facilitating market development for sections in industrial halls and low-rise buildings (sechalo)

8/10/2019 Facilitating market development for sections in industrial halls and low-rise buildings (Sechalo)

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Facilitating market development for

sections in industrial halls and low-rise

buildings (SECHALO)


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European Commission

Research Fund for Coal and SteelFacilitating market development for

sections in industrial halls and low-rise

buildings (SECHALO)

R. Obiala, L.-G. Cajot, G. Axmann, M. MayArcelorMittal Belval & Differdange SA

66, rue de Luxembourg, 4009 Esch-sur-Alzette, LUXEMBOURG

R. DixonCorus UK Ltd

Moorgate, Rotherham S60 3AR, UNITED KINGDOM

B. Pries, M. SchraderPeiner Trger GmbH

Gerhard-Lucas-Meyer-Strae 10, 31226 Peine, GERMANY

Contract No RFS2-CT-2008-0003001 July 2008 to 28 February 2010

Final report

Directorate-General for Research and innovation

2012 EUR 25056 EN


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LEGAL NOTICE

Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commissionis responsible for the use which might be made of the following information..

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.

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Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012

ISBN 978-92-79-22198-9

doi:10.2777/12345

ISSN 1831-9424

European Union, 2012Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

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Table of Content

Final Summary ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................. ................ 5

1 Scientific And Technical Description Of The Results...................................................................... 71.1 Availability Of Deliverables.................................................................................................... 7

1.2 WP1 Multi-Storey Buildings ................................................................................................ 7MSB 01: Architects Guide................. ................... ................ .................. ................... ............. 7

MSB 02: Conceptual Design Of Multi-Storey Buildings ................... .................. .................. . 8

MSB 03: Actions.................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ............. 9

MSB 04: Detailed Engineering Design......... ................. .................. .................. ................. ... 10

MSB 05: Joint Design.................. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 11

MSB 06: Fire Engineering ................ .................. .................. ................. .................. .............. 12

MSB 07: Model Construction Specification................. ................... .................. ................... . 12

MSB 08: Description Of Member Resistance Calculator ................ .................. .................. .. 14

MSB 09: Description Of Simple Connection Resistance Calculator ................. ................. ... 14

MSB 10: Guidance To Developers Of Software For The Design Of Composite Beams ...... 15

1.3 WP2 Single-Storey Buildings ............................................................................................. 15SSB 01: Architects guide........ ................. ................ .................... .................. ................. ...... 16

SSB 02: Conceptual Engineering Design Of Single-Storey Buildings................... ............... 16

SSB 03: Actions................ .................. .................. ................. .................. ................ .............. 17

SSB 04: Detailed Design Of Portal Frames And Their Connections.......... .................. ......... 18

SSB 05: Detailed Design Of Roof Trusses And Columns, And Their Connections.............. 20

SSB 06: Detailed Design Of Built Up Columns ............... .................. ................ .................. . 21

SSB 07: Fire Engineering ...................................................................................................... 21

SSB 08: Secondary Structures And Envelope .............. ................ .................. ................. ...... 22SSB 09: Introduction To Computer Software............... ................. .................. ................ ...... 22

SSB 10: Model Construction Specification .................. ................. .................... .................. .. 23

SSB 11: Moment Connections.... .................. ................. .................. ................... .................. . 242 Calculation Tool Sections Capacity............................................................................................. 25

Bending Worksheet........... .................. ................ .................. ................. ................. ............... 25

N-M (combined axial force and bending moment) Worksheet................... .................. ......... 26

Tension Worksheet .............. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ........... 26

Compression Worksheet .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. . 27

Web Resistance (bearing and buckling) Worksheet .............. .................. .................. ............ 28

2.1 National Annex ...................................................................................................................... 28

3 Calculation Tool Simple Connections......................................................................................... 29

Material Strength.................. .................. .................. ................... .................. .................. ....... 29Operation................. .................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ....... 30

Splice Worksheet ................ ................. .................. ................ .................. ................ .............. 30

Fin Plate Worksheet.................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ....... 31End Plate Worksheet.... .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ................. 31

Cleats Worksheet .............. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................. .............. 31

Baseplate Worksheet........ ................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. 32

3.1 National Annex ...................................................................................................................... 323.2 Comparison With The German Design Tables ...................................................................... 32

4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 35

5 List Of References .......................................................................................................................... 37

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Final Summary

Single storey and low-rise multi-storey industrial buildings are the most common structures made ofsteel and they have the greatest scope for market growth. Some European countries achieved

considerably larger market share than others considering the above mentioned area of construction. Itclearly indicates that there is a gap or from the other perspective potential to change the situation.

Even in the UK, country considered to be a leader in terms of the steel market share in construction, it

was not long time ago that the traditional construction dominated the market. A remarkable increase of

steel use in multi-storey buildings took place in the UK in the last 20-25 years. Therefore, it is feasible

to increase the steel market share in construction in other countries following the UK example.

Consequently, the steel industry get together to face the challenge.

This goal is to be achieved by providing design guidance and harmonized standards and by promoting

these tools widely to designers and architects. It is the best time to perform these tasks as the Eurocodesare close to become mandatory.

In the first instance the already mentioned architects and designers have to have a deep understanding

of the steel design and be able to use this material with all the benefits and strength that the steelconstruction offers.

Through many RFCS projects steel producers, research institutes and universities were able to build up

knowledge, understanding of steel as structural material and gain experience in steel designing.

However, the projects were dedicated to specific areas of research such as design to EuroCode, fire

resistance, sustainability, earthquake, etc. Also solutions for single-storey and low-rise multi-storeybuildings have been already developed within many previous RFCS projects. Based on all these

achievements a comprehensive guide KNOW-HOW based on the current state-of-the-art was created

in this project for architects and designers which will add value to what has been already done.

Thanks to the deep knowledge and experience of the authors concerning the steel design, products,

construction planning, regulations, and practicability the guides have much more to offer to thearchitects and designers, especially newest in steel design than just design guide to Eurocode. This

project aims to promote best practice and state of the art steel design. Provided guidelines comprise

information about how steel and composite structures can be easily designed and erected in an

economic and sustainable way, all by providing aesthetic, safe, flexible and modern structures with a

high added value for its owner. In addition to Eurobuild project, which mostly provided information

about regulations and best practise, this project focused on fully detailed guidance. It is also a

complementary project to Access Steel, which provides information through keywords. These

deliverables are more complete and detailed providing all the information to fully design these two

types of buildings.

In order to provide design guides, which are widely geographically applicable is it important that they

comply with local, national regulation and common practice. Therefore, the projects partners were in

close contact with engineers and designers through the national IPOs (Independent PromotionOrganisation) representing different countries; Spain Association for Technical Promotion of Steel

(APTA), Italy - Fondazione Promozione Acciaio, France Centre Technique Industriel de la

Construction Mtallique (CTICM) and Office Technique pour l'Utilisation de l'Acier (Otua), Germany

Bauen Mit Stahl (BMS), Belux Centre Information Acier (CIA), Bouwen met staal (The

Netherlands).

In addition four workshops were organised, during which a common practice in different countries wasdiscussed directly with the practicing engineer (designers, steel fabricators, structural engineers etc.).

The workshops were organised as follows:

19th January 2009 Infosteel, 12 Chausse de Zellik, Brussels B-1082, BELGIUM23rd March 2009 Stahlzentrum Dsseldorf, Sohnstr. 65, 40237 Dsseldorf, GERMANY

19th May 2009 Fondazione Promozione Acciaio, Piazza Velasca, 10 - 20122 Milano, ITALY

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18th June 2009 ArcelorMittal AMDS Innovation & Construction Development, /Albacete

n3, 5a Planta 28027 MADRID

In addition the authors of the design guides have deep knowledge of the design practice in the UK and

France.

This cooperation was beneficial for all the parties involved. The steel producers have a better

understanding of common practice and local organisations have a better knowledge about availablesteel products. This team effort influenced selection of the working examples presented in the design

guides.

The analysis of local practice and requirements influenced the decision about changing the form of

deliverables in WP3. It appeared that the capacity tables for sections and simple connections have to be

different for different countries. One of the differences are the factors specified by National Annexes,

but also common practice that prefers different steel grades, different bolt grades and sizes, different

geometries. Therefore, as agreed with European Commission, the calculation tools have been developed

instead. Additional benefit coming from the electronic tool is possibility to adapt the factors in case of

further changes in regulations, to introduce more countries and to easily translate the tool in various

languages.

The design guides consist of different parts with different depth of technical information. Some parts

give more general overview of how the steel can be used, what are the benefits and limitation. These

parts are addressed mainly to architects and designers not familiar with steel at all. Other parts give

more handy information coming from practice and experience, such as Concept design. These parts areintended for wider group of engineers; architects, non-experience designers, as well as developers, steel

fabricators and investors. The last group of information is much more technical, offering detail designs

with examples.

The final deliverables are the result of consolidated work of engineers across Europe, who were

involved in previous RFCS projects, as well as in workshops and contacts with partners of this project.Additional alignment of the common practice guide with the newly obligatory Eurocode and National

Annexes is a unique and useful help for engineers and architects.

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1 Scientific And Technical Description Of The ResultsDeliverables of this project form two design guides: Multi-Storey Buildings and Single-Storey

Buildings. The books are accompanied by calculation tools for capacity of sections and simpleconnections. All the documents and software are part of Steel Buildings in Europeguide as it has beennamed by the partners.

Hereafter, each part of the design guide is shortly summarised.

1.1 Availability Of DeliverablesAll the deliverables are prepared in the electronic format and they are available from the partners

websites.

http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections/index.php?id=149

http://www.peiner-traeger.de/en/Service/

1.2 WP1 Multi-Storey BuildingsThe first part of the design guide, Multi-Storey Steel Buildings consists of 10 parts:

Part 1: Architects guide

Part 2: Concept design

Part 3: Actions

Part 4: Detailed design

Part 5: Joint design

Part 6: Fire engineering

Part 7: Model construction specificationPart 8: Description of member resistance calculator

Part 9: Description of simple connection resistance calculator

Part 10: Guidance to developers of software for the design of composite beams

MSB 01: Architects Guide

This publication has been drafted by architects for architects. It provides information on the material

and on the industrial components. It gives the bases of good practice in order to achieve maximum

benefit in using steel, in terms of structural behaviour of steel frames, the building envelope, acoustic

and thermal performances and sustainable construction. For centuries, steel has demonstrated all its

advantages as a construction material for use in famous buildings in the world, but steel is not only a

material that delivers technical prowess. It has so many qualities that simply make it the preferred

material of architects, especially for multi-storey buildings.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 12 FUNCTIONAL QUALITIES ................ ................ ................. .................. .................. .................. ......... 3

2.1 Architectural creativity and flexibility ... .................. ................... .................. .................. ...... 3

2.2 Prefabrication Industrialised building systems ................................. .................. ................ 52.3 An evolving art ............... .................. .................. ................. .................. ................ ................ 6

2.4 Extending and refurbishment ................... .................. ................. .................. .................. ...... 6

3 STEEL MATERIAL AND PRODUCTS ........................ ................. ................ .................. ................ 93.1 Steel the material ............... .................. .................. ................... .................. .................. ......... 9

3.2 Steel products ............... ................. ................. .................. ................ ................ ................. .... 9

4 BASIS OF GOOD DESIGN: THE STRUCTURE ................ .................. ................ .................. ......... 13

4.1 The load-bearing system .................... ................ ................. .................. ................ .............. 13

4.2 Bracings .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .... 19

4.3 Floors ................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. ........... 22

4.4 Connections ............... .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. .................. . 26

4.5 Summary ................ ................ .................. .................. ................. ................. ................... .... 29

5 BASIS OF GOOD DESIGN: THE ENVELOPE ................... .................. ................ .................. ......... 30

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5.1 Faades ................ ................ .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ........... 30

5.2 Roofing systems ................ ................ .................. ................ .................. ................ .............. 36

6 OTHER FACTORS FOR GOOD DESIGN ........................ ................ .................. .................. ............ 41

6.1 Behaviour during an earthquake ................. ................. ................ .................. ................ ...... 41

6.2 Behaviour during a fire ................ ................ .................. .................. ................. ................ ... 426.3 Acoustic performance .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. .................. . 48

6.4 Thermal performance ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 526.5 Durability of steel structures ....... .................. .................. ................. .................. ................. 53

6.6 Service integration .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 57

7 STEEL CONSTRUCTION AND SUSTAINABILITY ............................. .................. ................ ....... 59

7.1 Life cycle ................ .................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .... 60

7.2 Advantages of steel products for construction ................... ................ .................. ............... 60

7.3 Steel-intensive solutions for buildings ............... ................. .................. ................... ........... 61

8 CONCLUSION ................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. ........... 64

REFERENCES ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. .............. 65

MSB 02: Conceptual Design Of Multi-Storey BuildingsThis part presents information necessary to assist in the choice and use of steel structures at the concept

design stage in modern multi-storey buildings. The primary sector of interest is commercial buildings,

but the same information may also be used in other sectors. The information is presented in terms of the

design strategy, anatomy of building design and structural systems that are relevant to the multi-storey

buildings.

The concept design information links to the detailed design guides in the series.

The use of long span composite construction is the key to the greater use of steel in multi-storey

buildings, and various forms of cellular beams and perforated steel sections provide for service

integration without increasing the overall floor depth. General design information is given on the sizes

of openings that may be used. Integrated beams are also beneficial where the beam depth is minimised,such as in renovation applications.

Design tables are given for various structural systems. Additional design issues are also addressed.

1 INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IN OVERALL BUILDING DESIGN ..................... ... 1

1.1 Hierarchy of design decisions ........... .................. ................ .................. .................. .............. 2

1.2 Client requirements ................ .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ...... 3

1.3 Economics ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. ................. .... 5

1.4 Construction programme ................ .................. ................ .................. ................ .................. . 6

1.5 Sustainability .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ................ ................ 72 BENEFITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION ....... ................... .................. .................. ................... ...... 11

2.1 Speed of construction ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 11

2.2 Construction process .............. .................. ................ .................. ................ ................ ......... 122.3 Long spans and service integration .................. .................. .................. ................. .............. 13

2.4 Lightweight structures and resource efficiency ........................ .................. .................. ....... 14

2.5 Benefits of adaptability ...................... ................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 15

3 CASE STUDIES ON MULTI-STOREY STEEL BUILDINGS ........................ .................. ............... 163.1 Office Building, Bishops Square, London ............... .................. .................. ................. ...... 16

3.2 Le Seguana, Paris .......................... ................. ................ .................... .................. ............... 18

3.3 Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce ............................. .................. ................ .................. . 19

3.4 Kings Place, Kings Cross, London ................ ................ .................. ................. .................. . 20

3.5 Kone Headquarters, Helsinki ........... .................. ................. ................ ................. ............... 21

3.6 AM Steel Centre, Liege ............... ................ .................. .................. ................. ................ ... 22

4 ANATOMY OF BUILDING DESIGN ............... ................ .................. .................. ................ ............ 24

4.1 Floor grids ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 244.2 Dimensional coordination ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 25

4.3 Structural options for stability ............................. .................... ................... ..................... .... 27

4.4 Columns ............... .................. ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ....... 304.5 Structural options for floor systems ...... ................ .................. ................. ................ ........... 31

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4.6 Factors influencing structural arrangements ....... ................ .................. ................ .............. 35

4.7 Structure service integration .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 37

5 FLOOR SYSTEMS .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 40

5.1 Composite construction ............. .................. ................ .................. ................ ................ ...... 40

5.2 Composite beams and composite slabs with steel decking .............. .................. ................ . 405.3 Long-span composite beams with web openings ..... ................ .................. .................. ....... 45

5.4 Cellular composite beams with composite slab and steel decking ........... .................. ......... 475.5 Composite beams with precast concrete units ............... .................. ................. ................ ... 50

5.6 Non-composite beams with precast units .............. ................ .................. ................. ........... 53

5.7 Integrated beams with precast concrete units ............. ................. .................. ................ ...... 55

5.8 Asymmetric beams and deep decking ............ .................. .................. .................. ............... 59

5.9 Beam connections ................ ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. ........... 60

6 OTHER DESIGN ISSUES ................ .................. .................. ................... .................. .................. ....... 63

6.1 Accidental Actions .............. .................. ................. .................. .................. ................ ......... 63

6.2 Floor dynamics .............. ................. ................ .................. ................ .................. ................. 65

6.3 Corrosion protection ................. .................. ................ ................. .................. .................. .... 67

6.4 Temperature effects .................. ................ .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 67

6.5 Fire safety ............. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 676.6 Acoustic performance .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ................ . 68

6.7 Energy efficiency .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 70

6.8 Cladding ............... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ................. ....... 70

REFERENCES

MSB 03: Actions

This part provides guidelines for the determination of the loads on a common multi-storey building,

according to EN 1990 and EN 1991. After a short description of the general format for limit state

design, this guide provides information on the load combinations, the permanent loads and the variableactions. This guide also includes a worked example about the wind action on a multi-storey building.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 12 SAFETY PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO EN 1990 ........................ .................. ................ .............. 2

2.1 General format of the verifications ................ .................. ................. .................. .................. . 2

2.2 Ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states ..................... .................. .................. ...... 2

2.3 Characteristic values and design values of actions .................. ................ ................. ............. 3

3 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS .............. .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ..... 4

3.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 43.2 ULS combinations ................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 4

3.3 SLS combinations ................ ................ ................ .................. .................. ................. ............. 6

4 PERMANENT ACTIONS .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ......... 85 CONSTRUCTION LOADS .................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ......... 9

6 IMPOSED LOADS .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 10

6.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 10

6.2 Reduction due to the loaded area ................. ................ .................... ................. .................. . 106.3 Reduction due to the number of storeys ........ ................... ................ .................... ............... 11

6.4 Horizontal loads on parapets ....................... .................. .................. ................. .................. . 11

7 SNOW LOADS ................. .................. ................ .................. ................ .................. ................. ........... 12

8 WIND ACTION ................ ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ........... 13

8.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 13

8.2 Structural factor cscd ............................................................................................................ 13

9 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE .................... ................. ................. ................. .................. ................. 18

REFERENCES ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. .............. 19APPENDIX A Worked Example Wind action on a multi-storey building ................ .................. ....... 21

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MSB 04: Detailed Engineering Design

This part covers all aspects of the detailed design of low and medium rise multi-storey buildings thatuse steel bracing or concrete cores to resist horizontal actions and provide horizontal stability.

It introduces the basic concepts of this form of simple construction and provides guidance on practicalglobal analysis. It shows how to satisfy the serviceability and ultimate limit states and providesguidance on design for robustness to the requirements of Eurocode 1991.

The text makes maximum use of design data to assist detailed design and is supported by seven detailed

Worked Examples.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 1

1.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 1

1.2 Scope of this document ....................... .................. .................. ................ ................. ............. 1

2 BASIC CONCEPTS ................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. .................. .... 2

2.1 Introduction ............... .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. ................. .... 22.2 Simple construction ................ ................ .................. .................. .................. ................... ...... 2

2.3 Sway and non-sway frames ......................... .................. .................. ................ ................. ..... 3

2.4 Second order effects ............... .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ...... 42.5 General design procedure ............... ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ . 7

2.6 Design of steel bracing systems to achieve cr10 for all combinations of actions

2.7 The effects of imperfections ................................ .................. .................. ................ ............ 10

2.8 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 14

3 PRACTICAL GLOBAL ANALYSIS FOR SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION ................................ ....... 15

3.1 Introduction ............... .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. .................. . 15

3.2 Actions and their combinations ................ .................. ................. .................. ................ ...... 15

3.3 Analysis for gravity loads ............... ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. 16

3.4 Allowance for second order effects .......................... .................. .................. ................. ...... 18

3.5 Design Summary ............... .................. .................. .................. ................ ................. ........... 194 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 20

4.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 20

4.2 Load combinations ................. ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ....... 20

4.3 Horizontal deflection limits ............... .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 204.4 Vertical deflection limits ................................ .................. .................. .................. ............... 21

4.5 Precambering ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. 23

4.6 Dynamic response ................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 23

4.7 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 24

5 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE ................................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ........... 255.1 Introduction .............. ................. .................. .................. ................ .................. ................ .... 25

5.2 Floor systems ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ............... 25

5.3 Columns ............... .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ....... 375.4 Vertical bracing ................ ................. ................. ................. .................. ................ .............. 42

5.5 Horizontal bracing ................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 44

5.6 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 466 ROBUSTNESS ................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....... 47

6.1 Accidental design situations .............. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 476.2 Consequence classes ............... ................ ................ ................. ................. ................ ........... 48

6.3 Design for the consequences of local failure in multi-storey buildings ........................ ...... 49

6.4 Key elements ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ............... 53

6.5 Risk assessment ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 54

6.6 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 54

REFERENCES ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................. .............. 55

APPENDIX A WORKED EXAMPLES ................ .................. .................. ................. .................. ......... 56A.1 Worked Example Simply supported, laterally unrestrained beam ................. ................. 57

A.2 Worked Example Simply supported beam with intermediate lateral restraints ............... 64

A.3 Worked Example Simply supported, secondary composite beam ............. ................ ...... 71A.4 Worked Example Simply supported, primary composite beam ..................... ................. 81

A.5 Worked Example Pinned column using non-slender H sections .... .................. ............... 94

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A.6 Worked Example Bolted connection of an angle brace in tension to a gusset ................ 98

MSB 05: Joint Design

The introduction of new standard for structural design across Europe has been long awaited various

stakeholders in the different disciplines of constructions. Whilst the new codes were conceived as a tool

to remove barriers to trade and they facilitate across border opportunities throughout Europe, it is nosurprise that the Eurocodes come at a price. For many designers adopting, understanding and getting

used to the new rules will be no easy task. The collection of design guides of which this publication

forms part, attempts to simplify the use of the Eurocodes for Steel Building Design, accompanying the

architect and the engineer throughout the entire journey of the design: form the conceptual definition of

the building to the detailed calculation of each element.

This particular part focuses on simple connections. It presents procedures for designing connections in

simple construction for multi-storey buildings in accordance with the recommendations of EN 1993-1-

8: 2005.

These design procedures are applied to frames where either bracing or stiff concrete cores provide

strength and stiffness to resist lateral forces and ensure lateral stability.

This is simple to use in design, and leads to economical structures.This publication covers beam-to-beam and beam-to-column connections, as well as column splices and

column bases, using steel rolled sections.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 About this design guide ............. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ..... 1

1.2 Joint behaviour ............... .................. .................. ................. ................. ................. ................ 1

1.3 Standardised joints ................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ...... 2

1.4 Tying resistance ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. ............. 3

1.5 Design guidance in this publication ................... ................. .................. ................... ............. 3

1.6 Symbols ................ ................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ......... 4

2 PARTIAL DEPTH END PLATE .................. ................. .................... .................. ................. ................ 52.1 Recommended details ................ .................. ................ ................ .................. ................ ........ 5

2.2 Checks for vertical shear ........................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ........ 62.3 Checks for tying .......................... .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ... 122.4 Worked Example Partial depth end plate .... .................... .................. ................. .............. 14

3 FIN PLATE .............. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. ................ ... 21

3.1 Recommended details ................ .................. ................ ................ .................. ................ ...... 21

3.2 Checks for vertical shear ....................... ................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 22

3.3 Checks for tying .......................... .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ... 33

3.4 Worked Example: Fin Plate ... .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. ...... 38

4 DOUBLE ANGLE WEB CLEATS ............... .................. ................ .................. .................. ............... 51

4.1 Recommended details ................ .................. ................ ................ .................. ................ ...... 51

4.2 Checks for vertical shear ..................... ................ .................. ................ .................. ............ 52

4.3 Checks for tying .......................... .................. ................. ................. ................. ................ ... 63

4.4 Worked Example: Angle Web Cleats .................. ................ .................. .................. ............ 68

5 COLUMN SPLICES (BEARING TYPE) ............................. ................... .................. .................. ....... 835.1 Recommended details ................ .................. ................ ................ .................. ................ ...... 83

5.2 Checks for tension .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ............... ....... 86

5.3 Check for horizontal shear ....... ................... .................. .................. ................. .................. . 91

5.4 Checks for vertical tying ........ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ....... 91

5.5 Worked Example Column Splice ................ ............... .................. ................. ................ ... 93

6 COLUMN BASES ............... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ .................... .. 101

6.1 Base plate size ............................... ................. .................. ................ .................. ............... 101

6.2 Calculation of c ..................... ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ..... 102

6.3 Base plate thickness ................ .................. .................. ................. .................. ............... ..... 103

6.4 Base plate welds .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. ......... 104

6.5 Worked Example Column base ....................... ................ ................. ................. ............. 105

APPENDIX A LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH .... ................... .................. ....... 108

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MSB 06: Fire Engineering

Fire safety is one of the most critical issues in the design of multi-storey buildings. In order to minimise

the likelihood of a fire that may result in injury, death and damage to property, engineers have to work

closely with architects, contractors, manufacturers and suppliers in the design of a multi-storey buildingfor the fire scenario. Many issues with regard to fire safety of multi-storey buildings may mainly be

addressed by architects.

Engineers, however, need to be aware of fire safety engineering with particular reference to structural

fire engineering. Engineers may have to use a wide range of fire safety strategies and design approaches

to ensure the safety of multi-storey buildings in the event of outbreak of a fire.

Structural Eurocodes set up the principles and rules for design of buildings structures under various

actions, including fire safety design of multi-storey buildings. The fire Parts of Eurocodes provide a

series of calculation models for determining the thermal response and fire resistances of structural

members under fire conditions.This guide aims to help engineers to carry out fire safety design of multi-storey buildings. It provides

engineers with the prescriptive design approach to meet the regulatory requirements of fire safety

specified in national building regulations. It also offer engineers an opportunity to gain more economicfire safety solutions by carrying out structural fire design to the fire Parts of structural Eurocodes.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 1

2 FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING ........................... ................ .................. .................. ................ ........... 3

2.1 Definition of fire safety engineering ........ ................... ................ .................. .................. ...... 3

2.2 Objectives of fire safety ......... ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ........ 3

2.3 Approaches to structural fire engineering ...... .................. ................ .................. ................ ... 5

3 FIRE PROTECTION SOLUTIONS ..................... ................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 14

3.1 Active fire protection ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 14

3.2 Passive fire protection .............................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 153.3 Fire resisting construction ............................. .................. ................. .................. ................. 19

4 SIMPLE CALCULATION MODELS ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. ........... 26

4.1 Fire behaviour and thermal actions ..... .................. ................ .................. ................. ........... 264.2 Heat transfer ................ .................. ................ ................. .................. ................ ................... 29

4.3 Structural Analysis ................ ................ ................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 30

4.4 Simple structural fire design methods ............ .................. .................. .................. ............... 31

5 TENSILE MEMBRANE ACTION .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ............ 37

5.1 Cardington fire test ................ ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 37

5.2 FRACOF fire tests ................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 396 USE OF NATURAL FIRE EXPOSURE AND ADVANCED STRUCTURAL MODELLING ....... 42

6.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 42

6.2 Modelling fire severity .............. .................... .................. ................. ................ ................... 426.3 Modelling heat transfer ............. .................. ................ .................. ................ ................... ... 43

6.4 Advanced structural models ............................... ................. .................. ................ .............. 43

6.5 Validation/verification of advanced models ............................. ................ .................. ......... 446.6 Regulatory approval ................. .................. ................ ................. .................. ................ ...... 44

REFERENCES ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................. .............. 45FURTHER READING .............. .................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .... 45

Worked Example: Fire safety strategies and design approach of steel floor beam .................. .............. 49

MSB 07: Model Construction Specification

This guide is a Model Construction Specification to be used in contract documents for a typical

construction project of Multi-Storey Building. Its objective is to meet two main goals:

Achieving greater uniformity in steelwork contract specifications in Europe;

Providing a guide in view to specify appropriate standards for the design, fabrication and

erection of steelwork structures for buildings.

It is essential that the Designer and the Steelwork Contractor receive, on time, all information necessary

for them to carry out the contract. With this in mind, this Model

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Construction Specification, which gives guidance on the items and information that should be included

in the Project Specification, has been written to meet this purpose.

The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for the

following purposes:

As a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essentialrequirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N1

Mechanical resistance and stability and Essential Requirement N2 Safety in case of fire ;

As a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services;

As a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for constructionproducts (ENs and ETAs).

The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship

with the Interpretative Documents referred to in Article 12 of the Construction Products Directive,

although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards. There is a need for

consistency between the harmonized technical specifications for construction products and the technical

rules for works.

Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products which

refer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which Nationally Determined

Parameters have been taken into account.In the very near future, the steel construction industry in Europe shall be operating to one of the two

following types of technical specifications (in the sense of the Construction Products Directive

(89/106/EEC)):

The requirements of specific Guideline for European Technical Approval (ETAG);

The requirements of uniformed European Standards (Eurocodes).

Much of the information noted in this Model Construction Specification is based upon that given in

these standards, but it must not be inferred that the full details of the standards are not relevant.

References to Eurocodes have been made throughout this Model Construction Specification.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 1

1.1Scope .................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ................. ............. 2

2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ... 43 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN .............................. .................. ................. .................. ................ 9

3.1 General assumptions according to EN 1990 ............... .................. .................. ................ ...... 9

4 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES .................. .................. ................ .................. ................. ................... 10

4.1 Self-weight and imposed loads for buildings ................... .................. ................ ................. 10

4.2 Snow loads .................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. ................. 10

4.3 Wind loads .............. .................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .... 11

4.4 Thermal actions ................. ................ .................. .................... ................. ................ ........... 11

4.5 Actions during execution ................ ................ ................ .................. ................ ................ ... 11

4.6 Accidental actions .................. ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ....... 13

4.7 Seismic actions ............... ................ .................. ................ .................. ................ ................. 145 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES ................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ......... 16

5.1 Rules for multi-storey buildings EN 1993-1-1 ............. ...................... ....................... ....... 16

5.2 Design of joints EN 1993-1-8 ................. ................. ................ .................. ................ ...... 17

5.3 Material toughness and through-thickness properties EN 1993-1-10 ................ .............. 17

5.4 Composite steel and concrete structures EN 1994-1-1 ...................... ................. .............. 186 EXECUTION SPECIFICATION ................ .................. .................. ................. .................. ................. 19

6.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 19

6.2 Execution classes ............... .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ........... 19

6.3 Preparation grades .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ..................... .... 196.4 Geometrical tolerances ................ ................ .................. .................. ................. ................ ... 19

7 CONSTITUENT PRODUCTS ............... .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 21

7.1 Identification, inspection documents and traceability ........ ................. ................. ............... 217.2 Structural steel products ................. ................ ................ .................. .................. ................. 21

7.3 Welding consumables ................ .................. ................ ................ .................. ................ ...... 21

7.4 Mechanical fasteners ................ .................. ................ ................. .................. ................ ...... 217.5 Grouting materials .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ..................... .... 22

8 PREPARATION AND ASSEMBLY .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ......... 23

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8.1 Identification .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ............ 23

8.2 Handling and storage ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .... 23

8.3 Cutting ............... .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ..................... ....... 23

8.4 Shaping ................. .................. ................ .................. ................ .................. ..................... .... 23

8.5 Holing ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ..................... ....... 238.6 Assembly ................ .................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .... 24

9 WELDING .................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ............... 259.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 25

9.2 Qualification of welding procedures ................ .................. .................. ................ ............... 25

9.3 Welders and welding operators ................... .................. .................. ................. .................. . 25

9.4 Welding coordination ................ .................. ................ .................. ................ .................. .... 25

9.5 Preparation and execution of welding ................ ................. .................... ................. ........... 25

9.6 Acceptance criteria ................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ....... 27

10 MECHANICAL FASTENING ............... ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. .... 28

11 ERECTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ................... .............. 29

12 CONSTRUCTORS DOCUMENTATION .............. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 32

13 INTERFACES OF THE STEEL STRUCTURE ............................... .................. .................. ............ 33

13.1 Interface to concrete surfaces ...................... .................. ................ ................. ................. .. 3313.2 Interface to neighbouring constructions ................. .................. ................ .................. ....... 34

Appendix A MODEL PROJECT SPECIFICATION ......................... ................. .................. ................. 35

MSB 08: Description Of Member Resistance Calculator

This short part explains the calculation tool that has been developed within the project in place of the

initially planned Section Capacity Tables.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 11.1 Visual Basic ............... .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. ................. .... 1

1.2 Scope ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ................. ............. 1

1.3 Design rules ............... ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .... 22 OPERATION OF THE WORKBOOK .......................... .................. .................. ................ .................. . 3

2.1 Introduction worksheet ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. ................ ..... 3

2.2 Localisation Worksheet ............... .................. ................. .................. ................ ................ ..... 3

2.3 Functionalities on the member resistance worksheets ......................... .................. ................ 3

2.4 Bending Worksheet .................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. ...... 4

2.5 N-M (combined axial force and bending moment) Worksheet ........ .................. ................... 52.6 Tension Worksheet ................ ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 6

2.7 Compression Worksheet ................ .............. .................. .................. ................. ................ ..... 7

2.8 Web resistance (bearing and buckling) Worksheet ..... .................. ................ .................. ...... 82.9 Compare worksheet ................ ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ......... 8

3 SCREENSHOTS ............... .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....... 10

APPENDIX A Worked Examples ................ ................. ................. ................ .................. .................... .. 15

MSB 09: Description Of Simple Connection Resistance Calculator

Similarly to the previous part, description of the software, scope and applicability are presented in this

document. Initially, connections tables were intended, which for practical reason was replaced by this

software.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 5

1.1 Visual Basic ............... .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. ................. .... 5

1.2 Scope ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ................. ............. 5

1.3 Design rules ............... ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .... 7

2 OPERATION OF THE WORKBOOK .......................... .................. .................. ................ .................. . 8

2.1 Introduction worksheet ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. ................ ..... 8

2.2 Localisation worksheet ................ .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ..... 8

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2.3 Input worksheet ................. ................ .................. .................... ................. ................ ............. 8

2.4 Functionalities on the connections worksheets ................... ................ .................. .............. 10

2.5 Splice worksheet .................. ................... ................ .................. .................... ................ ....... 10

2.6 Fin Plate worksheet .................. ................... ................ .................... ................. ................. .. 11

2.7 End Plate worksheet ............... .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 112.8 Cleats worksheet .................. ................... ................ .................. .................... ................ ....... 12

2.9 Baseplate worksheet ............... ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ....... 123 SCREENSHOTS ............... .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....... 14

4 OUTPUT .................. ................ ................. .................. ................ .................. ................... .................. . 19

MSB 10: Guidance To Developers Of Software For The Design Of

Composite Beams

This guide provides guidance to developers of software for the design of composite beams used in

multi-storey buildings, according to the Eurocodes. It covers simply supported beams connected to the

concrete slab using shear studs and gives technical requirements. The ULS verifications are to be based

on plastic design.

1 SCOPE ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. .................. ................ ........ 72 BASIC DATA .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................ ............. 8

2.1 General parameters of the beam .................... ................. .................. ................ .................. ... 8

2.2 Steel section ................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. . 9

2.3 Concrete slab ................ ................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. . 9

2.4 Shear connection ............... ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 10

2.5 Loads ................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .............. ........... 11

2.6 Partial factors .................... ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 12

2.7 Other design parameters ................ ................. .................. .................. .................. ............... 12

3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES .................. ................. .................. .................. ................... .................. .... 133.1 Structural steel ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ ............... 13

3.2 Reinforcement steel bars ........................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ....... 13

3.3 Concrete .............. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 13

4 CALCULATION OF INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS ....... ................ .................. .............. 14

4.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 14

4.2 Effects of a point load .................... .................. ................ .................. .................. ............... 14

4.3 Effects of a uniformly distributed surface load .................. ................. .................. .............. 15

4.4 Combinations of actions ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ............... 15

5 CONSTRUCTION STAGE .................. ................ ................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 16

5.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 165.2 ULS verifications ................ .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ........... 16

5.3 SLS Calculations ................. .................. ................. .................. .................... ................ ....... 20

6 FINAL STAGE ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ................. ........... 216.1 Effective width of the slab .............. .................. .................. ................. .................. .............. 21

6.2 Shear connection .............. ................. .................. ................ .................. ................ .............. 21

6.3 Cross-section resistance ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ............... 246.4 Longitudinal shear resistance ........................... .................. ................. .................. .............. 29

6.5 Serviceability limit states ....................... ................ .................. .................. ................ ......... 31

7 LIST OF THE MAIN OUTPUTS ............... .................. ................ .................. ................. ................... 33

REFERENCES ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................. .............. 34

Appendix A Overall flowchart .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. ............... ....... 35

1.3 WP2 Single-Storey BuildingsSingle-Storey Steel Buildings is the second books of the series and consists of 11 parts:

Part 1: Architects guide

Part 2: Concept design

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Part 3: Actions

Part 4: Detailed design of portal frames

Part 5: Detailed design of trusses

Part 6: Detailed design of built up columns

Part 7: Fire engineeringPart 8: Building envelope

Part 9: Introduction to computer softwarePart 10: Model construction specification

Part 11: Moment connections

SSB 01: Architects guide

This publication presents an introduction for architects to the use of steel in single storey steel-framedbuildings. The primary application of such buildings is for industrial use but single storey solutions are

appropriate for many other applications. The advantages of the use of steel, in terms of low weight,

minimum construction dimensions, speed of construction, flexibility, adaptability and sustainability areexplained. The primary forms of steel structure and the methods of cladding them are introduced. It is

noted that the requirements for fire resistance are usually modest, since occupants can usually escape

quickly in the event of fire. The influence of providing a crane inside a single storey building, in termsof the structural design, is briefly addressed.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 1

1.1 Steel as a construction material ................ .................. ................. .................. .................. ...... 1

1.2 Steel in single storey buildings ............................... .................. .................. .................. ......... 7

2 ADVANTAGES OF CHOOSING A STEEL STRUCTURE ................. ................ ................. ............. 82.1 Low weight ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. ................. .... 8

2.2 Minimum construction dimensions ............................... .................. ................. ................ ..... 9

2.3 Speed of construction ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .... 92.4 Flexibility and adaptability ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 10

2.5 A sustainable solution .................... ................ .................. .................. .................. ............... 11

3 FORM OF PRIMARY STEEL STRUCTURE ...... .................... ................. .................. ................ ...... 123.1 Structure types .................. ................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ............ 12

3.2 Connections between columns and beams ....... ................ .................. ................ ................. 26

4 BUILDING ENVELOPE ............... .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. .............. 28

4.1 Cladding systems ................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ....... 29

4.2 Secondary steelwork ................. ................ .................. ................. .................. .................. .... 30

4.3 Roofs ................ ................. ................ .................. .................. ................... ............. .............. 30

5 FIRE SAFETY .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .............. ........... 33

6 OVERHEAD CRANES ............... .................. ................ .................. .................. ................... .............. 34

7 CONCLUSIONS ................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 368 FURTHER READING ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................... .............. . 37

SSB 02: Conceptual Engineering Design Of Single-Storey Buildings

This publication presents information necessary to assist in the choice and use of steel structures at theconcept design stage in modern single-storey buildings. The primary sector of interest is industrial

buildings or enclosures of various types, but the same information may also be used in other sectors.

The information is presented in terms of the design strategy, anatomy of building design and structural

systems that are relevant to the single-storey buildings. The concept design information links to the

detailed design guides in the series.

The use of portal frame construction is the key to the greater use of steel in single -storey buildings, and

various forms of beams, columns and perforated steel sections may be used. General design information

is given on the sizes of steel members that may be used. Lattice members or trusses may also be

beneficial for more heavily loaded or long spanning applications. Support to cranes may require use of

fabricated columns.

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2.3 Characteristic values and design values of actions .................. ................ ................. ............. 3

3 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS .............. .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ ..... 4

3.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 4

3.2 ULS combinations ................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 4

3.3 SLS combinations ................ ................ ................ .................. .................. ................. ............. 64 PERMANENT ACTIONS .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ......... 8

5 CONSTRUCTION LOADS .................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ......... 96 IMPOSED LOADS .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. . 10

6.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 10

6.2 Actions induced by cranes according to EN 1991-3 .................. ................ .................. ....... 10

6.3 Horizontal loads on parapets ....................... .................. .................. ................. .................. . 15

7 SNOW LOADS ................. .................. ................ .................. ................ .................. ................. ........... 16

7.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 16

7.2 Methodology ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ .................. ............... 16

8 WIND ACTIONS ................. ................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ....... 22

8.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 22

8.2 Methodology ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ .................. ............... 22

8.3 Flowcharts ................ ................. .................. ................ .................. ................ ..................... . 319 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE .................... ................. ................. ................. .................. ................. 32

REFERENCES ................ .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ................. .............. 33

Appendix A Worked Example: Snow load applied on a single-storey building ..................... ............... 35

Appendix B Worked Example: Wind action on a single-storey building .................. ................. ........... 45

SSB 04: Detailed Design Of Portal Frames And Their Connections

This publication guides the designer through all the steps involved in the detailed design of portal

frames to EN 1993-1-1, taking due account of the role of computer analysis with commercially

available software. It is recognised that the most economic design will be achieved using bespokesoftware.

Nevertheless this document provides guidance on the manual methods used for initial design and the

approaches used in software. The importance of appropriate design details is emphasised, with goodpractice illustrated. This publication does not address portal frames with ties between eaves. These

forms of portal frame are relatively rare. The ties modify the distribution of bending moments

substantially and increase the axial force in the rafter dramatically. Second order software must be used

for the design of portal frames with ties at eaves level.

An introduction to single-storey structures, including portal frames, is given in complementary

publication Single-storey steel buildings. Part 2: Concept design.

1 INTRODUCTION ................ .................. ................ .................. .................. ................ .................. ......... 1

1.1 Scope ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ................ ................. ............. 11.2 Computer-aided design ................ .................. .................. ................. ............... ................. ..... 1

2 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS IN PORTAL FRAMES ..... ................. ................ .................. ................ 3

2.1 Frame behaviour ................ ................ .................. ................ .................. ................ ................ 32.2 Second order effects ............... .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ...... 4

2.3 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. ................ 53 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ...... 6

3.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ......... 6

3.2 Imperfections .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .............. 8

3.3 First order and second order analysis ............. ................ .................. ................ ................ ... 13

3.4 Base stiffness .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .................. ............ 16

3.5 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 18

4 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE ................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ........... 204.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 20

4.2 Selection of deflection criteria ................ .................... ................. .................. .................. .... 20

4.3 Analysis ................ ................. ................. .................. ................ .................. .................. ....... 204.4 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 20

5 CROSS-SECTION RESISTANCE .................. .................. ................. .................... ................. ........... 21

18


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5.1 General ................ .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. .................. ....... 21

5.2 Classification of cross-section ............................. ................ .................. .................. ............ 21

5.3 Member ductility for plastic design .................. .................. .................. ................. .............. 21

5.4 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 22

6 MEMBER STABILITY ............... .................. .................. ................... .................. ................ .............. 236.1 Introduction ................. .................. ................. ................ .................. .................. ................ . 23

6.2 Buckling resistance in EN 1993-1-1 ............... .................. ................ .................. ................. 246.3 Out-of-plane restraint .................. ................ .................. .................. ................. ................... 26

6.4 Stable lengths adjacent to plastic hinges ........ .................. ................... .................. .............. 28

6.5 Design summary ............... ................. ................. ................. ................ .................. .............. 31

7 RAFTER DESIGN ................. .................. ................ .................. ................. ................ .................... .... 32

7.1 Introduction .............. ................. .................. .................. ................ .................. ................ .... 32

7.2 Rafter strength .................. ................. ................. ................. .................. ................ .............. 32

7.3 Rafter out-of-plane stability ................ .................. .................. ................ ................. ........... 33

7.4 In-plane stability .................. ................... .................... ................... ................... ................... 37

7.5 Design summary ...............