FACING THE CHALLENGE: Ensuring sustainable food security in Africa

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Contents

• Overview of malnutrition• Overview of global livestock sector• The livestock sector in Africa• Livestock and food security• Livestock and environment • Livestock and human and animal

health and welfare• Policy options and conclusions

Alimentation dans le mondeAlimentation dans le monde

World povertyWorld poverty

Percentage of world population living with less than 1.25 US dollars/day

Malnutrition

• 868 million undernourished persons in he world, 234 in Sub-saharan africa

• worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since 1980. More than 1.4 billion adults, are overweight. Of these over 500 million are obese.

• eliminating malnutrition in all its forms (not just undernutrition, but also obesity) should be set for both rich and poor countries.

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Importance of livestock

• Large, growing, dynamic sector - 40% in value of world agriculture production

• Large opportunities - a door out of poverty for many

• Public goods at risk– Livelihoods and food security– Natural resources and the environment– Human and animal health and welfare

• Needs better policies, institutions and regulations

• Conflicts and trade-offs

100

200

300

400

500

Index number:1961=100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Roots and tubers CerealsMeat MilkEggs

Per caput consumption of major food items in developing countries – kg per caput per year (index numbers 1961=100)

Consumption is growing rapidly in developing countries ...

Eggs

Meat

Milk

Production of main categories of meat, 1961 - 2007

Source: FAO

Production moves south...

Meat Production

Meat production is growing, with

striking regional differences ...

East and Southeast Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Million tonnes

Near East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: The State of Food and Agriculture 2009.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

North America

Developed World

Latin America

World

Developing World

Asia

Africa

Pro capita meat consumption

Kg/Person/YearKg/Person/Year

Meat consumption - driven by income growth,

urbanization and commercialization

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Per capita GDP (US$ PPP)

Per capita meat consumpion (kg/year)

USA

Japan

China

India

Per caput income and meat consumption – country observations for 2005

Trends

•The share of all animal products in human diets continues to increase in the developing world

•Income growth and population dynamics are major driver of increasing consumption

•Global animal production is shifting from industrial to developing regions

•Production is being sustained by structural changes within the sector

2007: 2.1 and 3.3 billion US$ for meat and dairy products

Livestock and food security• Livelihoods

– 1 billion people keep livestock• 350 million in Africa• 640 million small scale producers, 190

million pastoralists

– 60 % of rural households• 70 % of rural households

– livestock have multiple functions Source of income, food, traction, transport,

wool, manure, biogaz, insurance, banking system, social status, cultural and affective value

Livestock and food security• Food supply

– 15 % of dietary energy• 7 % of dietary energy

– 25 % of protein supply• 16 % of total protein supply

Food of animal origin is a major sources of highly valuable protein, micronutrients such as iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins B12, A and riboflavin, and fat – which is important for poorly nourished people and especially infants in developing countries.

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Livelihoods and food securityDespite important role that livestock can

play in food security and livelihoods... • Under nutrition remains a persistent

problem in developing countries• Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest per

capita consumption of livestock products

• Access to foods of animal origin along with nutrition education are important to avoid poverty and malnutrition

Food Security: what can we do?• Support smallholders with policy and

institutional reform, capacity development, technological innovation and investment to enable them to take advantage of market opportunities

• Recognize and protect the safety-net role played by livestock

• Decrease food and feed wastes and losses

• Ease the transition out of the sector

Natural resources and the environment

Livestock sector major user of natural resources, source of environmental pollution, contributes to climate change and loss of biodiversity

With the foreseen rising in production, the environmental impact will increase with a similar pattern unless production systems change

Natural resources and the environment

Livestock sector major user of natural resources

• 30 % of all land

• 80 % of agric. land

• 8 % of global freshwater resources

• 18 % of GHG emissions

Natural resources and the environment

Impact of climate change on livestockGRAZING SYSTEMS NON-GRAZING SYSTEMS

DIRECT IMPACTS • Extreme weather events• Drought and floods: change in water availability and quality• Productivity losses

• Extreme weather events• Drought and floods: change in water availability and quality• Productivity losses

INDIRECT IMPACTS •Agro-ecological changes -Fodder quality and quantity -Productivity losses due to -thermal stress -Host-pathogen interactions -Disease epidemics

• Increased resource prices, e.g. feed, water and energy• Disease epidemics

Environment: what can we do?Policy makers need to take into account the livestock-

environment interactions

• Correct market distortions and policy failures that result in environmental degradation

– regulatory frameworks

– payment for environmental services

– other market-based mechanisms and institutions

– taxes and fees

• Use of technology to increase resource use efficiency by

the sector

• Certification schemes, product labeling

• Clarify property rights and promote mechanisms for

cooperation

• Policies that aid adaptation to CC

Technical options to address the environmental impact

Increase efficiency of animal production and soil utilization

Preserve C and N in agricultural land Mitigate C losses from pasture and

grassland Reduce enteric fermentation Improve fertilazer management

Technical options to address impact on water resources Improved water use efficiency

Irrigation efficiency & water productivity

Enhance waste management Production stage: balance feed, phase feeding,

supplements Improved manure collection process Manure storage and processing Improved utilization of waste

Land management Adapted grazing systems, range improvements,

critical periods Improving livestock distribution

Biodiversity at risk

Habitat degradation/destruction: deforestation pollution desertification agriculture intensification

Excessive depletion of marine resources (fish meal)

IUCN identify animal production as a menace to the 1699 species in danger

ANIMAL HEALTH & WELFARE

Economic risks

-productivity

-markets

-livelihoods

Human health

-pandemic disease

-endemic disease

-food borne illness

Human well-being

Animal health and food safety • Food borne diseases cause every year 2.2

million deaths. In less economically developed countries most of them are children.

• At least half of the 1700 known causes of disease in human have a reservoir in animals

• Many new infections are zoonotic diseases. Over 200 zoonoses have been described

• 75% of new diseases over the past 10 years have been caused by pathogens origination from animals or products of animal origin

Animal and human health and welfare: what can we do? • Manage the location of livestock

• Early warning systems

• Engage the poor

• Multi-disciplinary integration of approaches (eg. One Health)

• Adequate nutrition and feeding

• Use of adapted breeds

• Strengthen competent authorities

• Avoid that proliferation of standards become an excessive burden for smallholders, but instead help them to benefit from them

Why the urgency and impasse ?

• Pace of change

• Political battlefield: conflicts and

trade-offs

• Dichotomous nature of the livestock

sector

Balancing objectives

• Livelihoods

• Food security

• Environment and natural resources

• Human health

What can we do?

• Increase innovative partnerships

• Include and engage the poor and the smallholders with a special attention to gender issues

• Multi-disciplinary integration

• Develop human and institutional capacities

• Adopt right based approaches

• Invest in technology

• Reduce wastes and losses

• Increase product quality