facial reconstruction anatomical method vs. tissue depth method rebecca tokodi
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Facial ReconstructionFacial ReconstructionAnatomical Method vs. Tissue Anatomical Method vs. Tissue
Depth MethodDepth Method
Rebecca TokodiRebecca Tokodi
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background
Research FocusResearch Focus
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
ConclusionConclusion
Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Anatomical MethodAnatomical Method
Uses origins and insertions to rebuild each Uses origins and insertions to rebuild each musclemuscle
Glands and fatty tissue rebuiltGlands and fatty tissue rebuilt
Expertise in biomechanics and anatomy Expertise in biomechanics and anatomy neededneeded
Longer process than tissue depth methodLonger process than tissue depth method
Same for all ethnic groupsSame for all ethnic groups
Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Anatomical MethodAnatomical Method
Temporalis Muscle Temporalis Muscle
Zygomaticus Muscle Zygomaticus Muscle
Masseter Muscle Masseter Muscle
Orbicularis Oris Orbicularis Oris
Parotid Gland Parotid Gland
Buccal Fatty Pad Buccal Fatty Pad
Fat Pad of the Chin Fat Pad of the Chin
http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/research/anthropology/crsp/arccrsppearlstmethods2.html
Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Tissue Depth MethodTissue Depth Method
Uses 21 osteological landmarksUses 21 osteological landmarks
--11 bilateral points11 bilateral points
-10 midline points-10 midline points
Soft tissue built up to depth markersSoft tissue built up to depth markers
- - soft tissue includes muscles, skin, fat, and glandssoft tissue includes muscles, skin, fat, and glands
Depths given by previous studiesDepths given by previous studies
--collected by needle probe method or ultrasoundcollected by needle probe method or ultrasound
Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Tissue Depth MethodTissue Depth Method
Depths given for Depths given for different categoriesdifferent categories
--ethnic backgroundethnic background
-age-age -weight-weight
Faster than anatomical Faster than anatomical methodmethodLess anatomical Less anatomical training neededtraining needed
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background
Research FocusResearch Focus
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
ConclusionConclusion
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background Anatomical MethodAnatomical Method
Introduced in 1927 by Mikhail GerasimovIntroduced in 1927 by Mikhail Gerasimov
140 of Gerasimov’s reconstructions were 140 of Gerasimov’s reconstructions were identified and verifiedidentified and verified
Also known as the Russian MethodAlso known as the Russian Method
Used in an archeological contextUsed in an archeological context
--tissue depth of ancient population unknowntissue depth of ancient population unknown
-museum exhibits -museum exhibits
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background Tissue Depth MethodTissue Depth Method
Introduced in 1895 by W.HisIntroduced in 1895 by W.HisMade famous by reconstruction of Made famous by reconstruction of Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian BachDepths recorded by needle puncture Depths recorded by needle puncture methodmethod
-24 male cadavers-24 male cadavers
-4 female cadavers-4 female cadavers
Used widely today by law enforcement Used widely today by law enforcement agencies for identifying the deadagencies for identifying the dead
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background
Research FocusResearch Focus
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
ConclusionConclusion
Research FocusResearch Focus
A comparison of facial reconstruction A comparison of facial reconstruction methods, anatomical and tissue depth. methods, anatomical and tissue depth.
Factors that influence tissue depthFactors that influence tissue depth
Frequency of useFrequency of use
Validity of resultsValidity of results
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background
QuestionQuestion
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
ConclusionConclusion
MaterialsMaterials
Sculpting toolsSculpting toolsGauge (in millimeters)Gauge (in millimeters)Metal scale (in millimeters)Metal scale (in millimeters)Sculpey III modeling claySculpey III modeling clayAcetone soluble adhesiveAcetone soluble adhesiveVinyl machine eraser stripsVinyl machine eraser stripsPing pong ballPing pong ballHigh gloss paintHigh gloss paintPlastic skull replicaPlastic skull replica
MethodsMethods
Determination of sex, race, and ageDetermination of sex, race, and ageCreating prosthetic eyeCreating prosthetic eyeCutting depth markersCutting depth markersPlacement of depth markersPlacement of depth markersSetting of prosthetic eyeSetting of prosthetic eyeConnecting tissue depth markersConnecting tissue depth markersDeveloping facial featuresDeveloping facial featuresPhotographyPhotography
MethodsMethods Determination of sex Determination of sex
MaleMale FemaleFemale
SizeSize LargerLarger SmallerSmaller
ChinChin SquareSquare PointedPointed
MandibleMandible Larger, strongerLarger, stronger Smaller, weakerSmaller, weaker
ForeheadForehead SlopingSloping UprightUpright
Brow Brow ridgeridge
ProjectingProjecting SmoothSmooth
EOPEOP Crest or spine Crest or spine likelike
Smooth formSmooth form
MethodsMethods Determination of raceDetermination of race
CaucasoidCaucasoid NegroidNegroid MongoloidMongoloid
Longer and more Longer and more narrow nasal narrow nasal openingopening
Widest and Widest and shortest nasal shortest nasal openingopening
Nasal opening Nasal opening between Caucasoid between Caucasoid and Negroidand Negroid
Flattened face but Flattened face but zygomatic bones zygomatic bones slant backslant back
Projection of lower Projection of lower faceface
Flattened face with Flattened face with projecting projecting zygomatic boneszygomatic bones
Broad, flat nasal Broad, flat nasal bridgebridge
Short cranial vaultShort cranial vault
MethodsMethods Creating prosthetic eye Creating prosthetic eye
DiameterDiameter 24-25mm24-25mm
ColorColor HazelHazel
IrisIris 12mm12mm
MethodsMethods Depth markers Depth markers
MeasurementMeasurement
MidlineMidline
Normal Normal
Male (mm)Male (mm)
SupraglabellaSupraglabella 4.254.25GlabellaGlabella 5.255.25NasionNasion 6.506.50End of nasalsEnd of nasals 3.003.00Mid-philtrumMid-philtrum 10.0010.00Upper lip marginUpper lip margin 9.759.75Lower lip marginLower lip margin 11.0011.00Chin-lip foldChin-lip fold 10.7510.75Mental eminenceMental eminence 11.2511.25Beneath chinBeneath chin 7.257.25
MethodsMethods Depth markers Depth markers
MeasurementMeasurement
BilateralBilateral
Normal Normal
Male (mm)Male (mm)
Frontal eminenceFrontal eminence 4.254.25SupraorbitalSupraorbital 8.258.25SuborbitalSuborbital 5.755.75Inferior malarInferior malar 13.2513.25Lateral orbitLateral orbit 10.0010.00Zygomatic archZygomatic arch 7.257.25SupraglenoidSupraglenoid 8.508.50GonionGonion 11.5011.50Supra 2Supra 2ndnd molar molar 19.5019.50Occlusal lineOcclusal line 18.2518.25Sub 2Sub 2ndnd molar molar 16.0016.00
MethodsMethods Setting prosthetic eye Setting prosthetic eye
Center eye frontallyCenter eye frontally
Projecting even with Projecting even with top and bottom of top and bottom of orbitorbit
Secured by claySecured by clay
Fatty pad behind eye Fatty pad behind eye deteriorates with agedeteriorates with age
MethodsMethods Connecting tissue depth markers Connecting tissue depth markers
Fill in by strips to Fill in by strips to almost cover depth almost cover depth markersmarkers
No clay is placed on No clay is placed on midline points midline points 3,4,5,6,7, and 83,4,5,6,7, and 8
No clay is placed on No clay is placed on bilateral points 13 and bilateral points 13 and 1515
MethodsMethods Developing the mouth Developing the mouth
Closed mouth easiest Closed mouth easiest
Vertical thickness of Vertical thickness of mouth is upper CEJ mouth is upper CEJ to lower CEJ to lower CEJ (cement (cement enamel junction)enamel junction)
Width is pre-molar to Width is pre-molar to pre-molarpre-molar
Artistic development Artistic development of parting line and of parting line and philtrumphiltrum
MethodsMethods Developing the nose Developing the nose
Measurement for widthMeasurement for width
NegroidNegroid Nasal aperture + 16mmNasal aperture + 16mm
CaucasoidCaucasoid Nasal aperture + 10mmNasal aperture + 10mm
MongoloidMongoloid Nasal aperture + 13mmNasal aperture + 13mm
• Nasal aperture measured at widest width
MethodsMethods Developing the nose Developing the nose
Projection given by:Projection given by:
Length of bony spine x’s 3Length of bony spine x’s 3
added to depth of marker 5added to depth of marker 5
Shape of nose Shape of nose determined by shape of determined by shape of nasal aperturenasal aperture
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background
Research FocusResearch Focus
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
ConclusionConclusion
ResultsResults
CaucasianCaucasian
Adult maleAdult male
Age- undeterminedAge- undetermined
ResultsResultsEthnicityEthnicity Population 2003Population 2003 % Population% Population
CaucasianCaucasian 234,196,357234,196,357 80.580.5
African AmericanAfrican American 37,098,94637,098,946 12.812.8
American Indian/ InuitAmerican Indian/ Inuit 2,786,6522,786,652 1.01.0
AsianAsian 11,924,91211,924,912 4.14.1
Pacific Islander/ HawaiianPacific Islander/ Hawaiian 495,335495,335 0.20.2
Hispanic/ LatinoHispanic/ Latino 39,898,88939,898,889 13.713.7
Two or more racesTwo or more races 4,307,5754,307,575 1.51.5
• 4.1% of children are biracial (U.S. Census 1990) -number expected to increase• 2,000,000 multiracial children in married-couple households
ResultsResults Negroid and mixed population studyNegroid and mixed population study
Facial tissue for Facial tissue for negroids is thicker in the negroids is thicker in the upper and lower parts of upper and lower parts of the face- Lower lip, the face- Lower lip, frontal eminence, and frontal eminence, and cheek areacheek areaNegroid female tissue Negroid female tissue depths were thicker in depths were thicker in the lower lip, mental the lower lip, mental eminence, frontal eminence, frontal eminence, lateral orbital eminence, lateral orbital margin, supra glenoid, margin, supra glenoid, and cheek areaand cheek area
ResultsResults Caucasoid and mixed population studyCaucasoid and mixed population study
Tissues thickness of the Tissues thickness of the males of the mixed group males of the mixed group was greater in the mid was greater in the mid philtrum, upper lip, and philtrum, upper lip, and gonial areas,gonial areas,
Tissue thickness of Tissue thickness of caucasoid males was caucasoid males was thicker in the nasion, thicker in the nasion, mental eminence, supra mental eminence, supra orbital, lateral orbital, and orbital, lateral orbital, and cheek regionscheek regions
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background
Research FocusResearch Focus
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
ConclusionConclusion
DiscussionDiscussion
Negroid males and females have thicker soft Negroid males and females have thicker soft tissue compared to the mixed race populationtissue compared to the mixed race population
The mixed race population had considerable The mixed race population had considerable differences compared to the caucasoid differences compared to the caucasoid populationspopulations
The mixed race group is unique and The mixed race group is unique and measurements should not be considered an measurements should not be considered an average between caucasoid and negroid average between caucasoid and negroid populationspopulations
DiscussionDiscussion
Argued that reconstruction is not meant to Argued that reconstruction is not meant to make exact portraitmake exact portrait
Many variables that can influence the rate Many variables that can influence the rate of identificationof identification
Too much of an artistic influence can Too much of an artistic influence can change resultschange results
DiscussionDiscussion
Increase in biracial individuals means an Increase in biracial individuals means an inability to apply tissue depths to inability to apply tissue depths to reconstructionsreconstructions
Not ethical to use insufficient informationNot ethical to use insufficient information
Caucasian becoming less definedCaucasian becoming less defined
Easier when clues are left at the sceneEasier when clues are left at the scene
Facial reproduction still widely used by law Facial reproduction still widely used by law enforcement agencies- including FBIenforcement agencies- including FBI
DiscussionDiscussion
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/oct2000/ubelaker.htm
Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background
Research FocusResearch Focus
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
ConclusionConclusion
ConclusionConclusion
More studies need to be conducted on More studies need to be conducted on biracial populationsbiracial populations
Anatomical method new method of Anatomical method new method of choice?choice?
Other options of facial reproductionOther options of facial reproduction
-computerized methods-computerized methods