factors were

retained from a principal components analysis and rotated orthogonally

and obliquely. Matching of the ESPQ and PSPQ was not quite as satis­

factory as with previous matchings from the 16PF down through the ESPQ.

9

However, 10 of the factors from the PSPQ appear to match those of the

ESPQ (Cattell and Dreger, 1976).

Due to the limitations of the computers and computer programs, as

well as Cattell Questionnaire tradition, factor analysis was by parcel

rather than item. At this point, the decision was made to factor

analyze by item rather than parcel. As computers now had the capacity

to handle the large matrices involved, Dreger (1974) felt there was no

reason to try to group the variables by parcels when the analysis could

be done by individual item. Howarth (1976) later raised the issue as

to whether parcel analysis and item analysis yield the same results. He

concluded they do not, whereas Cattell (1973) feels they do.

The records of the 616 first graders were then analyzed by means

of principal components and Varimax procedures. This time 26 factors

were extracted, most of which make psychological sense.

On the basis of the various preliminary endeavors to establish an

instrument for assessing preschool personality, the present study reports

on the basic standardization of the Preschool Personality Questionnaire

with an entirely new sample of children.

METHOD

Subjects

In accord with the requirement for voluntary participation in

research, cooperation was sought and received from the East Baton Rouge

Parish School Board. Permission and letters of Introduction to

principals at various elementary schools were received. Permission

slips explaining the nature of the research were supplied to secure

individual parental consent.

Primary school experts assisted in choosing the schools utilized

for selection of subjects, with effort to have representation from low,

middle, and high Income populations of both white and nonwhite, based

upon rough geographic location. This procedure was successful for

procuring most of the subjects. Additional subjects came from private

schools, Headstart programs, neighbors, and day-care centers throughout

the comnunity, as well as 25 children from a kindergarten in Miami,

Florida (see Table 1).

Inclusion in each age group was determined solely by birthdate,

e.g., four years, one day through four years, 11 months and 30 days,

equal "four-year" group. The mean age for each was as follows:

Group Mean Age

Four years Four years, 6.21 months

Five years Five years, 6.38 months

Six years Six years, 5.94 months

The 1974 East Baton Rouge Parish Special Census (East Baton Rouge

10

11

TABLE 1DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS BY AGE, SEX, RACE,

AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC LEVEL

Age GroupSoclo-Economic

LevelWhite

Male FemaleNon-white

Male Female TOTALS

Four Year Olds

High

Medium

Low

Totals

43

31

1

75

52

40

1

93

1

3

_13

17

0

6

13

19 204

Five Year Olds

High

Medium

Low

Totals

24

40

5

69

2B

33

3

64

0

2

23

25

0

9

38

47 205

Six Year Olds

High

Medium

Low

Totals

32

47

4

83

2036

662

0

811

19

0

23

2043 207

12

City-Parish Planning Commission, 1974) established that 28.5% of the

population were nonwhite. In this test sample, 27.6% were nonwhite. The

criteria for determining race were the student's designation in school

and the observation of the examiner. Since this was not designed as a

comparative study per se, these criteria seemed adequate. Socio-economic

status was determined by the predominant population in the chosen school

according to the primary school experts' opinion.

In the classroom settings, a combined total of 58 students were

judged by teachers and examiners to be unable to participate in the data

collection. Protocols were obtained from 204 four year olds, 226 five

year olds, and 244 six year olds. All protocols were Inspected to

eliminate obvious patterning (e.g., 10 "A" responses followed by 10 "B"

responses, etc.), response-sets (e.g., continuous runs of one response,

A, or B), or confusion (e.g., drawing or scribbling on the pages rather

than marking answers), that may have escaped the examiner during testing.

Eliminated in this manner were 21 five year olds and 37 six year olds

(Table 2). In one high socio-economic school, the teacher left the room

and a relatively inexperienced examiner was left totally alone; this

inadvertence led to many invalid protocols and the necessity of more

individual administrations. Due to effective Individual testing proce­

dures (see below), once administration started, no four year olds were

eliminated. The remaining totals were 204 four year olds, 205 five year

olds, and 207 six year olds.

Administration

For test administration to preschoolers, there must be a question­

naire that speaks to a child's comprehension. The PSPQ had met this

13

TABLE 2

CHILDREN ELIMINATED FROM SAMPLE

Socio-Economic White Non-whiteAge Group Level Male Female Male Female

Five YearOlds High 1 5

Six YearOlds High 1

TOTALS

Middle 4 2 1 1

Low ___ ___ __4 3

Totals 5 7 5 4 21

Middle 3 5 2 2

Low 3 1 _11 9

Totals 7 6 13 11 37

14

test In the previous studies. In addition, the administrator needs to

realize that the difficulty of testing at this age goes up geometrically

as chronological age goes down arithmetically. Nevertheless, previous

work has established that even minimal training and familiarity with

standard procedures has been adequate for data collection (Cattell and

Dreger, 1974). In the present instance, volunteers from various upper-

level psychology classes were trained and provided continual opportunity

for review of procedures through weekly meetings and frequent telephone

contacts.

Classroom-sized groups were utilized in testing six year olds and

half of the five year olds. It was found that the FSPQ could be

administered in three sessions to rooms of 20 to 25 five or six year

olds with the aid of one assistant and the presence of the teacher.

Usually within the first 10 minutes, those students that would require

extra assistance came to the examiner's attention. These situations were

handled by the examiner's standing close to the students' seats and

providing almost Individual assistance. The teachers often commented

how quickly the examiners were able to pick out the students that caused

various classroom problems during regular class sessions.

Half of the five year olds had to be tested Individually due to the

problems of availability of subjects, scheduling of school classtime,

questions of comprehension, etc. No way has yet been found feasible for

even highly experienced examiners to administer the instrument to any

size group of four year olds. All the four year olds required Individual

administrations varying between one and three sessions each, depending

upon fatigue, cooperation, and Interest. Coloring books and puzzles were

15

available and utilized to help maintain interest when requisite. For

individuals, It was not uncommon for 100 items to be administered at a

session. Sometimes children took the entire 200 items at one sitting.

Two forms of answer sheets were used (Appendix V and VI). A com­

bination of pictures, shapes and different colored pages was utilized

in order to facilitate ease of marking answers and keeping the subject on

the correct item.

Analysis

Factor Analyses and Rotations. The data obtained from the 616

subjects were encoded with age, sex, race (white or non-white), socio­

economic status (high, middle, or low), and the choice of response

(A ■ 1, B *» 0) for the 200 item questionnaire. For this study, 616

records were considered as a single age group. As with previous

analyses of Cattellian questionnaires, this one utilized the principal

components analysis which places unities in the diagonal of the correla­

tion matrix. In accordance with previous studies, 30 factors were

hypothesized as the number for rotation, Kaiser's Varlmax orthogonal

rotation procedure (Kaiser, 1958) was then applied, followed by

Hendrickson and White's (1964) Promax oblique rotation procedure. The

Varimax procedure seeks to simplify the columns of a factor matrix to

achieve "simple structure," as Harmon (1967) proposed, by maximizing the

function:

,. r . . W - iP“1 j“l p»l j»l

16

where n = the number of variables, bjp ■ weight or loading of the pth2factor on the jth variable, hj is the conxnunallty of the jth variable,

and the summations are for all conmon factors and all variables.

promax (usually) sharpens the simple structure of a factor matrix,

by creating an ideal matrix P, using powers (2, 3, 4 . . .) of the

Varimax matrix, according to the formula:

L - (F' F )'1 F' P,

where L is the unnormalized transformation matrix of the reference

vector structure, F is the orthogonal rotated matrix, and P is the

matrix derived from the orthogonal matrix. Sometimes K * 2 suffices when

Varimax has fairly closely approximated simple structure. However,

Hendrickson and White recommend K ■ 4 for most matrices. The ideal

matrix serves as a target matrix to which the original (Varimax) matrix

is fitted by a least squares method (Hurley and Cattell's, 1963,

"Procrustes" method). Interpretation of factors was made from the factor

structure matrix derived from Promax with K *■ 4, as this figure appeared

to produce the clearest distinction between the higher and lower loadings.

The resulting factor structure was inspected for all items with

absolute (plus or minus) loading values of .25. With an N of 616, this

would be a conservative value for attributing significance utilizing

either Saunders's (1948) standard error of individual factor loadings or

Gorsuch’s (1974) guidelines for determining salient loadings.

Assuming an average correlation coefficient of .5 (conservative

compared to the .87 found in an item teBt-retest sample reported below),

and an N of 616, using Saunders's formula(1 - rj2) ajk 2 r j V N

17

with ajit representing a factor loading of .25, the standard error of

loading would be only .0075. Gorsuch suggests doubling the minimum

significant correlation coefficient (p <.05) for the population number

and interpreting only those loadings above this derived figure. In the

present case, this would be .17.

Therefore, all items with loading values of * .25 or greater were

separately listed, with content, under factor. The same procedures were

followed for separate analyses at each level.

A Scree test resulted in the decision to rerun the analysis with

23 factors as the number for rotation for the combined 4-6 age group.

The resultant item lists were inspected for logical consistency and

strength of loading. Some items appeared significant (weight of t .25)

for more than one factor. When this doubling occurred, to avoid item

overlap (Cohen and Farley, 1977; Roger and Shure, 1965), the following

guidelines, in order of importance, were used to determining for which

factor the item would be scored:

1. The absolute weight of the item relative to each

factor. If the weight difference was greater than

.09 or .10, this became the lone determinant.

2. The relative rank order of the item in each factor.

3. The need of each factor for scorable items (Appendix IV).

In this manner, 18 factors were finally determined and

named. This number of factors was further reduced to

14 in number (Table 3) by inspection of correlation

coefficients for test-retest and internal consistency

(Table 4).

Higher order analyses were performed with resultant five

18

TABLE 3

NAMES OF FACTORS DERIVED FROM THE PSFQ

A. Deprived Dependent, Regres­sive Oral Hostile Aggres­siveness

vs. Accepting, Nonhostile In­dependence

B. Cheerful, Secure, Positive Self-Image

vs. Morose, Rejecting, Negative Self-Image

c. Culturally Determined Mascu­line Activity

vs. Culturally Determined Feminine Passivity

D. Puritan-Like, Fastidious, Socialized Satisfaction

vs. Rebellious, Untidy, Unsocia­lized Dissatisfaction

E. High Socioeconomic Status and White Immaturity

vs. Low Socioeconomic Status and Nonwhite Maturity

F. Affectionate Demonstra­tiveness

vs. Undemons t rat ivenes s

6. Paranoic Depressiveness with Defensive Identification

V 8 . Nondepre ssed, Nonde fensive Self-Identification

I. Reactive Assertiveness VS. Reactive Nonassertiveness

0. Malcontent, Dependent Passive-Aggressiveness

VS. Socialized Independence

P. Phobic Apprehensiveness VS. Adventuresomeness

R. Dependent, Fearful Affiliativene88

VS. Assertive Self-Sufficiency

B. Social Discomfort and Troubled Dreams

vs. Sociability and Untroubled Dreams

V. Secure Passivity vs. Insecure Activity

W. Compliant Attention- Seeking

vs. Noncompliant Indifference

Note: Factors H, J, K, L, M, N, Q, S, and T were not used.

19

TABLE 4

RELIABILITY AND TRUE SCORE ESTIMATES

Factor Test-Retest KR20 Correlations with True Scores

A .66 .77 .88

B .49 .66 .81

C .70 .72 .85

D .50 .78 .88

E .49 .64 .80

F .49 .63 .79

G .71 .66 .81

I .42 .51 .71

0 .52 .51 .72

P .72 .73 .85

R .51 .52 .72

U .41 .41 .64

V .57 .53 .73

W 00e .50 .70

20

interpretable second-order factors and three third-order factors

(Tables 11-13). Interpretation will be given below. These higher-order

factors were derived by factoring in the same manner as for the first-

order analysis, except that the inputs were intercorrelations among

factors using the transpose of the transformation matrix for first- and

second-order analyses respectively multiplied by the transformation

matrix:

C ** T' T,

where C Is the intercorrelation matrix. As before unities were inserted

in the diagonals.

Factor Scores. After factor analysis, items having negative

weights on a factor, indicating that the B choice identified the

factor, were rescored with the 0-1 format reversed. That is, an item

with a negative weight on a factor was changed from "0" score to a "1"

score or vice versa. Concoomitantly, the negative sign of the factor

weight was changed to a positive weight. In this manner a B choice is

given weight on a factor which is identified by the item. The corrected

raw score matrix was post-multiplied by the corrected (negative removed)

factor structure matrix to obtain a factor score:

Fa = A B,where Fs ■ the factor score matrix containing a factor score for each

child for each factor, A - the corrected raw score matrix, and B ** the

corrected and reduced matrix (one weight only for each factor on each

variable).

The factor score matrix, Fa , was subjected to the Statistical

Analysis System (SAS) FREQ procedure which supplies frequencies for each

21

factor (or any type of score), cumulative frequencies, percentages that

such frequencies are of the total, and cumulative percentages. From

these descriptive statistics, Decile scores were derived. All are listed

in Appendix IX. This is the basic normative table for the PfiPQ.

Reliability. Reliability of the PSPQ can presently be reported

primarily in two forms: test-retest and internal consistency.

There have been two reliability checks using two administrations

of the test when the lapse of time is insufficient for the subjects

themselves to change substantially. The first procedure involved a

sample of 10 items administered twice to 30 children, with a lapse of

approximately one month between administrations. The test-retest

correlation coefficient was .87. For a control, 10 items from the High

School Personality Questionnaire were administered on a test-retest

basis to SO high school students. The obtained correlation coefficient

was .84 (Dreger, 1976). A second test-retest reliability study was

conducted using 148 students taking all 200 items twice with a between-

test time span of about three weeks. The results are reported in Table

4 as well as in the discussion for each factor. The first of these

studies were based on item reliability; the second on factor reliability.

Internal consistency of factors, or homogeneity was assessed and

reported in Table 4. There is controversy as to whether high or low

correlations are the more desirable (Jackson, 1972). However, Kuder-

Rlchardson correlation coefficients for internal consistency (1939) were

established for each factor. Square roots were then calculated to

provide an estimate of the correlation of the factor with true scores

of the factor. In addition to the two checks on the reliability of the

22

instrument Itself, a conapect reliability coefficient (agreement between

two scorers) is potentially perfect, i.e., equal + 1 .0 0 , as the test is

objectively key-scored.

Validities. Questions of validities of the PSPQ cannot be answered

fully at this time. It will require some years of work to establish the

relations between scores on particular factors and external criteria,

parents' or teachers1 or others' observations, other preschool scales

when they are developed, and objective behavioral Instruments like those

reported in the Fall, 1977 issue of the Journal of Abnormal Child

Psychology. Only one such attempt has been made so far to compare

factor scores on the proto-PSPQ (20 factors derived by Varlmax rotation)

and the Preschool Behavioral Classification Project instrument (Baker and

Dreger, 1973). Twenty-four children from a private psychological clinic

took the PSPQ at the same time and their parents responded to the PBCP

on behalf of their children. Product-moment correlations were computed

for all factors of both tests. Although a large minority of correlations

exceeded .70, several being above .90, the small N in comparison to the

large number of intercorrelations rendered the number of significant

correlations that could come by chance too large for interpretation of

only one coefficient. Nevertheless, the exceedingly high correlation

coefficients obtained in some instances suggest leads for future com­

parisons .

RESULTS

The study has produced 14 first order factors (Table 3), five

second order factors (Table 11), and three third order factors (Table

13).Names for each of the factors were derived from Inspection of

content.

Re-inspection of the content of first order factors, in the light

of the second and third order factor composition, often helped better

to identify the psychological content of the first order factors.

Appendices are provided with both the scored items and the re­

maining items with significant loadings that might contribute to factor

Identification. Decile score tables are also provided.

The original 30-factor rotations performed for this dissertation

(referred to hereafter as "30 Fact") had included 300 additional sub­

jects, 100 at each age level. As race and socioeconomic identification

data were lacking on these subjects, they were dropped from considera­

tion prior to the 23-factor rotation. Where applicable, the results are

referred to as a source of Interesting developmental data. Comparisons

are also offered with the earlier, 1968 30-factor rotation utilizing

616 first graders mentioned in the history section.

23

24

FACTOR ADEPRIVED DEPENDENT. REGRESSIVE. ORAL HOSTILE AGGRESSIVENESS

VS. INDEPENDENT. NOW HOSTILE COMPLIANCE

Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for internal consistency

was .77; while estimate of correlation with true scores equaled .8 8 . A

correlation of .66 was found between test and retest. Scored items and

identification items are found in Appendix 1. Decile scores are listed

in Appendix II.

This factor incorporates both Factor S and Factor 8 of the 1968

study. It is well represented at each age level of the 30 Fact study,

but with slightly different item emphasis at each age.

TABLE 5

THIRTY FACT ROTATION COMPARISONS AT THREE AGE LEVELS

ItemNumber Content 4 yrs. 5 yrs. 6 yrs.

78 Do you like to tease cats or dogs? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .50 .53 .08

119 Do you like to make silly faces at people? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .55 .38 .28

89 When no one Is watching, do you like to mark up the walls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .52 .29 .25

139 When you want to do something and a grown­up says, "No," do you get real angry at him? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .47 .24 .56

138 Do you like to make mudpies? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .47 .41 .30

Admitting to teasing seems to peak at the 4-5 level, while making

faces seems to decline with age as does mudpie-making. This occurs more

rapidly with marking on walls which seems most prominent among the

25

FACTOR A (continued)

youngest age group. Item number 139 presents an Interesting distribu­

tion concerning oppositional feelings toward authority. The relatively

higher loadings at four years and six years seem to suggest that "even"

year children present more difficulties with which adults must cope.

FACTOR B

CHEERFUL. SECURE. POSITIVE SELF-IMAGE VS .MOROSE. REJECTING NEGATIVE SELF-IMAGE

The Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for internal consis­

tency was .66 while the estimate of the correlation with true scores

equalled .81. The correlation coefficient for test-retest equalled .49.

Scored items and identification items are found in Appendix I. Decile

scores are listed in Appendix II.

This factor and Factor D shared many of the same items in the

present study as well as those conducted earlier. The differences would

occur in terms of the different factor structure weights ascribed to the

individual items in each study. In the 1968 study, both Factor B and

Factor D overlapped on the 1968 Factors 9, 10, and 21. In the 30 Fact

study, both Factor D and B seemed to appear together In one large factor

of that study. Comparisons by age group are best made with those items

which were adjudged to have higher factor loadings for Factor D. The

breakdown by ages is not as clear for Factor B.

26

FACTOR CCULTURALLY DETERMINED MASCULINE ACTIVITY VS.

CULTURALLY DETERMINED FEMININE PASSIVITY

In each of the three studies, this factor appears as the most

strongly represented with very little change even In rank order of the

Item loading. The earlier reported validity study also points out that

It actually represents female-male preferences at this age. Ruder-

Richardson correlation coefficient for Internal consistency was .72 while

estimate of the correlation with true scores equalled .85. Test-retest

correlation coefficient was .70. Scored items and Identification items

are found in Appendix I. Decile scores are listed in Appendix II.

In the 30 Fact study we can also observe expected changes with age

in both factor strength and Individual item strength.

TABLE 6THIRTY FACT ROTATION COMPARISONS AT THREE AGE LEVELS

ItemNumber Content 4 yrs. 5 yrs. 6 yrs.

191 Would you rather have (A) a gun, or (B) crayons? .48 .61 .67

65 Do you like to shoot a gun? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .37 .50 .62

6 Would you rather (A) color a book, or (B) climb a tree? -.18 -.35 -.55*

40 Would you rather (A) go out and pick some flowers, or (B) play ball? -.22 -.41 -.59

190 Would you rather have (A) a tricycle, or (B) a doll? .42 .48 .50

Seme preferences, e.g., Item 190, develop rather early and remain consistent throughout the preschool development, while other preferences, e.g., Items 6 , 40, and 65 show obvious strengthening with age.

*Note; The presence of a minus (-) sign denotes that the B response was chosen rather than negative weight.

27

FACTOR DPURITAN-LIKE. FASTIDIOUS. SOCIALIZED SATISFACTION

VS. REBELLIOUS. UNSOCIALIZED DISSATISFACTION

Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for internal consistency

was .78; while estimate of correlation with true scores equals .8 8 .

Test-retest coefficient of correlation was .50. Scored items and identi­

fication items are found in Appendix I, Decile scores are listed in

Appendix II.This factor appears to Incorporate six different factors from the

1968 study, i.e., Factors 4, 9, 10, 15, 20, and 21. However in the 30

Fact study, it appears to be represented by one factor alone. It is

well represented at each age level of the 30 Fact study.

TABLE 7

THIRTY FACT ROTATION COMPARISONS AT THREE AGE LEVELS

ItemNumber Content 4 yrs. 5 yrs. 6 yrs.

153 When you want something from somebody, (A) do you say "please," or (B) do you just ask for it? .39 .34 .46

179 (A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B) do the talking yourself? .36 .51 .33

45 (A) Do you let others play with your toys, or (B) are you afraid they will break them? .52 .25 .26

181 (A) Do you usually have a good time, or(B) do things usually go wrong?If you're worried about something (A) do you tell Mommy and Daddy, or (B) do you keep it to yourself?

.50 .44 .30152

.54 .41 .36171 (A) Do grown-ups often let you talk and

listen to you, or (B) do they talk all the time and not listen to you? .53 .48 .24

113 If you're coloring with crayons, (A) are you pretty good at it, or (B) do you make a mess of things? .29 .30 .44

28

FACTOR D (continued)As expected, the socialization process, as reflected in courtesy

behaviors, is more strongly represented with increase in age. We again

see some indication of "odd" year children being somewhat more conform­

ing to authority. We also see more openness between child and peers as

well as child and parents at the younger ages with some dlmunition of

this openness as the child gets older.

FACTOR EHIGH SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AMD WHITE IMMATURITY VS.LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND NON-WHITE MATURITY

This is the only factor in which appear the items 201 and 202, race

and socio-economic status. Neither of these items was taken into account

in any previous study. Nevertheless, in the 1968 study, Factor 2, guilty,

apprehensive regressiveness vs. socialized maturity, appears to break down

into two separate groupings. One of these emphasizes the guild and

apprehension which would compare with Factor F of the present study. The second part compares with the present Factor E; that would be the regres­siveness vs. socialized maturity. In the 30 Fact study, there is a factor for the overall age group that matches Factor E. Some of the major items are retained in a comparable factor for the six year age level. However, the unity of the factor is lost at both the four and five year levels. Therefore, comparison between the ages is not feasible from the present data. It should be pointed out that these results corroborate the thinking of Susan Gray of George Peabody College. She suggested that the non-white child develops independence and maturity more rapidly than his white counterpart. (Note 2).

The Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for Internal consis­

tency was .64 while the estimate of the correlation with true scores

29

equalled .80. The test-retest correlation coefficient was .49. Scored

Items and Identification items are found In Appendix I. Decile scores

are listed in Appendix II.

FACTOR FAFFECTIONATE DEMONSTRATIVENESS VS. UNDEMONSTRATIVENESS

This factor is solidly represented as Factor 3 in the 1968 study and as a single unit factor in the 30 Fact study as well. The Kuder- Richardson correlation coefficient for internal consistency was .63 while the estimate of the correlation with the true scores equalled ,79. The

test-retest correlation coefficient was .49. Scored items and identifica­tion Items are found in Appendix I. Decile scores are listed in Appendix II.

Some difficulty was found in trying to compare the items at the in­dividual age levels. At each age level, some general agreement concern­ing items dealing with affectionateness is found, but there are also differences in the overall significant content at each age level. These differences are sufficient to throw some question as to the interpretation that can be applied to the differences found for each item at the differ­ent age level.

It is clear that at the six year age level, the factor includes very heavy emphasis upon both giving kisses and receiving kisses. This is not true for those factors at the four year age level which appear to fit best the overall Factor F of the present study. The general affectionate­ness does not appear as a unified factor at the four year level. At the five year level, the factor would break down into separate factors; one

dealing with the expressing of affection and the other dealing with the

receiving of affection. As stated above, at the six year level, both the

giving and receiving come together in one factor.

30

FACTOR GPARANOIC DEPRESSIVENESS WITH DEFENSIVE IDENTIFICATION VS.

NONDEPRESSED. NONDEFENSIVE SELF-IDENTIFICATION

This factor appears to combine three factors from the 1968 study

(Factors 11, 12, and 13). It has an excellent match-up with just one

factor from the 30 Fact rotation. The Kuder-Richardson correlation co­

efficient for internal consistency was .6 6 . The estimate of correlation

with true scores equalled .81. Test retest correlation coefficient

equalled .71. Scored items and identification items are found in

Appendix I. Decile scores are listed in Appendix II.A number of descriptive items that helped in identifying this factor,

for various reasons, are being used in the scoring of other factors.

Nevertheless, there are an abundance of items reflecting predominantly

negative self-image and negative feedback. Unfortunately, from the

sample in the table below, it would seem that once these characteristics

show up, all too often, the problem remains relatively consistent with

little dlmunition through this age range.

TABLE 8THIRTY FACT ROTATION COMPARISONS AT THREE AGE LEVELS

ItemNumber Content 4 yrs. 5 yrs. 6 yrs.

11 Do people ever say you get too excited? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .51 .37 .43

53 Do you get sick very often? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .43 .32 .33

67 Does Mommy say it takes a long time for you to get dressed? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .52 .57 .28

16 Do people sometimes call you a naughty child? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .56 .24 .34

68 (A) Do the other kids sometimes say that you're a poor loser, or (B) don't they ever say that about you? .43 .55 .17

31

FACTOR G (continued)It should be noted that the last listed Item, Item 6 8 , at the six

year level showed a high factor loading score on Factor A. Therefore,

It Is not that the six-year-old no longer sees others as referring to him

as a poor loser, but rather at the six year level, this Item shows up

more strongly In another cluster, but also with relatively negative

Implication.

FACTOR I

REACTIVE ASSERTIVENESS VS. REACTIVE NONASSERTIVENESS

The correlation coefficients (Table 4) do not do justice to the

consistency of this item; unfortunately, it is only the top three items

which appear with very heavy loadings on a consistent basis throughout

the three studies. There have been differences, however, among the

remaining items which have joined the cluster In each of the studies.

The Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for Internal consis­

tency was .51. The estimate of correlation with true scores equalled

.71. Test-retest correlation coefficient equalled .42. Scored items

and Identification items are found in Appendix I. Decile scores are

listed in Appendix II.

TABLE 9THIRTY FACT ROTATION COMPARISONS AT THREE AGE LEVELS

ItemNumber Content 4 yrs. 5 yrs. 6 yrs.102 When someone pushes you, (A) do you push

him right back, or (B) do you cry or notdo anything? .31 .56 .63

125 When other children tease you, (A) do you go away and maybe cry, or (B) do you fightback? -.48 -.50 -.35

32

FACTOR I (continued)

Table 9 (continued)

ItemNumber 'r'' Content 4 yrs. 5 yrs. 6 yrs.

199 When another child hits you, (A) do you hit him back, or (B) do you run away? .46 .47 .52

Note that the tendency, as one gets older, is to retaliate when

physically insulted. However, it seems that the older one gets, the

more the possibility of making some judgment as to whether verbal

Insult requires physical retaliation.

FACTOR 0

MALCONTENT. DEPENDENT. PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVENESS VS.SOCIALIZED INDEPENDENCE

This factor is not found as an intact unit in any of the other

studies. Only four of the eight items--28, 185, 3, and 105— are present

in this factor without some strong representation in one of the other

clusters. Nevertheless, inspection of the items for scoring and other

items for identification do suggest an overall uniqueness to the factor.

Further, the correlation coefficients are within the apparent range of

acceptability of most Cattellian scales.

The Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for internal consis­

tency was .51, while the estimate of the correlation with true scores

equalled .72. The test-retest correlation coefficient equalled .52.

Scored items and Identification items are found In Appendix I. Decile

scores are listed in Appendix II.As the factor was not uniquely represented in either the 1968 or

30 Fact study, no age comparisons are available.

33

FACTOR PPHOBIC APPREHENSIVENESS VS. ADVENTURESOMENESS

Factor P is another factor that appears very strongly represented

In each of the three studies with a great deal of agreement in rank

order of item loading, Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for

internal consistency was .73, while estimate of correlation with true

scores equalled .85. Test-retest correlation coefficient was .72.

Scored items and identification items are found in Appendix I. Decile

scores are listed in Appendix II.

For this overall pre-school age group, the apprehensiveness

appears to remain consistent.

TABLE 10

THIRTY FACT ROTATION COMPARISONS AT THREE AGE LEVELS

ItemNumber Content 4 yrs. 5 yrs. 6 yrs.

94 When you see blood, (A) do you get scared, or (B) doesn't it bother you? .61 .52 .58

136 Are you terribly afraid of things like spiders and snakes? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .41 .47 00•sf•

75 When one of your toys breaks (A) do you cry, or (B) do you do something else? .47 .50 .29

107 When Mommy leaves you, (A) do you cry, or (B) doesn't it make much difference to you? .45 .25 .44

121 When Mommy and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter, (A) are you scared, or (B) doesn’t it make you feel that way? .48 .52 .24

126 When Mommy Bcolds you or yells at you, do you get very scared? (A) Yes, or (B) No. .57 .52 .24

Interestingly, temporary parental absence has more of an effect on the four and six year old than the five. However, it seems that there is a tendency for the effectiveness of parental scolding to diminish as

the child gets older.

34

FACTOR RDEPENDENT. FEARFUL AFFILIATIVENESS VS. ASSERTIVE SELF SUFFICIENCY

This factor is not uniquely represented in either the 1968 or the

30 Fact study. It does fall within the realm of respectibility as com­

pared to other Cattellian scales, Kuder-Richardson correlation co­

efficient for internal consistency was .52 while the estimate of

correlation with true scores equalled .72. The test-retest correlation

coefficient equalled .51.No cross-age comparisons are available. Scored items and identi­

fication items are found in Appendix I. Decile scores are listed in

Appendix II.

FACTOR USOCIAL DISCOMFORT AND TROUBLED DREAMS VS .

SOCIABILITY AND UNTROUBLED DREAMS

This factor is without unique representation in either the 1968

or the 30 Fact study. The top two items, 132 and 173, are strongly re­

lated and are not significantly represented in any other factor. The

other items are represented among the other factors, some more strongly

than in this particular cluster. Contentwlse, the title does appear to

be descriptive of the material represented in both the items used for

scoring and the items used for identification.

The Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for internal consis­

tency was .41 while the estimate of the correlation with true scores

equalled .64. The test-retest correlation coefficient was .41. Scored

items and identification items are found in Appendix I. Decile scores

are listed in Appendix II.

35

FACTOR VSECURE PASSIVITY VS. INSECURE ACTIVITY

This factor finds representation In the 1968 study In Factor 14

which has been tentatively entitled "Passivity vs. Activity." In the

30 Fact study, it appears to be an amalgamation of two factors, one of

them dealing predominantly with sleep and the other one dealing with

relatively passive activities. The Kuder-Richardson correlation co­

efficient for internal consistency was .53, while the estimate with the

correlation with true scores equalled .73. The coefficient of correla­

tion for test-retest was .57.

The analysis at each age level in the 30 Fact study did not bring

together a sufficient number of items to make any reasonable meaningful

comparisons. Scored items and identification items are found in

Appendix I. Decile scores are listed in Appendix II.

FACTOR WCOMPLIANT ATTENTION-SEEKING V S .

NON-COMPLIANT INDIFFERENCE This factor seems to match only slightly one of the factors in the

1968 study; but, there is definite representation in the 30 Fact study in an almost one-to-one basis. Although this was true for the overall pre­school age grouping, the factor was lost when analyzed at each age level.

The Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient for internal consis­

tency was .50, while the estimate of the correlation with true scores

equalled .70. The coefficient of correlation for test-retest was .48.

Scored items and identification items are found in Appendix I. Decile

scores are listed in Appendix II.

36

SECOND ORDER AND THIRD ORDER FACTORS

Names for the second order and third order factors were all derived

from inspection of the items in each of the first order factors. In

same cases this led to a change in the names initially given to first

order factors. The context provided by the second and third order

factoring helped to focus attention on actual item content and reduce

higher level abstractions. This seemed to help append names more closely

descriptive of the actual content.

TABLE 11

SECOND ORDER FACTOR NAMES DERIVED FROM THE PSPQ

1. Immature, Approval-Seeking vs. Indifferent NondemonstrativenessAffectionate Demonstrative­ness

2. Apprehensive, Nonassertlve vs. Courageous, Reactive AssertivenessWithdrawal

3. Secure, Socialized, Positive vs. Insecure, Asocial, NegativeSelf-Image Self-Image

4. Regressive, Depressed Ag- vs. Nondepressed, Accepting Indepen-gressiveness dence

5. Culturally Determined vs. Culturally Determined FeminineMasculine Activity Passivity

37

TABLE 12

FIRST ORDER FACTOR COMPOSITION OF SECOND ORDER FACTORS

Factor Loading First Order Factor

Factor 1: Immature, Approval-Seeking, Affectionate Demonstrativenessvs. Indifferent Nondemonstrativeness

Letter Name.69 E High Socioeconomic Status and

White Immaturity vs. Low Socio­economic Status and Nonwhite Maturity

.67 F Affectionate Demonstrativenessvs. Undemonstrativeness

.64 W Compliant Attention-Seeking vs.Noncompliant Indifference

Factor 2; Apprehensive, Nonassertive Withdrawal vs. Courageous, Reactive Assertiveness

Letter Name.77 P Phobic Apprehensiveness vs.

Adventures omene s s

-.57 I Reactive Assertiveness vs.Nonassertiveness

Factor 3: Secure, Socialized, Positive Self-Imagevs. Insecure, Asocial, Negative Self-Image

Letter Name

.74 V Secure Passivity vs. InsecureActivity

.68 B Cheerful, Secure, Positive Self-Image vs. Morose, Rejecting, Negative Self-Image

.53 D Puritan-Like, Fastidious,Socialized Satisfaction vs. Rebellious, Untidy, Unsocialized Dissatisfaction.

38

TABLE 12 (continued)

Factor Loading First Order Factor

Factor 4: Regressive, Depressed Aggressivenessvs. Nondepressed, Accepting Independence

Letter Name.81 G Paranoic Depressiveness with

Defensive Identification vs. Nondepressed, Nondefensive Self- Identification

.67 A Deprived, Dependent, RegressiveOral Hostile Aggressiveness vs. Accepting, Nonhostile Independence

Factor 5: Culturally Determined Masculine Activityvs. Culturally Determined Feminine Passivity

Letter Name.80 C Culturally Determined Masculine

Activity vs. Culturally Determined Feminine Passivity

39

TABLE 13SECOND ORDER FACTOR COMPOSITION OF THIRD ORDER FACTORS

Factor Loading Second Order Factor

Factor I: Positive Self-Image vs. Negative Self-Image

Number

.67

.46

Immature, Approval-Seeking, Affec­tionate Demonstrativeness vs. Indifferent Nondemonstrativeness

Secure, Socialized, Positive Self- Image vs. Insecure, Asocial, Negative Self-Image

Factor II: Regressive, Deprived Activityvs. Nondepressed, Independent Passivity

Number

,72 4 Regressive, Depressed Aggressivenessvs, Nondepressed, Accepting Independence

,84 5 Culturally Determined MasculineActivity vs. Culturally Determined Feminine Passivity

Factor III: Insecure, Apprehensive Nonassertivenessvs. Secure, Courageous Assertiveness

Number

.77 2 Apprehensive, Nonassertive Withdrawalvs. Courageous, Reactive Assertiveness

-.44 3 Secure, Socialized, Positive Self-Image vs. Insecure, Asocial Negative Self-Image

These three factors are not without precedent in the literature.

40

Black (1965) found three factors using the rating modality; Ego-

strength, General Adjustment, and Introversion-Extroversion.

Although names alone may show some variability and can be mis­

leading, there appears to be general agreement with the present findings.

TABLE 14TENTATIVE MATCHES OF ESPQ FACTORS WITH THE PSPQ FACTORS

ESPQ Factor Names PSPQ Factor Names

A. Affectla P. Phobic Apprehensiveness vs. Adventure­someness

D. Excitability G. Paranoic Depressiveness with Defensive Identification v s . Nondepressed, Non­defensive Self-Identification

E. Dominance C. Culturally Determined Masculine Activity vs. Culturally Determined Feminine Passivity

F. Surgency D. Puritan-Like, Fastidious, Socialized Satisfaction vs. Rebellious, Untidy, Unsocialized Dissatisfaction

J. Coasthenia I. Reactive Assertiveness vs. Reactive Nonassertiveness

N. Shrewdness E. High Socioeconomic Status and White Immaturity vs. Low Socioeconomic Status and Nonwhite Maturity

0. Guilt Proneness B. Cheerful, Secure, Positive Self-Image vs. Morose, Rejecting Negative Self-Image

<*4- Egic Tension V. Secure Passivity vs. Insecure Activity

DISCUSSION

The 14 first order, five second order and three third order factors

derived through principal components, Varlmax, and promax analysis have

been discussed.

Although further study Is requisite (see below), as It stands, the

PSPQ could presently be utilized to derive information from the pre­

school child concerning how he sees himself or wishes to see himself on

each of the factored dimensions. It might provide a balance against how

the child is seen by others, as represented by rating scale data.

The PSPQ's utility is enhanced by the fact that it does not

require a high degree of skill for administration and scoring. It could

be handled by persons of less training, thus conserving time of the more

highly trained practitioner.

The experience of running an analysis with a 30 factor rotation,

followed by a second and third analysis using a 23 factor rotation,

provided some interesting data. The third analysis— the final standard­

ization— included socioeconomic and racial variables.

When Race and Socioeconomic Status were taken into account as

variables, little change occurred in the overall factor structure. With­

out consideration of these two variables, an "empafehetic" factor and a

"negative identification" factor were separate; but these factors

coalesced into Factor G (Paranoic Depressiveness with Defensive Identi­

fication vs. Nondepressed, Nondefensive Self-Identification) with

consideration of these variables. Otherwise there appeared to be very

high correspondence between the strong factors in each rotation. The

41

42

final standardization found Bace and Socioeconomic Status represented

only in Factor E (High Socioeconomic Status and White Immaturity vs.

Low Socioeconomic Status and Nonwhite Maturity).

This ancillary finding--Race and Socioeconomic Status not having

major significance at this age level for the represented factors— might

warrant further exploration. A further breakdown at each age level,

considering these two variables, might prove Interesting.

The first 30 factor rotation, without consideration of Bace and

Socioeconomic Status, was also analyzed at each individual age. This

type of analysis definitely warrants being studied utilizing 23 factor

rotations both with and without the Bace and Socioeconomic Status

variables. Preliminary indications from the 30 factor rotation suggest

some differences of factor structure at each age level as well as some

strong congruences. Even where strong congruence holds through the

three age levels, some differential weighting of ItemB within each

factor might produce interesting data for developmental theory and

research. Discussion of Factors A (Deprived Dependent, Degressive Oral

Hostile Aggressiveness vs. Accepting, Nonhostile Independence), C

(Culturally Determined Masculine Activity vs. Culturally Determined

Feminine Passivity), D (Puritan-Like, Fastidious, Socialized Satisfac­

tion vs, Bebellious, Untidy, Unsocialized Dissatisfaction), 6 (Paranoic

Depressiveness with Defensive Identification vs. Nondepressed, Nondefen­

sive Self-Identification), I (Beactive Assertiveness vs. Beactive Non-

assertiveness), and P (Phobic Apprehensiveness vs. Adventuresomeness)

provide some indication of the type of data that might accrue. Clini­

cally, a further benefit might be seen in the possible need for

43

individual age norms.

Informal comparison of the final standardization with previous work

done on the PSPQ suggests numerous similarities among factor structures.

These were mentioned where appropriate in the discussion of each factor.

Roughly there seem to be some factors that are obviously repetitive in

every study, irrespective of population makeup, e.g., C (Culturally

Determined Masculine Activity vs. Culturally Determined Feminine PaBsiv-

ity), F (Affectionate Demonstrativeness vs. Undemonstrativeness), I

(Reactive Assertiveness vs. Reactive Nonassertiveness), etc. Other

factors seem similar but would require formal comparisons with the

original complete Factor Structure matrix rather than just those items

chosen for scoring by unknown criteria.

Again by informal comparison, there appear to be approximately

eight factors (Table 14) that compare favorably with the ESPQ and there­

by a developmental continuum with other Cattellian factors. However, a

formal comparison using the final standardization factors would be

requisite. Further refinements might be considered:

(1) Decile Scores should be converted to sten scores. At present,

the tenth Decile and the 90th Decile would approximate the third and

eighth sten scores respectively, using Cattellian normalized stens.

(2) Only 160 items are actually utilized in scoring the 14 factors.

Consideration should be given to the elimination of the other 40 items.

The consideration would have to be given to item context variables

provided by present item sequence.

(3) Further test-retest reliability studies are needed. Some of

these might be insnedlate or after one day retest to check what Cattell calls dependability coefficient.

44

(4) Obviously, many validity studies are needed to help determine

external correlates and areas of relevance. However, clinical useful­

ness Is also found in knowing how the child portrays himself through

his responses to the questionnaire, as opposed to how the child is seen

by others.

Again, the basic standardization appears to have been completed.

The PSPQ now awaits further refinement.

CONCLUSION

The PSPQ, although still in need of refinement, appears to fill a

void in the assessment of preschool personality with the development of

a self-report questionnaire. Such an instrument has utility In the

aremamentarium of both clinic evaluation and developmental research. A

basic normative table has been established by this study.

Fourteen first-order factors, five second-order factors, and three

third-order factors were derived. Each appears descriptive of personality

functioning.

A preliminary matching of factors with those derived from earlier

Cattellian scales is encouraging in ItB alignment with factor traits

suggested at higher age levels.

45

REFERENCE NOTES

1. Kagan, J. Personal communication, July 16, 1968.

2, Gray, Susan W. Some Implications of Research on Young Culturally

Deprived Children. For symposium Implications of Research in

Cultural Disadvantage for Counseling Psychology. Presented at the

meeting of the American Psychological Association, September 6,

1964.

46

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1953, 148.

A P P E N D I C E S

55

APPENDIX I

A. DEPRIVED DEPENDENT, REGRESSIVE, ORAL HOSTILE AGGRESSIVENESS

VS.ACCEPTING. NON-HOSTILE INDEPENDENCE_______

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

95 .56 Do you like to tease other children?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

119 .52 Do you like to make silly faces at people?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

78 .51 Do you like to tease cats or dogs?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

138 .48 Do you like to make mudples?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

139 .46 When you want to do something and a grown-up says,"No," do you get real angry at him? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

147 .46 When you try to tell something to Momny, does sheoften tell you to be quiet? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

159 .45 (A) Do people often say or (B) don't they say thatyou talk too much?

63 .44 When you want a toy and Mommy doesn't buy It for you,do you beg her and beg her to buy it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

81 .44 Do you like to light matches?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

103 .44 When you're angry with Mommy, do you sometimes tellher you won't eat? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

134 .44 Do other children call you names and maybe laugh atyou a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

89 .43 When no one is watching, do you like to mark up thewalls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

56

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

115 .39 Uhen there's something to do, do you often feel youhave to say "I'm not any good at that?" (A) Yes, or (B) No.

156 .39 Do you like to take some toys to bed with you?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

96 .38 Do you talk back to grown-ups?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

110 .37 Does your head hurt a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

97 .35 (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like to have a nightlight on when you are In bed?

157 .34 Do you have a piece of cloth or a blanket you liketo touch? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

Other Items for Identification

158 .43 When you're tired or hungry, do you like to put yourthumb in your mouth? (A) Yes, or (B) No,

130 .41 Are you tired a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

135 .40 Do you like to look in a mirror a lot?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

154 .39 When someone hits you, (A) do you, or (B) don't youcry?

140 .38 Do you sometimes make up big stories that aren'treally lies? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

67 .36 Does Mommy say it takes a long time for you to getdressed? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

68 .36 (A) Do the other kids sometimes say that you're apoor loser, or (B) don't they ever say that about you?

16 .34 Do people sometimes call you a naughty child?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

41 .34 Sometimes your mother tells you to put your toys away.Do you sometimes forget to do It? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

57

Other Items for Identification

126 .34 When Mommy scolds you or yells at you, do you getvery scared? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

163 -.34 Would you rather (A) speak softly, or (B) shout?

82 -.33 In the morning (A) do you like to lie In bedthinking about what you want to do, or (B) do you like to get up and run about In the house?

101 .32 (A) Do you like to sleep in a baby crib, or (B) doyou think that's just for babies?

179 -.32 (A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B)do the talking yourself?

71 .31 When no one is watching, do you like to suck on ababy bottle? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

73 .29 In the morning do you like to run to Mommy's bedwhen you get up? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

93 .29 Do you like to make up new words that nobody hasever heard of before? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

182 .29 (A) Are your ideas usually pretty good, or (B) don'tyou think you have good ideas?

53 .28 Do you get sick very often? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

106 .28 When Mommy and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter,are you glad? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

177 .28 (A) Do you get into fights with your friends some­times, or (B) don't you ever fight with people?

85 .28 When you cut your finger, do you cry? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

178 .28 When Mommy says, "Let me help you with that," (A) doyou say, "All right," or (B) do you say, "I'll do It myself?"

65 .27 Do you like to shoot a gun? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

170 .27 (A) Are you afraid of the dark, or (B) isn't thereanything to be afraid of?

58

Other Items for Identification

26 -.26 Would you rather (A) look at some new books, or (B)play a noisy game where you pretend to be a wild animal?

176 .26 (A) Do you like to laugh a lot, or (B) do you hardlyever think things are funny?

15 -.25 Would you rather (A) look at books, or (B) playnoisy games?

21 .25 Do people sometimes scold you when you haven'tdone anything wrong? (A) Yes,or (B) No.

59

B. CHEERFUL, SECURE, POSITIVE SELF-IMAGE VS.MOROSE. REJECTING. NEGATIVE SELF-IMAGE

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

160 .56 Do you smile and laugh (A) a lot, or (B) only alittle?

146 .54 When someone tells you that you're a very good childor that you're nice-looking, (A) do you believe him, or (B) do you think he's kidding?

141 .45 When someone tells you he likes you, (A) do youbelieve him, or (B) do you think he's teasing?

131 .44 Do you like to kiss your Mommy (A) a lot, or (B) alittle only?

178 .43 When Mommy says, "Let me help you with that," (A) doyou say, "All right," or (B) do you say, "I'll do it myself?"

196 .42 When someone reads you a story, would you rather (A)hear something new, or (B) hear a story you already know?

172 .39 (A) Do you talk first to a new child, or (B) do youwait for him to speak to you?

188 .36 Would you rather (A) play at dressing up, or (B) playwith a ball?

39 .34 Do you thing (A) everybody likes you, or (B) do onlysome people like you?

195 .34 Would you rather have (A) a secret house, or (B) asand pile?

168 .31 (A) Does your Daddy play with you sometimes, or (B)is he too busy?

162 .27 If you play a game that you've played before, (A) doyou like to think of new ways to play it, or (B) do you like to play it the way you learned it first?

60

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

49 .36 Uould you rather (A) play with some other children,or (B) make something with blocks all by yourself?

137 .35 Do you like to kiss your Daddy (A) a lot, or (B) onlya little?

152 .35 If you're worried about something, (A) do you tellMommy or Daddy about It, or (B) do you keep it to yourself?

163 .35 Would you rather (A) speak softly, or (B) shout?

133 .33 Would you rather (A) squeeze gooshy clay, or (B)squeeze a wood block you can hold in your hand?

179 .33 (A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B)do the talking yourself?

41 -.30 Sometimes your mother tells you to put your toysaway. Do you sometimes forget to do it? (A) Yes, or (B) No,

50 .29 Would you rather (A) watch people dancing to music, or(B) hear a story about airplanes?

181 .29 (A) Do you usually have a good time, or (B) do thingsoften go wrong?

89 -.28 When no one is watching, do you like to mark up thewalls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

139 -.27 When you want to do something and a grown-up says,"no," do you get real angry at him? (A) Yes, or (B)No.

40 .26 Would you rather (A) go out and pick seme flowers, or(B) play ball?

113 .26 If you're coloring with crayons, (A) are you prettygood at it, or (B) do you make a mess of things?

154 -.26 When someone hits you, (A) do you, or (B) don't you cry?

164 .26 When you once start to do something, (A) do you try tofinish it, or (B) do you like to go to something else?

61

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

200 .26 (A) Do you like to go visiting, or (B) would yourather stay home?

90 .25 When grown-ups k9ss you, (A) does it make you feelgood, or (B) does it make you feel sort of funny inside?

167 .25 When you are angry, (A) do you feel more like crying,or (B) more like breaking something?

62

C, CULTURALLY DETERMINED MASCULINE ACTIVITY VS.CULTURALLY DETERMINED FEMININE PASSIVITY

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

191 .66 Would you rather have (A) a gun, or (B) crayons?

65 .52 Do you like to shoot a gun? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

193 .51 When you're playing, would you rather be (A) a cowboy,or (B) a doctor?

198 .50 Would you rather be (A) a soldier, or (B) a farmer?

190 .48 Would you rather have (A) a tricycle, or (B) a doll?

Ill .45 (A) Do you like to climb tall trees, or (B) do youlike to stay closer to the ground?

6 -.42 Would you rather (A) color a book, or (B) climb atree?

180 .42 (A) Can you touch a big bug, or (B) are you afraid to?

5 .39 Which do you like more (A) books with pictures ofcowboys, or (B) books with pictures of railway engines?

184 .37 (A) Would you rather climb a tree, or (B) lie in thesun?

40 -.35 Would you rather (A) go out and pick some flowers, or(B) play ball?

165 .30 Would you rather (A) play ball, or (B) have Daddy reada story to you?

123 .29 Are you pretty good at running races? (A) Yes, or (B)No.

192 .26 Would you rather have (A) a book you can read, or (B)a book you can color?

63

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

136 -.36 Are you terribly afraid of things like spiders andsnakes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

50 -.35 Would you rather (A) watch people dancing to music,or (B) hear a story about airplanes?

197 -.32 Which toy animal would you rather have? (A) a sheep,or (B) a crocodile?

23 -.29 Would you rather (A) listen to pretty music, or (B)watch two dogs have a fight?

155 .29 When Mommy doesn't buy a toy you want, (A) are youangry, or (B) are you just sad?

37 .28 When you wake up in the morning, (A) do you dressyourself, or (B) does your mommy help you?

8 .26 Do you like (A) long stories that go on and on, or(B) a lot of short stories?

85 -.26 When you cut your finger, do you cry? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

154 -.26 When someone hits you, (A) do you, or (B) don't youcry?

64

D. PURITAN-LIKE, FASTIDIOUS, SOCIALIZED SATISFACTION VS.REBELLIOUS. UNTIDY. UNSOCIALIZED DISSATISFACTION

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

164 .49 When you once start to do something, (A) do you tryto finish it, or (B) do you like to go to something else?

153 .48 When you want something from somebody, (A) do you say,"Please," or (B) do you Just ask for it?

151 .47 When someone gives you a present, (A) do you say"Thank you," or (B) do you usually forget to say "Thank you?"

45 .46 Do you let others play with your toys, or (B) are youafraid they will break them?

113 .46 If you're coloring with crayons, (A) are you prettygood at it, or (B) do you make a mess of things?

60 .45 (A) Do you like to keep your room clean and neat, or(B) do you like to mess it up?

152 .45 If you're worried about something, (A) do you tellMommy or Daddy about it, or (B) do you keep it to yourself?

181 .45 (A) Do you usually have a good time, or (B) do thingsoften go wrong?

144 .44 (A) Do you like to open drawers to see what's in them,or (B) are you afraid to open drawers?

109 .43 (A) Do you like to show other children all the toysyou have, or (B) don't you want them to see your toys?

187 .43 (A) Do you always get what you want at Christmas, or(B) do you always want something else?

179 .41 (A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B) dothe talking yourself?

150 .40 (A) Do you like to take a bath, or (B) do you hate totake baths?

65

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

43 .39 Do you (A) love Mommy and Daddy both the same, or (B)one more than the other?

117 .39 Most of the time do Mommy and Daddy (A) give yougifts that you want, or (B) gifts that you don't want?

171 .36 (A) Do grown-ups often let you talk and listen to you,or (B) do they talk all the time and not listen to you?

182 ,36 (A) Are your Ideas usually pretty good, or (B) don'tyou think you have good Ideas?

200 .33 (A) Do you like to go visiting, or (B) would yourather stay home?

129 .25 (A) Do you like to tell other children how to play, or(B) do you want them to tell you how to play?

Other Items for Identification

116 .36 (A) Do you like to keep your clothes real neat, or (B)doesn't it make much difference to you?

163 .34 Would you rather (A) speak softly, or (B) shout?

128 .32 Which do you like to do more: (A) to jump, or (B) toyell real loud?

74 .30 When you get your hands dirty, (A) do you rush to washthem, or (B) do you just let them stay dirty?

42 .29 When Mommy tells you to stop doing something, do you(A) just stop doing it, or (B) do you want to do it even more?

47 .29 When you wake up In the morning (A) do you feel good,or (B) do you feel kind of grouchy and cross?

48 .29 Do you (A) like all of the things your mother givesyou to eat, or (B) only some of them?

84 .29 (A) Does Mommy like to hear about your friends, or (B)doesn't she care to hear about them?

66

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

124 .29 When you're through playing with your toys, do youalways put them away the way Mommy likes you to?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

146 .29 When someone tells you that you're a very good childor that you're nice-looking (A) do you believe him, or (B) do you think he's kidding?

178 .28 When Mommy says, "Let me help you with that," (A) doyou say, "All right," or (B) do you say, "I'll do it myself?"

59 .27 When Mommy says, "Time for bed," (A) do you like togo to bed, or (B) do you want to stay up longer?

92 .27 (A) Do you sometimes wish you were big and grown-up,or (B) do you like just being a child?

161 .27 When visitors come, (A) do you want to run away, or(B) do you like to stay where they are?

141 .26 When someone tells you he likes you, (A) do youbelieve him, or (B) do you think he's teasing?

167 .26 When you are angry, (A) do you feel more like crying,or (B) more like breaking something?

168 .26 (A) Does your Daddy play with you sometimes, or (B)is he too busy?

121 -.25 When Moony and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter,(A) are you scared, or (B) doesn't it make you feel that way?

174 .25 (A) Do you like to listen to long stories, or (B) doyou get tired before they are over?

67

E. HIGH SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND WHITE IMMATURITY VS.LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND NON-WHITE MATURITY

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

201 .65 Race

202 ,65 Socio-economic status

24 -.43 Which would you rather have come to live with you,(A) a little dog, or (B) a new baby?

49 -.33 Would you rather (A) play with some other children,or (B) make something with blocks all by yourself?

158 .32 When you're tired or hungry, do you like to put yourthumb in your mouth? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

189 -.32 When you play at a swing, do you (A) like to swingyourself, or (B) like to have someone push you?

1 .31 Do you sometimes feel afraid even when there isnothing wrong? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

101 .31 (A) Do you like to sleep In a baby crib, or (B) doyou think that’s just for babies?

48 .29 Do you (A) like all of the things your mother givesyou to eat, or (B) only some of them?

71 .28 When no one is watching, do you like to suck on ababy bottle? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

7 .23 Do you like it when people tickle you? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

80 .20 Would you rather (A) play doctor games, or (B) do youlike to play other games more?

Other Items for Identification

67 .33 Does Mommy say It takes a long time for you to getdressed? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

68

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

115 .28 When there's something to do, do you often feel youhave to say "I'm not any good at that?" (A) Yes, or(B) No.

147 .28 When you try to tell something to Mommy, does sheoften tell you to be quiet? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

89 .26 When no one is watching, do you like to mark up thewalls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

106 .26 When Mommy and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter,are you glad? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

110 .26 Does your head hurt a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

41 .25 Sometimes your mother tells you to put your toysaway. Do you sometimes forget to do it? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

135 .25 Do you like to look in a mirror a lot? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

159 .24 (A) Do people often say or (B) don't they say thatyou talk too much?

143 .24 (A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?

134 .24 Do other children call you names and maybe laugh at youa lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

118 .24 If other children are watching, (A) do you like tosing, or (B) don't you want them around when you sing?

37 -.23 When you wake up in the morning, (A) do you dressyourself, or (B) does your momny help you?

69

F. AFFECTIONATE DEMONSTRATIVENESS VS. UNDEMONSTRATIVENESS

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

127

114

91

98

73

143

112

137

148

93

.54

.47

.45

.45

.39

.37

.36

.33

.33

.28

(A) Do you, or (B) don't you like Mommy to hug you?

Do you like Mommy to be with you all the time? (A)Yes, or (B) No.

When Daddy comes home, (A) do you like to run to hug him, or (B) don't you want to hug him?

(A) Do you, or (B) don't you like to have Mommy kiss you?

In the morning do you like to run to Mommy's bed when you get up? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

(A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?

(A) Do you, or (B) don't you like the food Mommy cooksfor you?

Do you like to kiss your Daddy (A) a lot, or (B) only a little?

Do you like to help Mommy get supper ready? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

Do you like to make up new words that nobody's ever heard of before? (A) Yes, or (B) No,

Other Items for Identification

131 .31 Do you like to kiss your Mommy (A) a lot, or (B) alittle only?

24 -.30 Which would you rather have come to live with you, (A)a little dog, or (B) a new baby?

156 .29 Do you like to take some toys to bed with you? (A) Yes,or (B) No.

70

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

90 .28 When grown-ups kiss you, (A) does It make you feelgood, or (B) does it make you feel sort of funny inside?

100 .27 Do you like to sing? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

41 .26 Sometimes your mother tells you to put your toys away.Do you sometimes forget to do it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

97 .26 (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like to have a night lighton when you are in bed.

12 .25 Do you wish you had more baby brothers or sisters thanyou have now? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

118 .25 If other children are watching, (A) do you like tosing, or (B) don't you want them around when you sing?

154 .25 When someone hits you, (A) do you, or (B) don't youcry?

193 -.24 When you're playing, would you rather be (A) a cowboy,or (B) a doctor?

158 .22 When you're tired or hungry, do you like to put yourthumb in your mouth? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

71

6 . PARANOIC DEPRESSIVENESS WITH DEFENSIVE IDENTIFICATION VS. NONDEPRESSED. NONDEFENSIVE SELF-IDENTIFICATION

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

21 .48 Do people sometimes scold you when you haven't doneanything wrong? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

35 .46 Do you sometimes feel sad because people aren't niceto you? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

52 .45 Do you know any children who are so naughty or dumbit's no fun to play with them? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

30 .44 Sometimes you have seen another boy or girl crying.Does that bother you; does it make you feel bad? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

51 .43 I'll bet sometimes children play with your toys with­out asking you. Do you get angry and feel like hitting them when they do that? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

53 .41 Do you get sick very often? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

18 .40 Sometimes people tease you and play jokes on you. Doyou ever get angry when they do that? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

11 .35 Do people ever say you get too excited? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

41 .33 Sometimes your mother tells you to put your toys away.Do you sometimes forget to do it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

54 .33 Do people say that you don't take care of things? (A)Yes, or (B) No.

16 .32 Do people sometimes call you a naughty child? (A) Yes,or (B) No.

76 .26 (A) Does it take you a long time to take a bath, or(B) do you get it over with right away?

176 .26 (A) Do you like to laugh a lot, or (B) do you hardlyever think things are funny?

72

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

67 ,38 Does Mommy say it takes a long time for you to getdressed? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

4 .37 Does your Daddy lose his temper very often? (A) Yes,or (B) No.

57 .37 When you hear a story about a poor little dog thatdied, or something like that, do you ever feel tears in your eyes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

68 .36 (A) Do the other kids sometimes say that you're a poorloser, or (B) don't they ever say that about you?

63 .34 When you want a toy and Mommy doesn't buy it for you,do you beg her and beg her to buy it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

103 .32 When you're angry with Mommy, do you sometimes tellher you won't eat? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

110 .32 Does your head hurt a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

61 .30 Do you like to finger paint? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

73 .30 In the morning do you like to run to Morany's bed whenyou get up? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

140 .30 Do you sometimes make up big stories that aren'treally lies? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

134 .28 Do other children call you names and maybe laugh atyou a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

115 .27 When there's something to do, do you often feel youhave to say "I’m not any good at that?" (A) Yes, or(B) No.

130 .27 Are you tired a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

139 .27 When you want to do something and a grown-up says,"No," do you get real angry at him? (A) Yes, or (B) No,

126 .25 When Mommy scolds you or yells at you, do you get veryscared? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

156 .25 Do you like to take some toys to bed with you? (A)Yes, or (B) No.

73

H.*ITEM FACTOR

NUMBER LOADINGIdentifying

Items66 .45 Do you like to play (A) with just one friend, or (B)

with a lot of other children?36 .42 Would you rather (A) play in your own yard, or (B) in

someone else's yard?32 .33 Would you rather (A) play by yourself, or (B) with

other boys and girls?57 -.29 When you hear a story about a poor little dog that

died, or something like that, do you ever feel tears in your eyes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

37 -.27 When you wake up in the morning, (A) do you dressyourself, or (B) does your Montny help you?

68 -.25 (A) Do the other kids sometimes say that you're a poorloser, or (B) don't they ever say that about you?

89 -.25 When no one is watching, do you like to mark up thewalls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

Ill -.25 (A) Do you like to climb tall trees, or (B) do youlike to stay closer to the ground?

166 .25 On the playground, do you play (A) mostly alone, or(B) with other children?

70 -.24 When your friend loses a toy, do you feel like lookingfor it with him? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

47 .22 When you wake up in the morning (A) do you feel good,or (B) do you feel kind of grouchy and cross?

15 .21 Would you rather (A) look at books, or (B) play noisygames?

53 -.21 Do you get sick very often? (A) Ye.s, or (B) No.10 .20 Would you rather (A) look through a picture book alone,

or (B) with another child?104 -.20 (A) Do you tell other children when they're doing

things that are wrong, or (B) do you just keep quiet?129 .20 (A) Do you like to tell other children how to play, or

(B) do you want them to tell you how to play?

* Factor not used.

I. REACTIVE ASSERTIVENESS VS. REACTIVE NONASSERTIVENESS

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

102 .60 When someone pushes you, (A) do you push him right back, or (B) do you cry or not do anything?

125 -.57 When other children tease you, (A) do you go away and maybe cry, or (B) do you fight back?

199 .51 When another child hits you, (A) do you hit him back, or (B) do you run away?

87 .31 When a grown-up hugs you, (A) do you feel like pushing him or her away, or (B) do you like it?

23 -.27 Would you rather (A) Listen to pretty music, or (B) watch two dogs have a fight?

38 .20 When children get mean and smash things, do you (A) just laugh, or (B) do you feel bad about it?

Other Items for Identification134 -.25 Do other children call you names and maybe laugh at

you a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.115 -.23 When there's something to do, do you often feel you

have to say "I'm not any good at that?" (A) Yes, or (B) No.

143 -.23 (A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?197 -.23 Which toy animal would you rather have? (A) a sheep,

or (B) a crocodile?3 -.23 When children fight, do you think grown-ups punish the

wrong ones? (A) Yes, or (B) No.51 .21 I'll bet sometimes children play with your toys wlthoul

asking you. Do you get angry and feel like hitting them when they do that? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

136 -.21 Are you terribly afraid of things like spiders and snakes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

180 .20 (A) Can you touch a big bug, or (B) are you afraid to?163 0

•1 Would you rather (A) play ball, or (B) have Daddy read a story to you?

109 -.20 (A) Do you like to show other children all the toys you have, or (B) don't you want them to see your toys?

75

*J.ITEM FACTOR

NUMBER LOADINGIdentifying

Items

31 .49 When you get up in the morning, (A) are you all readyto play, or (B) do you still feel sleepy and tired?

62 .43 In the morning (A) do you like to get up right away,or (B) do you like to stay in bed after you wake up?

64 .35 (A) Do you sometimes think that Mommy doesn't loveyou, or (B) do you always think that she loves you?

14 .32 When you get through with breakfast, would you rather(A) go out and play, or (B) lie down for a little while?

69 .31 (A) Do you like to go away from home, or (B) do youalways like to stay at home?

89 .29 When no one is watching, do you like to mark up thewalls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

15 -.28 Would you rather (A) look at books, or (B) play noisygames ?

65 .27 So you like to shoot a gun? (A) Yes, or (B) No.82 -.27 In the morning (A) do you like to lie in bed thinking

about what you want to do, or (B) do you like to get up and run about the house?

44 .27 Do you (A) pick out your own clothes in the morning,or (B) does Manny tell you what to wear?

56 .27 Do you wake up in the morning (A) all by yourself, or(B) does someone wake you up?

161 .27 When visitors come, (A) do you want to tun away, or(B) do you like to stay where they are?

81 .25 Do you like to light matches? (A) Yes, or (B) No.Ill .25 (A) Do you like to climb tall trees, or (B) do you

like to stay closer to the ground?184 .23 (A) Would you rather climb a tree, or (B) lie in the

sun?10 .22 Would you rather (A) look through a picture book alone,

or (B) with another child?

77 .21 Do you obey Mommy most of the time? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

76

ITEMNUMBER

FACTORLOADING

IdentifyingItems

47

68

26

30

166

49

.20

.20

-.20

-.20

-.20

-.20

When you wake up in the morning (A) do you feel good, or (B) do you feel kind of grouchy and cross?

(A) Do the other kids sometimes say you're a poor loser, or (B) don't they ever say that about you?

Would you rather (A) look at some new books, or (B) play a noisy game where you pretend to be a wild animal?

Sometimes you have seen another boy or girl crying. Does that bother you; does it make you feel bad? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

On the playground, do you play (A) mostly alone, or(B) with other children?

Would you rather (A) play with some other children, or(B) make something with blocks all by yourself?

* Factor not used.

77

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItems

167 .35

108 -.32

128 .31

140 -.31

163 .3179 .30

49 .28

194 .27

179 .27

113 .26

139 -.26

178 .26

82 .25

89 -.25

74 .24

When you are angry, (A) do you feel more like crying, or (B) more like breaking something?(A) Do you hate to comb your hair, or (B) do you really like to comb your hair?Which do you like to do more: (A) to jump, or (B)to yell real loud?

Do you sometimes make up big stories that aren't really lies? (A) Yes, or (B) No.Would you rather (A) speak softly, or (B) shout?When someone tells you that you're a bad child, (A) do you know that you're not bad, or (B) do you believe him?Would you rather (A) play with some other children, or(B) make something with blocks all by yourself?When you're playing cops and robbers, would you rather be (A) the cops, or (B) the robbers?(A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B) do the talking yourself?If you're coloring with crayons, (A) are you pretty good at it, or (B) do you make a mess of things?

When you want to do something and a grown-up says,"No," do you get real angry at him? (A) Yes, or (B) No.When Mommy says, "Let me help you with that," (A) do you say, "All right," or (B) do you say, "I'll do it myself?"In the morning (A) do you like to lie in bed thinking about what you want to do, or (B) do you like to get up and run about in the house?When no one is watching, do you like to mark up the walls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

When you get your hands dirty, (A) do you rush to wash them, or (B) do you just let them stay dirty?

78

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItems

60 .24 (A) Do you like to keep your room clean and neat, or(B) do you like to mess it up?

45 .23 (A) Do you let others play with your toys, or (B) areyou afraid they will break them?

81 -.23 Do you like to light matches? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

23 .22 Would you rather (A) listen to pretty music, or (B)watch two dogs have a fight?

138 -.22 Do you like to make mudpies? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

159 -.22 (A) Do people often say or (B) don't they say that youtalk too much?

* Factor not used.

79

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItems

7 .37

27 .37

180 .33

129 .29

71 .26

111 .26

149 -.24

37 .23

156 -.22

78 .2138 .20

101 .20

Do you like it when people tickle you? (A) Yes, or(B) No.When you tell someone you can do something, like ride a tricycle, skip rope, jump over a ditch, roller skate, or anything like that, (A) can you really do it, or(B) do you just hope you can?(A) Can you touch a big bug, or (B) are you afraid to?(A) Do you like to tell other children how to play, or (B) do you want them to tell you how to play?When no one is watching, do you like to suck on a baby bottle? (A) Yes, or (B) No.(A) Do you like to climb tall trees, or (B) do you like to stay closer to the ground?(A) Are you afraid to go to the doctor, or (B) do you like to go to the doctor?When you wake up in the morning, (A) do you dress yourself, or (B) does your mommy help you?Do you like to take some doys to bed with you?(A) Yes, or (B) No.Do you like to tease cats or dogs? (A) Yes, or (B) No.When children get mean and smash things, do you (A) just laugh, or (B) do you feel bad about it?

(A) Do you like to sleep in a baby crib, or (B) do you think that's just for babies?

* Factor not used.

80

M.*

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItems

186 -.36 Which would you rather have: (A) a kitten or (B) adog?

45 .26 Do you let others play with your toys, or (B) are youafraid they will break them?

97 .26 (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like to have a nightlight on when you are in bed?

1 .24 Do you sometimes feel afraid even when there isnothing wrong? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

149 .23 (A) Are you afraid to go to the doctor, or (B) do youlike to go to the doctor?

70 .23 When your friend loses a toy, do you feel like lookingfor it with him? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

9 .22 Do you wish that grown-ups would help you more withthings than they do? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

81 .22 Do you like to light matches? (A) Yes, or (B) No.170 .22 (A) Are you afraid of the dark, or (B) isn't there any­

thing to be afraid of?68 -.22 (A) Do the other kids sometimes say that you're a poor

loser, or (B) don't they ever say that about you?58 .21 Can you cross the street (A) all by yourself, or (B)

does someone always go along with you?162 .21 If you play a game that you've played before, (A) do

you like to think of new ways to play it, or (B) doyou like to play it the way you learned it first?

168 .21 (A) Does your Daddy play with you sometimes, or (B) ishe too busy?

18 .20 Sometimes people tease you and play jokes on you. Doyou ever get angry when they do that? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

43 .20 Do you (A) love Mommy and Daddy both the same, or (B)one more than the other?

143 -.20 (A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?179 -.20 (A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B) do

the talking yourself?* Factor not used

81

N.ITEM FACTOR

NUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItems

88

109

141

179

41

183

90

49

55

112

155

35

16382

14

.46

.35

.30

.27

.26

-.26

.26

.24

.24

.24

-.23

.22

.21

.21

.21

143 .20* Factor not used.

When you get Into trouble (A) is it your fault moat of the time, or (B) la it mostly other children's fault?(A) Do you like to show other children all the toys you have, or (B) don't you want them to see your toys?When someone tells you he likes you, (A) do you believe him, or (B) do you think he's teasing?(A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B) do the talking yourself?Sometimes your mother tells you to put your toys away.Do you sometimes forget to do it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.If other children play with your things without asking, (A) do you get mad at them, or (B) do you just let them play?When grown-ups kiss you, (A) does it make you feel good, or (B) does it make you feel sort of funny inside?Would you rather (A) play with some other children, or(B) make something with blocks all by yourself?Would you rather (A) play an easy game that no one wins, or (B) a hard game where you can win?(A) Do you, or (B) don't you like the food Mommy cooks for you?When Mommy doesn't buy a toy you want, (A) are you angry, or (B) are you just sad?Do you sometimes feel sad because people aren't nice to you? (A) Yes, or (B) No,Would you rather (A) speak softly, or (B) shout?In the morning (A) do you like to lie in bed thinking about what you want to do, or (B) do you like to get up and run about in the house?When you get through with breakfast, would you rather(A) go out and play, or (B) lie down for a little while?(A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?

82

ITEMNUMBER

0. MALCONTENT, DEPENDENT PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVENESS VS. _______________SOCIALIZED INDEPENDENCE_______________

FACTORLOADING

Items for Scoring

28

185

68

67

105

47

4

-.42

-.38

.37

.34

.32

.32

-.29

.28

Would you rather (A) go to a birthday party, or(B) stay home and play?(A) Do you turn on the TV yourself, or (B) do you wait for Mommy to do It?

When children fight, do you think grown-ups punish the wrong ones? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

(A) Do the other kids sometimes say that you're a poor loser, or (B) don't they ever say that about you?

Does Mommy say It takes a long time for you to get dressed? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

(A) Do you sometimes want to hit your Daddy, or (B) don't you ever feel like hitting him?

When you wake up In the morning (A) do you feel good, or (B) do you feel kind of grouchy and cross?

Does your Daddy lose his temper very often? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

Other Items for Identification

89 .28 When no one is watching, do you like to mark up thewalls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

87 .23 When a grown-up hugs you, (A) do you feel like pushinghim or her away, or (B) do you like it?

99 .22 When your kindergarten or Sunday school teacher looksat you, do you get scared? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

103 .22 When you're angry with Mommy, do you sometimes tellher you won't eat? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

60 -.22 (A) Do you like to keep your room clean and neat, or(B) do you like to mess It up?

83

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

26 -.21 Would you rather (A) look at some new books, or (B)play a noisy game where you pretend to be a wild animal?

113 -.21 If you're coloring with crayons, (A) are you prettygood at it, or (B) do you make a mess of things?

143 -.21 (A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?

146 -.21 When someone tells you that you're a very good childor that you're nice-looking, (A) do you believe him, or (B) do you think he's kidding?

54 .20 Do people ever say that you don’t take care of thingB?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

64 .20 (A) Do you sometimes think that Mommy doesn't loveyou, or (B) do you always think that she loves you?

115 .20 When there's something to do, do you often feel youhave to say "I'm not any good at that?" (A) Yes, or(B) No.

141 -.20 When someone tells you he likes you, (A) do youbelieve him, or (B) do you think he's teasing?

84

P. PHOBIC APPREHENSIVENESS VS. ADVENTURESOMENESS

ITEM FACTORn u m b e r l o a d i n g

Items for Scoring

107 ,52 When Mammy leaves you, (A) do you cry, or (B) doesn'tit make much difference to you?

94 .51 When you see blood, (A) do you get scared, or (B)doesn't it bother you?

126 .51 When Mommy scolds you or yells at you, do you getvery scared? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

136 ,48 Are you terribly afraid of things like spiders andsnakes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

75 ,45 When one of your toys breaks (A) do you cry, or (B)do you do something else?

99 .45 When your kindergarten or Sunday school teacher looksat you, do you get scared? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

121 .39 When Mommy and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter, (A)are you scared, or (B) doesn't it make you feel that way?

85 .37 When you cut your finger, do you cry? (A) Yes, or (B)No.

120 .36 If paint messes up your clothes, (A) does it botheryou a whole lot, or (B) just a little?

154 .36 When someone hits you, (A) do you, or (B) don't you cry?

149 .23 (A) Are you afraid to go to the doctor, or (B) do youlike to go to the doctor?

Other Items for Identification

170 .37 (A) Are you afraid of the dark, or (B) isn't there any­thing to be afraid of?

57 .36 When you hear a story about a poor little dog that died,or something like that, do you ever feel tears in your eyes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

180 -.33 (A) Can you touch a big bug, or (B) are you afraid to?

85

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

158 .29 When you're tired or hungry, do you like to put yourthumb in your mouth? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

110 .28 Does your head hurt a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

142 .26 If a grown-up yells at another child, do you feelsorry for the other child? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

144 -.26 (A) Do you like to open drawers to see what's inthem, or (B) are you afraid to open drawers?

159 .26 (A) Do people often say or (B) don't they say that youtalk too much?

30 .24 Sometimes you have seen another boy or girl crying.Does that bother you; does it make you feel bad? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

71 .23 When no one is watching, do you like to suck on a babybottle? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

115 .23 When there's something to do, do you often feel youhave to say "I'm not any good at that?" (A) Yes, or(B) No.

86

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItems

86 .42

155 .34

77 -.31

142 -.28

83 -.27

183 .27

124 -.22

143 -.21

128 -.20

98 -.20

164 -.20

(A) Does It take you a long time to eat, or (B) doyou get through with eating real fast?

When Mommy doesn't buy a toy you want, (A) are you angry, or (B) are you just sad?

Do you obey Mommy most of the time? (A) Yes, or (B)No.

If a grown-up yells at another child, do you feel sorry for the other child? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

Do you sometimes wish that Mommy loved you more? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

If other children play with your things without asking,(A) Do you get mad at them, or (B) do you just let them play?

When you're through playing with your toys, do you always put them away the way Monmy likes you to? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

(A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?

Which do you like to do more; (A) to jump, or (B) to yell real loud?

(A) Do you, or (B) don’t you like to have Mommy kiss you?

When you once start to do something, (A) do you try to finish it, or (B) do you like to go to something else?

* Factor not used.

87

R. DEPENDENT, FEARFUL AFFILIATIVENESS VS.________ ASSERTIVE SELF-SUFFICIENCY_______

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

12 .42 Do you wish you had more baby brothers or sistersthan you have now7 (A) Yes, or (B) No.

135 .41 Do you like to look in a mirror a lot? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

8 -.34 Do you like (A) long stories that go on and on, or(B) a lot of short stories?

197 .34 Which toy animal would you rather have? (A) a sheep,or (B) a crocodile?

58 -.33 Can you cross the street (A) all by yourself, or (B)does someone always go along with you?

10 -.32 Would you rather (A) look through a picture bookalone, or (B) with another child?

174 -.32 (A) Do you like to listen to long stories, or (B) doyou get tired before they are over?

29 .30 Is your teacher nicer to you than she is to the otherchildren? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

20 .24 Sometimes when children get into fights, grown-upscome over and tell them why they shouldn't fight. Doyou think children can always stop fighting if someone tells them why they should not fight? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

22 .24 Would you rather (A) go to the store with Mommy, or(B) stay home and play?

122 .24 When you were little, (A) did you, or (B) didn't youlike the food Mammy gave you?

55 .23 Would you rather (A) play an easy game that no one wins,or (B) a hard game where you can win?

17 -.21 Would you rather (A) wear old play clothes, or (B)your very best clothes?

88

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

136 .34 Are you terribly afraid of things like spiders andsnakes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

Ill -.32 (A) Do you like to climb tall trees, or (B) do youlike to stay closer to the ground?

180 -.32 (A) Can you touch a big bug, or (B) are you afraid to?

37 -.30 When you wake up in the morning, (A) do you dressyourself, or (B) does your mommy help you?

126 .29 When Mommy scolds you or yells at you, do you getvery scared? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

177 -.26 (A) Do you get into fights with your friends sometimes,or (B) don't you ever fight with people?

3 .25 When children fight, do you think grown-ups punish thewrong ones? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

67 .25 Does Mommy say it takes a long time for you to getdressed? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

89

S.*ITEM FACTOR

NUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItems

13 .40 Would you rather (A) listen to grown-ups talk, or(B) play with some other boys and girlB?

22 .34 Would you rather (A) go to the store with Mommy, or(B) stay home and play?

80 .31 Would you rather (A) play doctor games, or (B) doyou like to play other games more?

104 .30 (A) Do you tell other children when they’re doingthings that are wrong, or (B) do you just keep quiet?

42 -.26 When Mommy tells you to stop doing something, do you(A) just stop doing it, or (B) do you want to do it even more?

53 .26 Do you get sick very often? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

130 .24 Are you tired a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.194 .24 When you're playing cops and robbers, would you rather

be (A) the cops, or (B) the robbers?3 .23 When children fight, do you think grown-ups punish the

wrong ones? (A) Yes, or (B) No.5 -.23 Which do you like more (A) books with pictures of cow­

boys, or (B) books with pictures of railway engines?4 .22 Does your Daddy lose his temper very often? (A) Yes,

or (B) No.64 .22 (A) Do you sometimes think that Mommy doesn’t love you,

or (B) do you always think that she loves you?

133 .22 Would you rather (A) squeeze gooshy clay, or (B)squeeze a wood block you can hold in your hand?

25 .20 When you go to bed, do you (A) go right to sleep, or(B) do you stay awake for awhile?

112 -.20 (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like the food Mommy cooksfor you?

* Factor not used.

90

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

IdentifyingItemB

175 .42

2 -.35

59 -.33

165 .32

83 -.27

148 -.27

34 -.24

124 -.24

158 -.24

109 -.23

171 .21

130 .21108 .21

81 -.2185 .20

(A) Would you rather be a big bird up on a mountain, or (B) a deer in the forest?When you are playing with other children, do you like to tell them how to do things? (A) Yes, or (B) No.When Mommy says, "Time for bed," (A) do you like to go to bed, or (B) do you want to stay up longer?

Would you rather (A) play ball, or (B) have Daddy read a story to you?Do you sometimes wish that Mommy loved you more? (A) Yes, or (B) No.Do you like to help Mommy get supper ready? (A) Yes, or (B) No.Does your mother (A) let you do almost anything you want, or (B) are there lots of things she won't let you do?When you're through playing with your toys, do you always put them away the way Mommy likes you to? (A) Yes, or (B) No.When you're tired or hungry, do you like to put your thumb in your mouth? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

(A) Do you like to show other children all the toys you have, or (B) don't you want them to see your toys?(A) Do grown-ups often let you talk and listen to you, or (B) do they talk all the time and not listen to you?Are you tired a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.(A) Do you hate to comb your hair, or (B) do you really like to comb your hair?Do you like to light matches? (A) Yes, or (B) No.When you cut your finger, do you cry? (A) YeB, or (B) No.

* Factor not used.

U. SOCIAL DISCOMFORT AMD TROUBLED DREAMS VS. ______ SOCIABILITY AMD UNTROUBLED DREAMS

91

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Items for Scoring

132 .47 At night, (A) do you have dreams that scare you, or (B) do you have wonderful dreams?

173 .39 In dreams, (A) do animals chase you or (B) are your dreams nice?

166 .34 On the playground, do you play (A) mostly alone, or (B) with other children?

106 -.25 When Mommy and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter, are you glad? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

130 CM• Are you tired a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.177 .24 (A) Do you get into fights with your friends sometimes,

or (B) don't you ever fight with people?

Other Items for Identification

112 -.24 (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like the food Mommy cooks for you?

182 -.23 (A) Are your ideas usually pretty good, or (B) don't you think you have good ideas?

15 -.23 Would you rather (A) look at books, or (B) play noisy games?

134 CMCM• Do other children call you names and maybe laugh at you a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

70 -.22 When your friend loses a toy, do you feel like looking for it with him? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

11 .21 Do people ever say you get too excited? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

147 .21 When you try to tell something to Mammy, does she often tell you to be quiet? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

57 .20 When you hear a Btory about a poor little dog that died, or something like that, do you ever feel tears in your eyes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

92

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

64 .20 (A) Do you sometimes think that Mommy doesn't loveyou, or (B) do you always think that she loves you?

93 -.20 Do you like to make up new words that nobody's everheard of before? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

93

V. SECURE PASSIVITY VS. INSECURE ACTIVITY

H E MNUMBER

FACTORLOADING

Items for Scoring

25

26

19

33

15

42

82

50

46

92

170

.47

.40

.39

.36

.34

.33

.31

.29

.27

.25

.21

When you go to bed, do you (A) go right to sleep, or(B) do you stay awake for awhile?

Would you rather (A) look at some new books, or (B) play a noisy game where you pretend to be a wild animal?

When you wake up In the dark (A) do you just go back to sleep again, or (B) do you have trouble going back to sleep?

Would you rather (A) hear stories about boys and girls, or (B) have these things happen to you?

Would you rather (A) look at books, or (B) play noisy games?

When Mommy tells you to stop doing something, do you(A) just stop doing it, or (B) do you want to do it even more?

In the morning (A) do you like to lie in bed thinking about what you want to do, or (B) do you like to get up and run about in the house?

Would you rather (A) watch people dancing to music, or(B) hear a story about airplanes?

When you want to say something, (A) do you just say it, or (B) do you think it over first?

(A) Do you sometimes wish you were big and grown-up, or(B) do you like just being a child?

(A) Are you afraid of the dark, or (B) isn't there any­thing to be afraid of?

Other Items for Identification

159

16

-.27

-.26

(A) Do people often say or (B) don't they say that you talk too much?Door was.e sometimes call you a naughty child? (A) Yes,

94

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

69 -.26 (A) Do you like to go away from home, or (B) do youalways like to stay at home?

152 .26 If you're worried about something, (A) do you tellMommy or Daddy about it, or (B) do you keep it to yourself?

167 .26 When you are angry, (A) do you feel more like crying,or (B) more like breaking something?

164 .23 When you once start to do something, (A) do you try tofinish it, or (B) do you like to go to something else?

36 .22 Would you rather (A) play in your own yard, or (B) insomeone else's yard?

151 .22 When someone gives you a present, (A) do you say"Thank you," or (B) do you usually forget to Bay "Thank you?"

194 .22 When you're playing cops and robbers, would you ratherbe (A) the cops, or (B) the robbers?

63 -.22 When you want a toy and Mommy doesn't buy it for you,do you beg her and beg her to buy it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

89 -.22 When no one is watching, do you like to mark up thewalls with paint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

95 -.22 Do you like to tease other children? (A) Yes, or (B)No.

95

W. COMPLIANT ATTENTION-SEEKING VS. NONCOMPLIANT INDIFFERENCE

ITEMNUMBER

FACTORLOADING

Items for Scoring

84

116

100

133

118

90

61

59

169

.38

.34

.32

-.32

.30

.28

.27

.23

.24

(A) Does Mommy like to hear about your friends, or(B) doesn't she care to hear about them?

(A) Do you like to keep your clothes real neat, or(B) doesn't it make much difference to you?

Do you like to sing? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

Vould you rather (A) squeeze gooshy clay, or (B) squeeze a wood block you can hold in your hand?

If other children are watching, (A) do you like to sing, or (B) don't you want them around when you sing?

When grown-ups kiss you, (A) does it make you feel good, or (B) does it make you feel sort of funny inside?

Do you like to finger paint? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

When Mommy says, "Time for bed," (A) do you like to go to bed, or (B) do you want to stay up longer?

If some boy or girl is going to tell a story about going to the zoo, would you rather (A) be the one to tell the story, or (B) be one of the children who listen to the story?

Other Items for Identification

114 .29 Do you like Mommy to be with you all the time? (A)Yes, or (B) No.

47 .25 When you wake up in the morning (A) do you feel good,or (B) do you feel kind of grouchy and cross?

48 .24 Do you (A) like all of the things your mother givesyou to eat, or (B) only some of them?

39 .23 Do you think (A) everybody likes you, or (B) do onlysome people like you?

96

ITEM FACTORNUMBER LOADING

Other Items for Identification

184 -.23 (A) Would you rather climb a tree, or (B) lie in thesun?

124 .21 When you're through playing with your toys, do youalways put them away the way Mommy likes you to? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

38 .21 When children get mean and smash things, do you (A)just laugh, or (B) do you feel bad about it?

23 .20 Would you rather (A) listen to pretty music, or (B)watch two dogs have a fight?

36 .20 Would you rather (A) play in your own yard, or (B)in someone else's yard?

74 .20 When you get your hands dirty, (A) do you rush towash them, or (B) do you just let them stay dirty?

97

APPENDIX II

FACTOR A - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 7.85

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 1.26 9.90

20 1.91 19.96

30 2.37 30.03

40 2.83 39.93

50 3.32 50.00

60 3.81 59.90

70 4.41 69.96

80 5.04 80.03

90 6.07 89.77

100 7.85 100.00

98

FACTOR B - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 4.85

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 .76 10.06

20 1.19 19.96

30 1.63 29.87

40 2.05 39.93

50 2.42 50.32

60 2.78 60.06

70 3.06 70.13

80 3.45 79.70

90 3.83 90.26

100 4.85 100.00

99

FACTOR C - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 5.92

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 1.13 10.00

20 1.79 19.89

30 2.31 30.00

40 2.72 40.21

50 3.14 50.21

60 3.53 60.00

70 4.01 70.00

80 4.49 79.89

90 4.98 90.00

100 5.92 100.00

100

FACTOR D - DECILE SCORES

Range 0.48 - 7.9

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 3.32 10.06

20 4.24 19.96

30 4.95 29.87

40 5.55 39.77

50 5.97 50.16

60 6.34 59.74

70 6.65 69.96

80 7.05 79.87

90 7.47 89.44

100 7.90 100.00

101

FACTOR E - DECILE SCORES*

Range 0.20 - 3.02

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 0.43 10.00

20 0.65 20.54

30 0.84 29.24

40 0.99 40.22

50 1.15 49.79

60 1.28 60.76

70 1.48 70.77

80 1.67 80.00

90 1.96 90.00

100 3.02 100.00

*Thls table does not include the scoring for the racial and the socio-economic variables. For interpretive purposes, attention should be given to both variables.

102

FACTOR F - DECILE SCORES

Range 0.36 - 3.97

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 2.05 10.06

20 2.52 20.13

30 2.87 30.03

40 3.11 39.44

50 3.28 49.67

60 3.52 60.39

70 3.6 69.64

80 3.64 79.05

90 3.77 90.00

100 3.97 100.00

103

FACTOR G - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 4.92

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 1.03 10.06

20 1.42 20.13

30 1.7 29.70

40 2 40.09

50 2.32 49.83

60 2.64 60.22

70 3 70.13

80 3.38 80.03

90 3.88 90.09

100 4.92 100.00

104

FACTOR I - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 2.46

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 0.31 11.08

20 0.58 19.78

30 1.02 30,00

40 1.17 40.97

50 1.42 50.21

60 1.66 60.00

70 1.69 70.21

80 1.95 83.58

90 2.15 90.43

100 2.46 100.00

105

FACTOR 0 - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 3.74

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 0.00 9.56

20 0.29 20.10

30 0.37 29.78

40 0.64 39.67

50 0.70 49.89

60 0.94 60.76

70 1.04 70.43

80 1.31 79.89

90 1.63 89.56

100 3.74 100.00

106

FACTOR P - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 4.63

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 0 9,90

20 0.45 18.66

30 0.85 30.19

40 1.13 40.09

50 1.54 50.00

60 1.87 59.90

70 2.23 69.80

80 2.7 79.70

90 3.23 89.93

100 4.63 100.00

107

FACTOR R - DECILE SCORES

Range 9 - 394

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 1.44 10.00

20 1.78 20.21

30 2.07 29.67

40 2.25 40.10

50 2.44 50.00

60 2.62 59.78

70 2.80 70.10

80 3.03 80.43

90 3.28 89.89

100 3.94 100.00

108

FACTOR U - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 2.88

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 0.00 10.97

20 0.24 19.78

30 0.39 30.10

40 0.49 42.82

50 0.64 48.69

60 0.83 60.32

70 0.96 71.73

80 1.12 79.23

90 1.35 91.73

100 2.88 100.00

109

FACTOR V - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 3,41

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 0.88 10.22

20 1.15 20.45

30 1.34 29.87

40 1.61 39.93

50 1.81 50.00

60 2.02 59.90

70 2.27 69.96

80 2.5 79.87

90 2.77 89.77

100 3.41 100.00

n o

FACTOR W - DECILE SCORES

Range 0 - 2 . 6 8

Percentile Factor Score Cumulative Percent

10 0.85 10.10

20 1.13 20.00

30 1.26 29.56

40 1.48 40.54

50 1.58 49.13

60 1.78 60.54

70 1.84 69.78

80 2.06 80.43

90 2.16 90.00

100 2.68 100.00

ITEM#6

4050231972612514822188283619516518418019811119019365

191

10171

1071589975121105891701191551401593616370

111

APPENDIX III

1968 30 FACTOR VARIMAX ROTATION

FACTOR (1)

LOAD­ CONTENTING550 COLOR BK/ CLIMB TREE481 PICK FLOWERS/ PLAY BALL423 WATCH DANCING/ HEAR ABOUT PLACES418 LISTEN MUSIC/ WATCH DOG FIGHT396 HAVE SHEEP/ CROCODILE369 LOOK NEW BKS/ PLAY NOISY GAME286 WHEN TEASED, CRY/ FIGHT BACK243 HELP M GET SUPPER READY/ NO237 GO TO STORE/ STAY HOME & PLAY236 PLAY AT DRESSING UP/ PLAY W BALL227 GO TO BIRTH D. PARTY/ STAY HOME & PLAY201 PLAY IN OWN YD/ SOMEONE ELSES-206 HAVE SECRET HOUSE/ SAND PILE-247 GOOD AT RACES/ NO-298 CLIMB TREE/ LIE IN SUN-317 TOUCH BUG/ AFRAID TO-432 BE SOLDIER/ FARMER-441 CLIMB TREE/ STAY CLOSE TO GROUND-474 HAVE TRICYCLE/ DOLL-568 PLAY COWBOY/ DOCTOR-662 SHOOT GUN/ NO-697 HAVE GUN/ CRAYONS

FACTOR (2)

575 LIKE TO SLEEP IN CRIB/ JUST FOR BABIES?535 NO ONE WATCH, LIKE TO SUCK ON BABY BOTTLE/?507 WHEN M LEAVES, CRY/ NOT MUCH DIFF.?472 TIRED/HUNGRY, PUT THUMB IN MOUTH/NO?456 WHEN TEACHER LKS AT YOU, SCARED/NOT?380 WHEN TOYS BREAK, CRY/ SOMETH. ELSE?373 LEFT W BABY-SIT. SCARED/SCARED/NOT?348 WANT TO EVER HIT DADDY/NOT?337 WHEN NO ONE WATCHING, LIKE TO MARK UP WALLS/NOT 319 AFRAID OF DARK/NOT281 MAKE SILLY FACES/NOT?230 WHEN MOM WONT BUY TOY/ANGRY/SAD?227 MAKE UP BIG STORIES THAT AREN'T LIES/NO?203 DO PEOPLE SAY YOU TALK TOO MUCH/NOT?-205 PLAY IN OWN YARD/SOMEONE ELSES?-247 RATHER SPEAK SOFTL./SHOUT?-252 WHEN FRIEND LOSES TOY, LIKE LOOKING FOR IT WI HIM/NOT?

112

FACTOR (3)

ITEM LOAD- CONTENT # ING _______131 670 LIKE TO KISS M LOT/LITTLE?98 655 LIKE M TO KISS YOU/NOT?

137 556 LIKE TO KISS D LOT/LITTLE?127 550 LIKE M TO HUG YOU/NOT791 361 WHEN D COMES HOME, LIKE TO HUG HIM/NOT?90 335 WHEN GROWNUPS KISS ME FEEL GOOD/FUNNY INSIDE?43 279 LOVE M & D THE SAME/ONE MORE THAN OTHER?114 265 LIKE M TO BE WITH YOU ALL THE TIME/NOT?83 233 SOMETIME WISH M LOVED YOU MORE/NO?20 232 CAN CHILDREN STOP FIGHT WHEN TOLD NOT TO, YES/NO?152 229 WORRIED, TELL M/D/KEEP TO SELF?22 223 GO TO STORE WITH MOM/STAY HOME & PLAY?120 205 IF PAINT MESSES UP CLOTHES, BOTHER YOU LOT/LITTLE?64 -252 SOMETIME THINK M NOT LOVE YOU/ALWAYS THINK SHE DOES?

FACTOR (4)

124 598 WHEN THRU PLAY WITH TOYS, SHOULD PUT AWAY/NOT?122 522 WHEN LITTLE, LIKE FOOD M GAVE YOU/NOT?151 474 WHEN SOMEONE GIVES YOU PRESENT SAY "THANK YOU"/FORGET?128 451 LIKE MORE TO JUMP/YELL REAL LOUD?153 384 WANT SOMETHING, SAY "PLEASE"/JUST ASK FOR IT?157 365 HAVE CLOTH/BLANKET YOU LIKE TO TOUCH/NOT?148 333 LIKE TO HELP M GET SUPPER READY/NOT?112 329 LIKE FOOD M COOKS/NO?163 282 RATHER SPEAK SOFTLY/SHOUT?145 242 LIKE TO PLAY WITH CHILDREN YOUR AGE/OTHER?

7 222 LIKE IT WHEN TICKIJS YOU/NOT?187 216 ALWAYS GET WHAT YOU WANT AT XMAS/GET SOMETHING ELSE?152 2 08 IF WORRIED, TELL M & D/KEEP TO SELF?150 206 LIKE TO TAKE BATH/HATE TO?164 203 WHEN START SOMETHING, FINISH IT/GO TO SOMETHING ELSE?167 203 WHEN ANGRY, FEEL MORE LIKE CRYING/BREAKING SOMETHING?117 201 MOST OF THE TIME M & D GIVE GIFTS YOU WANT/NOT WANT?67 -219 M SAYS IT TAKES LONG TIME FOR YOU TO GET DRESSED/NOT?

FACTOR (5)81 571 DO YOU LIKE TO LITE MATCHES/NOT?95 440 DO YOU LIKE TO TEASE OTHER CHILDREN/NOT?103 349 WHEN ANGRY WITH M, DO YOU SOMETIMES TELL HER U WONT EAT/NOT?89 313 WHEN NO ONE IS WATCHING, LIKE TO MARK UP WALLS/NOT?97 248 DO YOU LIKE A NITE LITE ON/NOT?91 214 WHEN D COMES HOME, DO YOU LIKE TO HUG HIM/NOT?93 203 DO YOU LIKE TO MAKE UP NEW WORDS/NOT?121 201 WHEN M & D LEAVE U WITH BABY-SIT. ARE U SCARED/NOT?42 -203 WHEN M TELLS U STOP DOING SOMETHING, JUST STP./WNT TO DO56 -205 DO U WAKE IN MORNING BY YOURSELF/SOMEONE WAKE YOU?179 -207 RATHER LISTEN TO TEACHER/TALK YOURSELF?47 -280 WHEN U WAKE IN MORN. DO U FEEL GOOD/GROUGHY?82 -325 IN MORN, LIKE TO LIE IN BED THINKING/GET UP & RUN AROUND HSE

ITEM#102199515278

1971671369785125

344839

1805936

178251101641177149

138140133931561346115911966105194

113

FACTOR (6)

LOAD- CONTENTING _______622 WHEN PUSHED, DO YOU PUSH BACK/CRY?455 WHEN HIT, DO YOU HIT BACK/RUNAWAY?272 WHEN CHILDREN PLAY WITH YOUR TOYS W/O ASKING, GET ANGRY/NOT?227 KNOW CHILDREN WHO ARE NAUGHTY/DUMB, NO FUN TO PLAY WITH/NO?200 LIKE TO TEASE CATS/DOGS/NOT?-200 RATHER HAVE SHEEP/CROCODILE7-259 WHEN ANGRY, FEEL LIKE CRYING/BREAKING SOMETHING?-276 AFRAID OF SPIDERS & SNAKES/NOT?-295 LIKE NITE LIGHT ON WHEN IN BED/NOT?-374 WHEN YOU CUT YOUR FINGER, DO YOU CRY/NOT?-418 WHEN TEASED, CRY/FIGHT BACK?

FACTOR (7)

590 DOES M LET YOU DO AIMOST ANYTHING/LOTS SHE WON'T LET U DO? 463 DO YOU LIKE ALL THAT M GIVES U TO EAT/ONLY SOME?390 THINK EVERYBODY LIKES U/ONLY SOME PEOPLE LIKE U?304 TOUCH BIG BUG/AFRAID TO?255 "TIME FOR BED LIKE TO GO"/STAY UP LATE247 RATHER PLAY IN OWN YARD/SOMEONE ELSES?225 M SAYS "LET ME HELP U, SAY "ALL RIGHT"/"DO IT MYSELF"224 WHEN GO TO BED, RIGHT TO SLEEP/STAY AWAKE?223 HEAD HURT A LOT/NOT?-212 PEOPLE SOMETIMES CALL YOU NAUGHTY CHILD/NO?-212 SOMETIMES FORGET TO PUT TOYS AWAY/NOT?-260 FIGHT WITH FRIENDS SOMETIMES/NEVER?-288 AFRAID TO GO TO THE DR./LIKE TO GO?

FACTOR (8 )

639 LIKE TO MAKE MUD PIES/NOT?483 MAKE UP BIG STORIES THAT AREN'T LIES/NOT?357 RATHER SQUEEZE GOOSHY CLAY/WOOD BLOCK308 LIKE TO MAKE UP NEW WORDS/NOT?266 LIKE TO TAKE TOYS TO BED/NOT?257 OTHER CHILDREN CALL U NAMES & LAUGH AT/NOT?255 LIKE TO FINGER PAINT/NOT?251 PEOPLE SAY U TALK TOO MUCH/NOT?224 LIKE TO MAKE SILLY FACE/NOT?214 LIKE TO PLAY WITH FRIENDS/A LOT?202 WOULD YOU LIKE TO HIT D SOMETIMES/NOT?-298 RATHER BE COPS/ROBBERS?

114

LTEM LOAD­

FACTOR (9)

CONTENT# ING49 660 RATHER PLAY WITH OTHER CHILDREN/MAKE SOMETHING BY YOURSELF?47 403 WAKE UP IN MORN, FEEL GOOD/GROUCHY?45 392 LET OTHERS PLAY WITH TOYS/AFRAID THEY WILL BREAK THEM?70 360 FRIEND LOSES TOY, LIKE TO LOOK FOR IT WITH HIM/NOT?

196 299 WHEN SOMEONE READS STORY, NEW ONE/ONE YOU KNOW?43 278 LOVE M & D THE SAME/ONE MORE THAN THE OTHER?28 271 RATHER GO TO BIRTHDAY PARTY/STAY HOME?171 271 DO GROWN UPS LISTEN TO YOU/NOT?61 268 LIKE TO FINGER PAINT/NO?

176 599

FACTOR (10)

DO YOU LIKE TO LAUGH A LOT/HARDLY EVER?160 583 DO YOU SMILE AND LAUGH A LOT/ONLY A LITTLE178 298 WHEN M SAYS "LET ME HELP U" DO U SAY "ALL RIGHT"/"DO IT MYSELF"156 287 DO U LIKE TO TAKE TOYS TO BED WITH U/NOT?28 246 RATHER GO TO BIRTHDAY PARTY/STAY HOME?182 278 ARE YOUR IDEAS USUALLY PRETTY GOOD/NOT?

7 206 LIKE IT WHEN PEOPLE TICKLE U/NOT?88 *228 WHEN U GET INTO TROUBLE, IS IT YOUR FAULT/MOSTLY OTHERS?

35 596

FACTOR (11)

SOMETIMES FEEL SAD BECAUSE PEOPLE AREN'T NICE TO U/NOT?130 461 ARE U TIRED A LOT/NOT126 312 WHEN M SCOLDS U, DO YOU GET SCARED/NOT?132 225 AT N1TE DO U HAVE DREAMS THAT SCARE U/WONDERFUL DREAMS?170 214 ARE U AFRAID OF DARK/NOT?145 -231 DO U LIKE TO PLAY WITH CHILDREN YOUR OWN AGE/OTHER CHILDREN?

183 672

FACTOR (12)

IF OTHERS PLAY WITH YOUR THINGS WO ASK. GET MAD/LT.THEM751 398 WHEN CHILDREN PLAY WITH TOYS WITHOUT ASK,U GET ANGRY/NOT?66 231 LIKE TO PLAY WITH ONE FRIEND/LOTS?52 207 KNOW CHILDREN SO NAUGHTY/DUMB, NO FUN TO PLAY WITH/NOT?141 -224 WHEN SOMEONE TELLS YOU HE LIKES U, BELIEVE HIM/NOT?88 -300 WHEN U GET INTO TROUBLE, IS IT YOUR FAULT/MOSTLY OTHERS?45 -312 LET OTHERS PLAY WITH TOYS/AFRAID THEY WILL BREAK THEM?109 -336 DO U LIKE TO SHOW YOUR TOYS TO OTHERS/NOT?

115

:t e m LOAD­

FACTOR (13)

CONTENT# ING53 614 GET SICK OFTEN/NOT?4 404 D LOSES TEMPER OFTEN/NOT?

59 302 M SAYS "T. FOR BED" LIKE TO GO/STAY UP LONGER?55 267 BATHER PLAY EASY GAME NO ONE WINS/HARD GAME YOU CAN WIN?21 264 PEOPLE SOMETIMES SCOLD U WHEN U HAVEN'T DONE WRONG/NOT?110 264 HEAD HURT A LOT/NOT?16 242 PEOPLE SOMETIMES CALL U NAUGHTY CHILD/NOT?68 234 KIDS SOMETIMES SAY YOUR POOR LOSER/NOT?130 203 TIRED A LOT/NOT?117 -252 MOST OF TIME M & D GIVE GIFTS U WANT/NOT?

15 710

FACTOR (14)

FATHER LOOK AT BK/PLAY NOISY GAMES?26 406 RATHER LK AT NEW BKS/PLAY & PRETEND TO BE WILD ANIMAL?13 250 RATHER LISTEN TO GROWN UP TALK/PLAY WITH OTHER CHILDREN?23 247 RATHER LISTEN TO PRETTY MUSIC/WATCH TWO BOYS FIGHT?33 241 RATHER HEAR STORIES ABOUT CHILDREN/HAVE THEM HAPPEN TO U?14 -373 WHEN THROUGH WITH BREAKFAST, PLAY/LIE DOWN?

150 556

FACTOR (15)

LIKE TO TAKE BATH/HATE TO?116 420 LIKE TO KEEP CLOTHES NEAT/MAKES NO DIFF.?143 389 LIKE BABIES/NOT?60 302 LIKE TO KEEP ROOM CLEAN & NEAT/MESS IT UP?74 271 WHEN HENAD DIRTY, RUSH TO WASH/LET THEM STAY DIRTY?37 233 WHEN WAKE UP IN MORN. DRESS SELF/M HELPS?117 219 MOST OFTEN M & D GIVE GIFTS U WANT/NOT?90 -226 WHEN GROWN UPS HEAR U, FEEL GOOD/FUNNY INSIDE?

32 643

FACTOR (16)

RATHER PLAY BY SELF/WITH OTHERS?13 389 RATHER LISTEN TO GROWN UPS/PLAY WITH OTHERS?64 332 SOMETIMES THINK M DOESN'T LOVE U/ALWAYS THINK SHE LOVES U?67 273 DOES M SAY IT TAKES LONG TIME FOR U TO GET DRESSED/NOT?38 248 WHEN CHILDREN SMASH THINGS, JUST LAUGH/FEEL BAD?

LIKE TO PLAY WITH JUST ONE FRIEND/WITH A LOT?66 23110 208 RATHER LOOK AT PICTURE BK ALONE/WITH ANOTHER?

142 -208 IF GROWN UPS YELL AT ANOTHER CHILD, FEEL SORRY FOR OTHER/NOT?14 -231 WHEN THRU WITH BREAKFAST, RATHER GO OUT & PLAY/LIE DOWN?

194 -242 WHEN PLAY COPS & ROBBERS, RATHER BE COPS/ROBBERS?

116

FACTOR (17)

LTEM LOAD­ CONTENT# ING58 629 CROSS STREET BY SELF/SOMEONE ELSE GO WITH U?37 466 DRESS SELF/M HELP?56 267 WAKE UP IN MORN. BY SELF/SOMEONE WAKE U?195 242 RATHER HAVE SECRET HOUSE/SANDPILE?162 222 PLAY GAME PLAYED BEFORE, NEW WAYS/SAME WAY?107 -203 M LEAVES U, CRY/MAKES NO DIFF?134 -269 OTHER CHILDREN CALL U NAMES & LAUGH AT U/NOT?123 -284 GOOD AT RUNNING RACES/NOT?

FACTOR (18)

76 644 TAKE LONG TIME TO TAKE BATH/NOT?86 475 TAKE LONG TIME TO EAT/NOT?133 284 RATHER SQUEEZE GOOSHY CLAY/WOOD BLOCKS?154 259 WHEN SOMEONE HITS U, CRY/NOT?180 -248 CAN U TOUCH BIG BUG/AFRAID TO?

FACTOR (19)

54 641 PEOPLE SAY U DON'T TAKE GOOD CARE OF THINGS/NOT?159 286 PEOPLE SAY U TALK TOO MUCH/NOT?88 285 WHEN IN TROUBLE, YOUR FAULT/OTHERS?72 279 RATHER PAINT WITH BROWN 6. BLACK/GREEN & RED

177 217 FIGHT WITH FRIENDS SOMETIMES/NEVER?43 -231 LOVE M & D SAME/ONE MORE THAN OTHER?10 -271 RATHER LOOK THRU PICTURE BK ALONE/WITH ANOTHER?

FACTOR (20)

185 634 TURN ON TV YOURSELF/WAIT FOR M TO?144 464 LIKE TO OPEN DRAWERS TO WHAT IS IN THEM/AFRAID TO?52 271 KNOW CHILDREN SO NAUGHTY, DUMB, NO FUN TO PLAY WITH/NOT?129 237 LIKE TO TELL OTHER CHILDREN HOW TO PLAY/WANT THEM TO TELL U?61 221 LIKE TO FINGER PAINT/NOT?72 -203 RATHER PAINT WITH BROWN & BLACK/GREEN & RED?

FACTOR (21)

181 659 USUALLY HAVE GOOD TIME/DO THINGS OFTEN GO WRONG?33 266 RATHER HEAR STORIES ABOUT CHILDREN/HAVE THESE THINGS HAP.TO45 219 LET OTHERS PLAY WITH TOYS/AFRAID THEY WILL BREAK THEM?47 204 WHEN WAKE UP IN MORN. FEEL GOOD/GROUCHY?108 -220 HATE TO COMB YOUR HAIR/LIKE TO?36 -274 RATHER PLAY IN YOUR OWN YARD/SOMEONE ELSES?

ITEM#115682115919714586

171

2129

72946791

1931252914543

110

871391193810529685766

961701206817911267151

117

FACTOR (22)

LOAD- CONTENTXNG _______683 WHEN SOMETHING TO DO, OFTEN SAY "I'M NOT GOOD AT THAT"/NOT? 277 OTHERS SOMETIMES SAY YOUR POOR LOSER/NOT?274 SOMETIMES SCOLDED WHEN HAVEN'T DONE WRONG/NOT?267 DO PEOPLE OFTEN SAY U TALK TOO MUCH/NOT?222 RATHER HAVE TOY SHEEP/CROCODILE?207 LIKE TO PLAY WITH CHILDREN OWN AGE/OTHERS?204 TAKES U LONG TIME TO EAT/NOT?-230 DO GROWN UPS LISTEN TO U/NOT?

FACTOR (23)

661 WHEN PLAY,WITH OTHER CHILDREN,LIKE TO TELL THEM WHO TO FOF377 LIKE TO TELL OTHER HOW TO PLAY/LET THEM TELL U?224 LIKE IT WHEN PEOPLE TICKLE U/NOT?213 IS YOUR TEACHER NICER TO YOU THAN OTHERS/NOT?207 WANT TO SAY SOMETHING, JUST SAY IT/THINK IT OVER?204 WHEN TOLD YOUR BAD, KNOW YOUR NOT/BELIEVE IT?-393 SOMETIMES FEEL AFRAID WHEN THERE'S NO THING WRONG/NOT?

FACTOR (24)680 WHEN WAKE UP IN DARK,GO BACK TO SLEEP/HAVE TROUBLE?394 WHEN U GET UP IN MORN, READY TO PLAY/STILL SLEEPY?353 WHEN GO TO BED, GO RIGHT TO SLEEP/NOT?254 IS YOUR TEACHER NICER TO U THAN TO OTHERS/NOT?214 LIKE TO PLAY WITH CHILDREN OWN AGE/OTHER CHILDREN?204 LOVE BOTH PARENTS SAME/NOT?-329 HEAD HURT A LOT/NOT?

FACTOR (25)559 WHEN GROWN UP HUGS U,FEEL LIKE PUSH HIM AWAY/LIKE IT?293 WHEN U WANT TO DO SOMETHING GROWNUP SAYS,"NO,"GET ANGRY/NOT?282 LIKE TO MAKE SILLY FACES AT PEOPLE/NOT?256 WHEN CHILDREN SMASH THINGS DO U LAUGH/FEEL BAD?203 SOMETIMES WANT TO HIT DADDY/NOT?-210 IS TEACHER NICER TO U THAN OTHERS/NOT?-259 DO OTHER KIDS SAY YOUR POOR LOSER/NOT?-280 WHEN U HEAR STORY ABOUT POOR DOG THAT DIED,FEEL TEARS/NOT?-289 PLAY WITH JUST ONE FRIEND/LOTS?

FACTOR (26)666 TALK BACK TO GROWN-UPS /NOT?256 AFRAID OF DARK/NOT?211 IF PAINT MESSES UP CLOTHES, BOTHER U A LOT/NOT?-213 DO OTHER KIDS SAY YOUR POOR LOSER/NOT?-229 RATHER LISTEN TO TEACHER/TALK YOURSELF?-153 DO YOU LIKE FOOD M COOKS FOR U/NOT?-255 DOES M SAY TAKES LONG TIME FOR U TO GET DRESSED/NOT?-263 WHEN SOMEONE GIVES U PRESENT, SAY"THANK YOU"/NOT?

APPENDIX IV118

FACTORS IN WHICH ITEMS ARE FOUND

ITEM FACTOR CHOSEN REASON1 E weight2 Not used3 0 weight4 0 need5 C weight6 C only factor7 E weight8 R weight9 Not used

10 R weight11 G weight12 R weight13 Not used14 Not used15 V weight16 G need17 R only factor18 G weight19 V only factor20 R only factor21 G weight22 R only factor23 I need24 E weight25 V weight26 V weight27 Not used28 0 only factor29 R only factor30 G weight31 Not used32 Not used33 V weight34 Not used35 G weight36 Not used37 Not used38 I need39 B weight40 C weight41 G rank42 V weight43 D weight44 Not used45 D weight46 V weight47 0 weight48 E weight

119

ITEM FACTOR CHOSEN REASON49 E need50 V need51 G weight52 G only factor53 G weight54 G weight55 R weight56 Not used57 Not used58 R weight59 W need60 D weight61 W need62 Not used63 A weight64 Not used65 G weight66 Not used67 0 need68 0 need69 Not used70 Not used71 E need72 Not used73 F weight74 Not used75 p weight76 G only factor77 Not used78 A weight79 Not used80 E only factor81 A weight82 V weight83 Not used84 W weight85 P weight86 Not used87 X weight88 Not used89 A weight90 W need91 F only factor92 V need93 F need94 p only factor95 A weight96 A weight97 A weight98 F weight99 p weight100 W weight

120

ITEM FACTOR CHOSEN REASON101 E need102 I only factor103 A weight104 Not used105 0 only factor106 U need107 P only factor108 Not used109 D weight110 A weight111 C weight112 F weight113 D weight114 F weight115 A weight116 W need117 D only factor118 W weight119 A only factor120 P only factor121 P weight122 R weight123 C weight124 Not used125 I only factor126 P weight127 F weight128 Not used129 D weight130 U need131 B weight132 U weight133 W need134 A weight135 R weight136 P weight137 F need138 A weight139 A weight140 Not used141 B weight142 Not used143 F weight144 D weight145 Not used146 B weight147 A weight148 F weight149 P need150 D weight151 D weight

152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195

FACTOR CHOSENDDP

Not usedAAGAB

Not usedB

Not usedDCU

Not usedBWVDBUR

Not usedGUBDCDD

Not usedC0

Not usedDBECCcc

4-1o5= usedBBRCIDEE

122

APPENDIX V ANSWER SHEETS

Identifying Information

Number:(Leave Blank)

Name of Child:____________

Age: _________ Birth Date:, _Sex:Boy_Girl

School or Source of Subject:,

City and State:______________

Date of Test;________________

Race:White_____Non-white

.First Session _Second Session Third Session

Individual

Administrator:

123

A B1 B _____ ___2 F _____ ___3 D _____ ___4 M _____ ___5 T _____ ___

6 B7 F8 D9 M

10 T

11 B12 F13 D14 M15 T

16 B17 F18 D19 M20 T

21 B22 F23 D24 M25 T

26 B27 F28 D29 M30 T

31 B32 F33 D34 M35 T

36 B37 F38 D39 M40 T

PSPQA B

41 B _____ ___42 F _____ ___43 D _____ ___44 M _____ ___45 T _____

46 B47 F48 049 M50 T

51 B52 F53 D54 M55 T

56 B57 F58 D59 M60 T

61 B62 F63 D64 M65 T

66 B67 F68 D69 M70 T

71 B72 F73 D74 M75 T

76 B77 F78 D79 M80 T

A B81 B _____ ___82 F _____ ___83 D _____ ___84 M _____ ___85 T _____

86 B87 F88 D89 M90 T

91 B92 F93 D94 M95 T

96 B97 F98 D99 M

100 T

101 B102 F103 D104 M105 T

106 B107 F108 D109 M110 T

111 B112 F113 D114 M115 T

116 B117 F118 D119 M120 T

124

B B121 B122 F123 D124 M125 T

126 B127 F128 D129 M130 T

131 B132 F133 D134 M135 T

136 B137 F138 D139 M140 T

141 B142 F143 D144 M145 T

146 B147 F148 D149 M150 T

151 B152 F153 D154 M155 T

156 B157 F158 D159 M160 T

161 B162 F163 D164 M165 T

166 B167 F168 D169 M170 T

171 B172 F173 D174 M175 T

176 B177 F178 D179 M180 T

181 B182 F183 D184 M185 T

186 B187 F188 D189 M190 T

191 B192 F193 D194 M195 T

196 B197 F198 D199 M200 T

APPENDIX V

Identifying Information

Name of Child:

Age: ___________ Birth Date: Sex: Race;Bov White Girl ______ Nonwhite

School or Source of Subject: ________________________________________

City and State:

Date of Test; First SessionSecond Session

Third Session

Group ______________ (Number in Group)

Administrator:

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146

APPENDIX VI

PRE-SCHOOL PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE

We're going to play a question and answer game. Look at the top of the first sheet you have before you. There’s a picture of a bird, of a fish, of a dog, of a man, and of a tree. After each of thesepictures, there is a circle and then a square. When we play the game,I'll say, "bird," or "fish," or "dog," or 'Haan," or "tree," and then I'll ask you a question. You will make an X in either the circle or the square to show me how you answer the question. (Be sure children under­stand "circle" and "square.)

Well, the only way to learn to play the game is to play it. Soget ready! Put your finger on the bird. (Be sure finger is on Bird No.1).1, B Do you sometimes feel afraid, even when there is nothing wrong?

If Yes, put an X in the circle; if No, put an X in the square.

Let me repeat that -

Do you sometimes feel afraid even when there is nothing wrong?

If Yes - circle; if No, square.

2. F When you are playing with other children, do you like to tell themhow to do things?(If Yes, put an X in the circle; if No, put an X in the square.

Let me repeat that -

When you are playing with other children, do you like to tell them how to do things?

If Yes, circle; if No, square.

CONTINUE IN THIS MANNER SUBSTITUTING "CIRCLE" FOR A AND "SQUARE" FOR B. CHECK EACH CHILD'S ANSWERS AFTER THE FIRST FIVE ITEMS.

147

PSPQ Items1. B Do you sometimes feel afraid even when there is nothing wrong?

(A) Yes, or (B) No.

2. F When you are playing with other children, do you like to tellthem how to do things? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

3. D When children fight, do you think grown-ups punish the wrongones? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

4. M Does your Daddy lose his temper very often? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

5. T Which do you like more (A) books with pictures of cowboys, or(B) books with pictures of railway engines?

6. B Would you rather (A) color a book, or (B) climb a tree?

7. F Do you like it when people tickle you? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

8. D Do you like (A) long stories that go on and on, or (B) a lotof short stories?

9. M Do you wish that grown-ups would help you more with things thanthey do? (A) Yes, or (B) No,

10. T Would you rather (A) look through a picture book alone, or (B)with another child?

11. B Do people ever say you get too excited? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

12. F Do you wish you had more baby brothers or sisters than you havenow? (A) YeB, or (B) No.

13. D Would you rather (A) listen to grown-ups talk, or (B) play withsome other boys and girls?

14. M When you get through with breakfast, would you rather (A) go outand play, or (B) lie down for a little while?

15. T Would you rather (A) look at books, or (B) play noisy games?

16. B Do people sometimes call you a naughty child? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

17. F Would you rather (A) wear old play clothes, or (B) your verybest clothes?

148

PSPQ Items

18. D Sometimes people tease you and play jokes on you. Do you everget angry when they do that? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

19. M When you wake up in the dark (A) do you just go back to sleepagain, or (B) do you have trouble going back to sleep?

20. T Sometimes when children get into fights, grown-ups come over andtell them why they shouldn't fight. Do you think children can always stop fighting if someone tells them why they should not fight? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

21. B Do people sometimes scold you when you haven't done anythingwrong? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

22. F Would you rather (A) go to the store with Mommy, or (B) stayhome and play?

23. D Would you rather (A) listen to pretty music, or (B) watch twodogs have a fight?

24. M Which would you rather have come to live with you, (A) a littledog, or (B) a new baby?

25. T When you go to bed, do you (A) go right to sleep, or (B) do youstay awake for a while?

26. B Would you rather (A) look at some new books, or (B) play anoisy game where you pretend to be a wild animal?

27. F When you tell someone you can do something, like ride a tricycle,skip rope, jump over a ditch, roller skate, or anything likethat, (A) can you really do it, or (B) do you just hope you can?

28. D Would you rather (A) go to a birthday party, or (B) stay homeand play?

29. M Is your teacher nicer to you than she is to the other children?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

30. T Sometimes you have seen another boy or girl crying. Does thatbother you/does it make you feel bad? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

31. B When you get up in the morning, (A) are you all ready to play,or (B) do you still feel sleepy and tired?

32. F Would you rather (A) play by yourself, or (B) with other boysand girls?

33. D Would you rather (A) hear stories about boys and girls, or (B)have these things happen to you?

149

PSPQ Itema34. H Does your mother (A) let you do almost anything you want, or

(B) are there lots of things she won't let you do?

35. T Do you sometimes feel sad because people aren't nice to you?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

36. B Would you rather (A) play in your own yard, or (B) in someoneelse'8 yard?

37. F When you wake up in the morning, (A) do you dress yourself, or(B) does your mommy help you?

38. D When children get mean and smach things, do you (A) just laugh,or (B) do you feel bad about it?

39. M Do you think (A) everybody likes you, or (B) do only somepeople like you?

40. T Would you rather (A) go out and pick some flowers, or (B) playball?

41. B Sometimes your mother tells you to put your toys away. Do yousometimes forget to do it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

42. F When Mommy tells you to stop doing something, do you (A) juststop doing it, or (B) do you want to do it even more?

43. D Do you (A) love Mommy and Daddy both the same, or (B) one morethan the other?

44. M Do you (A) pick out your own clothes in the morning, or (B)does Mommy tell you what to wear?

45. T Do you let others play with your toys, or (B) are you afraidthey will break them?

46. B When you want to say something, (A) do you just say it, or (B)do you think it over first?

47. F When you wake up in the morning (A) do you feel good, or (B)do you feel kind of grouchy and cross?

48. D Do you (A) like all of the things your mother gives you to eat,or (B) only some of them?

49. M Would you rather (A) play with some other children, or (B) makesomething with blocks all by yourself?

50. X Would you rather (A) watch people dancing to music, or (B) heara story about airplanes?

150

PSPQ Items51. B I ’ll bet sometime* children play with your toys without asking

you. Do you get angry and feel like hitting them when they do that? (A) Yes, or (S) No.

52. F Do you know any children who are so naughty or dumb it's no funto play with them? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

53. D Do you get sick very often? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

54. M Do people ever say that you don't take care of things? (A)Yes, or (B) No.

55. T Would you rather (A) play an easy game that no one wins, or(B) a hard game where you can win?

56. B Do you wake up In the morning (A) all by yourself, or (B) doessomeone wake you up?

57. F When you hear a story about a poor little dog that died, orsomething like that, do you ever feel tears in your eyes? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

58. D Gan you cross the street (A) all by yourself, or (B) doessomeone always go along with you?

59. M When Mommy says, "Time for bed," (A) do you like to go to bed,or (B) do you want to stay up longer?

60. I (A) Do you like to keep your room clean and neat, or (B) do youlike to mess It up?

61. B Do you like to finger paint7 (A) Yes, or (B) No.

62. F In the morning (A) do you like to get up right away, or (B) doyou like to stay in bed after you wake up?

63. D When you want a toy and Mommy doesn't buy it for you, do youbeg her and beg her to buy it? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

64. M (A) Do you sometimes think that Mommy doesn't love you, or (B)do you always think that she loves you?

65. T Do you like to shoot a gun? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

66. B Do you like to play (A) with Just one friend, or (B) with a lotof other children?

67. F Does Mommy say it takes a long time for you to get dressed? (A)Yes, or (B) No.

151

PSPQ Items68. D (A) Do the other kids sometimes say that you're a poor loser,

or (B) don't they ever say that about you?

69. M (A) Do you like to go away from home, or (B) do you always liketo stay at home?

70. T When your friend loses a toy, do you feel like looking for itwith him? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

71. B When no one is watching, do you like to suck on a baby bottle?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

72. F Would you rather (A) paint with brown and black paints, or (B)with green and red paints?

73. D In the morning do you like to run to Mommy's bed when you getup? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

74. M When you get your hands dirty, (A) do you rush to wash them, or(B) do you just let them stay dirty?

75. T When one of your toys breaks (A) do you cry, or (B) do you dosomething else?

76. B (A) Does it take you a long time to take a bath, or (B) do youget it over with right away?

77. F Do you obey Mommy most of the time? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

78. D Do you like to tease cats or dogs? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

79. M When someone tells you that you're a bad child, (A) Do you knowthat you're bad, or (B) do you believe him?

80. T Would you rather (A) play doctor games, or (B) do you like toplay other games more?

81. B Do you like to light matches? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

82. F In the morning (A) do you like to lie in bed thinking about whatyou want to do, or (B) do you like to get up and run about in the house?

83. D Do you sometimes wish that Monmy loved you more? (A) Yes, or(B) No.

84. M (A) Does Mommy like to hear about your friends, or (B) doesn'tshe care to hear about them?

85. T When you cut your finger, do you cry? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

152

PSPQ Items86. B (A) Does it take you a long time to eat, or (B) do you get

through with eating real fast?

87. F When a grown-up hugs you, (A) do you feel like pushing him orher away, or (B) do you like it?

88. D When you get into trouble (A) is it your fault most of the time,or (B) is it mostly other children's fault?

89. M When no one is watching, do you like to mark up the walls withpaint or crayons? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

90. T When grown-ups kiss you, (A) does it make you feel good, or (B)does it make you feel sort of funny inside?

91. B When Daddy comes home, (A) do you like to run to hug him, or(B) don't you want to hug him?

92. F (A) Do you sometimes wish you were big and grown-up, or (B)do you like just being a child?

93. D Do you like to make up new words that nobody's ever heard ofbefore? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

94. M When you see blood, (A) do you get scared, or (B) doesn’t itbother you?

95. T Do you like to tease other children? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

96. B Do you talk back to grown-ups? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

97. F (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like to have a night light on whenyou are in bed?

98. D (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like to have Mommy kiss you?

99. M When your kindergarten or Sunday School teacher looks at you,do you get scared? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

100. T Do you like to sing?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

101. B (A) Do you like to sleep in a baby crib, or (B) do you thinkthat's just for babies?

102. F When someone pushes you, (A) do you push him right back, or (B)do you cry or not do anything?

103. D When you’re angry with Mommy, do you sometimes tell her youwon't eat? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

153

PSPQ Items104. M (A) Do you tell other children when they're doing things that

are wrong, or (B) do you just keep quiet?

105. T (A) Do you sometimes want to hit your Daddy, or (B) don't youever feel like hitting him?

106. B When Mommy and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter, are you glad?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

107. F When Mommy leaves you, (A) do you cry, or (B) doesn't it makemuch difference to you?

108. D (A) Do you hate to comb your hair, or (B) do you really like tocomb your hair?

109. M (A) Do you like to show other children all the toys you have, or(B) don't you want them to see your toys?

110. T Does your head hurt a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

111. B (A) Do you like to climb tall trees, or (B) do you like to staycloser to the ground?

112. F (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like the food Mommy cooks for you?

113. D If you're coloring with crayons, (A) are you pretty good at it,or (B) do you make a mess of things?

114. M Do you like Mommy to be with you all the tine? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

115. T When there's something to do, do you often feel you have to say"I'm not any good at that?" (A) Yes, or (B) No.

116. B (A) Do you like to keep your clothes real neat, or (B) doesn'tit make much difference to you?

117. F Most of the time do Mommy and Daddy (A) give you gifts that youwant, or (B) gifts that you don't want?

118. D If other children are watching, (A) do you like to sing, or (B)don’t you want them around when you sing?

119. M Do you like to make silly faces at people? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

120. T If paint messes up your clothes, (A) does it bother you a wholelot, or (B) just a little?

121. B When Mommy and Daddy leave you with a baby-sitter, (A) are youscared, or (B) doesn't it make you feel that way?

154

PSPQ Items122. F When you were little, (A) did you, or (B) didn't you like the

food Mommy gave you?

123. D Are you pretty good at running races? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

124. M When you're through playing with your toys, do you always putthem away the way Mommy likes you to? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

125. T When other children tease you, (A) do you go away and maybecry, or (B) do you fight back?

126. B When Mommy scolds you or yells at you, do you get very scared?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

127. F (A) Do you, or (B) don't you like Mommy to hug you?

128. D Which do you like to do more: (A) to jump, or (B) to yell realloud?

129. M (A) Do you like to tell other children how to play, or (B) doyou want them to tell you how to play?

130. T Are you tired a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

131. B Do you like to kiss your Momny (A) a lot, or (B) a little only?

132. F At night, (A) do you have dreams that scare you, or (B) do youhave wonderful dreams?

133. D Would you rather (A) squeeze gooshy clay, or (B) squeeze a woodblock you can hold in your hand?

134. M Do other children call you names and maybe laugh at you a lot?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

135. T Do you like to look in a mirror a lot? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

136. B Are you terribly afraid of things like spiders and snakes? (A)Yes, or (B) No.

137. F Do you like to kiss your Daddy (A) a lot, or (B) only a little?

138. D Do you like to make mudpies? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

139. M When you want to do something and a grown-up says, "No," do youget real angry at him? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

140. T Do you sometimes make up big stories that aren't really lies?(A) Yes, or (B) No.

155

PSPQ Items141. B When someone tells you he likes you, (A) do you believe him,

or (B) do you think he's teasing?

142. P If a grown-up yells at another child, do you feel sorry for theother child? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

143. D (A) Do you, or (B) do you not like babies?

144. M (A) Do you like to open drawers to see what's in them, or (B)are you afraid to open drawers?

145. T Do you like to play (A) with children your own age, or (B) witholder children?

146. B When someone tells you that you're a very good child or thatyou're nice-looking, (A) do you believe him, or (B) do you think he's kidding?

147. F When you try to tell something to Mommy, does she often tell youto be quiet? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

148. D Do you like to help Mommy get supper ready? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

149. M (A) Are you afraid to go to the doctor, or (B) do you like to goto the doctor?

150. T (A) Do you like to take a bath, or (B) do you hate to take baths?

151. B When someone gives you a present, (A) do you say "Thank you," or(B) do you usually forget to say "Thank you?"

152. F If you're worried about something, (A) do you tell Mommy or Daddyabout it, or (B) do you keep it to yourself?

153. D When you want something from somebody, (A) do you say, "Please,"or (B) do you just ask for it?

154. M When someone hits you, (A) do you, or (B) don't you cry?

155. T When Mommy doesn't buy a toy you want, (A) are you angry, or (B)are you just sad?

156. B Do you like to take some toys to bed with you? (A) Yes, or (B)No.

157. F Do you have a piece of cloth or a blanket you like to touch7(A) Yes, or (B) No.

158. D When you’re tired or hungry, do you like to put your thumb inyour mouth? (A) Yes, or (B) No.

156

PSPQ Items159. M (A) Do people often say or (B) don't they say that you talk too

much?

160. T Do you smile and laugh (A) a lot, or (B) only a little?

161. B When visitors come, (A) do you want to run away, or (B) do youlike to stay where they are?

162. F If you play a game that you've played before, (A) do you like tothink of new ways to play It, or (B) do you like to play it the way you learned it first?

163. D Would you rather (A) speak softly, or (B) shout?

164. M When you once start to do something, (A) do you try to finishit, or (B) do you like to go to something else?

165. T Would you rather (A) play ball, or (B) have Daddy read a storyto you?

166. B On the playground, do you play (A) mostly alone, or (B) withother children?

167. F When you are angry, (A) do you feel more like crying, or (B)more like breaking something?

168. D (A) Does your Daddy play with you sometimes, or (B) Is he toobusy?

169. M If some boy or girl is going to tall a story about going to thezoo, would you rather (A) be the one to tell the story, or (B) be one of the children who listen to the story?

170. T (A) Are you afraid of the dark, or (B) isn't there anything tobe afraid of?

171. B (A) Do grown-ups often let you talk and listen to you, or (B)do they talk all the time and not listen to you?

172. F (A) Do you talk first to a new child, or (B) do you wait forhim to speak to you?

173. D In dreams, (A) do animals chase you or (B) are your dreams nice?

174. M (A) Do you like to listen to long stories, or (B) do you gettired before they are over?

175. T (A) Would you rather be a big bird up on a mountain, or (B) adeer in the forest?

157

PSPQ Items176. B (A) Do you like to laugh a lot, or (B) do you hardly ever think

things are funny?

177. F (A) Do you get into fights with your friends sometimes, or (B)don’t you ever fight with people?

178. D When Mommy says, "Let me help you with that," (A) do you say,"All right," or (B) do you say, "I’ll do It myself?"

179. M (A) Would you rather listen to your teacher, or (B) do*thetalking yourself?

180. T (A) Can you touch a big bug, or (B) are you afraid to?

181. B (A) Do you usually have a good time, or (B) do things often gowrong?

182. F (A) Are your ideas usually pretty good, or (B) don't you thinkyou have good ideas?

183. D If other children play with your things without asking, (A) doyou get mad at them, or (B) do you just let them play?

184. M (A) Would you rather climb a tree, or (B) lie in the sun?

185. T (A) Do you turn on the TV yourself, or (B) do you wait for Mommyto do it?

186. B Which would you rather have: (A) a kitten or (B) a dog?

187. F (A) Do you always get what you want at Christmas, or (B) do youalways want something else?

188. D Would you rather (A) play at dressing up, or (B) play with a ball?

189. M When you play at a swing, do you (A) like to swing yourself, or(B) like to have someone push you?

190. T Would you rather have (A) a tricycle, or (B) a doll?

191. B Would you rather have (A) a gun, or (B) crayons?

192. F Would you rather have (A) a book you can read, or (B) a book youcan color?

193. D When you're playing, would you rather be (A) a cowboy, or (B) adoctor?

194. M When you're playing cops and robbers, would you rather be (A;the cops, or (B) the robbers?

158

PSPQ Items195. T Would you rather have (A) a secret house, or (B) a sand pile?

196. B When someone reads you a story, would you rather (A) hear some­thing new, or (B) hear a story you already know?

197. F Which toy animal would you rather have (A) a sheep, or (B) acrocodile?

198. D Would you rather be (A) a soldier, or (B) a farmer?

199. M When another child hits you, (A) do you hit him back, or (B)do you run away?

200. T (A) Do you like to go visiting, or (B) would you rather stayhome.

VITA

Don Lichtenstein was born in Brooklyn, New York, on October 24,

1935, the third of three children born to Rose and Irving Lichtenstein,

The family moved to Florida in 1940 and he was educated in the Public

School system of Miami Beach, He graduated from high school in 1953.

Attending the University of Miami on an academic scholarship, he earned

his Bachelor of Science degree in 1957, He was awarded his M.S. degree

in Clinical Psychology from the University of Miami in 1962 after

serving as a graduate teaching assistant. He held the same position

with the Department of Psychology at Louisiana State University, where

he is presently a candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree.

During the intervening years of graduate study, he has served a

pre-internship with Byron Harliss and Associates, and a formal clinical

internship divided between three Veterans Administration facilities in

New Orleans, Louisiana, Gulfport, Mississippi, and North Little Rock,

Arkansas. He has served on staff as a clinical psychologist with the

Speech and Hearing Clinic at Louisiana State University, the Baton Rouge

Cerebral Palsy Center, Child Collaborative Project at New Orleans

Charity Hospital, and East Louisiana State Hospital. He has also served

as a consultant to the State School for Retarded Children in Ruston,

Louisiana, St. Luke's Church preschool and elementary school, and South­

east Louisiana State Hospital. He performed the service of Special

Lecturer in Child Psychology at Louisiana State University in New

Orleans in 1970-71. He has also held the title of Chief Psychologist159

at Americare Psychiatric Hospital from 1973-1976 and the same title

Parkland Psychiatric pavilion in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from 1976

through January of 1978. He has been in private practice in Baton

Rouge, Louisiana since 1969.

EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT

Candidate:

Major Field:

Title of Thesis:

Don Lichtenstein

Psychology

Factor Structure of the Preschool Personality Questionnaire

Approved:

■'Major Professor and Chajfnian

• Dean of the Graduate School

EXAMINING COMMITTEE:

Date of Examination:

May 9, 1978