fabulous faba beans: the fundamentals
TRANSCRIPT
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Fabulous Faba Beans: the Fundamentals
Jessica Pratchler, AAg.
NARF Field Research Agronomist
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Why Choose Faba beans?
• Likes Moisture
• Tolerates Early Frost
• High Nitrogen Fixer (80 – 160 lb/ac)
• Level of Aphanomyces Resistance
• Standability
• Pods High
Photo Credit: S. Phelps
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Field Selection
• For Seed Production:
– Grow far apart from other varieties – outcrossing
• Herbicide History:
– Residual herbicide effects are problematic
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Residual Herbicides
Year (or season) after application that faba beans can be grown
5 + Tordon 22K, Grazon (Spot treatments or broken pasture)
4 + Ally Toss-N-Go (cropland), Escort (broken pasture) (persistence is extended when soil pH is 7.5 or greater)
2
Muster Toss-N-Go, Muster Gold II, Assert, Everest, Triton C Clopyralid (<123 gai/ac) (Lontrel, Curtail M, Prestige XC, Eclipse III, Flaxmax, Spectrum*)
Banvel II/Oracle (high rates (>0.5L/ac) PrePass (fall application); high rates 2,4-D (fall)
1 Kerb, Avadex, Infinity, Simplicity, Accent, 2,4-D Atrazine (<0.9 L/ac) (Aatrex Liquid,Primextra Magnum)
Fluroxypyr (<43 gai/ac) (Retain, Trophy, Barricade II, Altitude, Stellar, Pulsar, Tandem, Attain)
Florasulam (<25 gai/ac) (Frontline, Topline, Spirtfire, Mpower, Battlefront)
Source: S. Phelps
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Varieties • Tannin Varieties:
– Brown seed coat
– Dark dot on stipules
• New Registered Varieties for 2016
– Fabelle (533 tkw)
– Vetigo (571 tkw)
• Varieties: Tabour, Fatima, SNSS-1
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Varieties
• Non - Tannin Varieties:
– Light seed coat
– White flowers
• No new varieties registered for 2016
• Common: Snowdrop, Snowbird
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Seeding
• First 2 weeks of May
– Frost tolerant
– Needs moisture
• Seed Deep = 2.5 to 3 inches
• Tannin varieties may not need seed treatment
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Seeding Rates
• Recommended 45 plants/m2 (60 lbs/bu)
TKW (g) kg/ha bu/acre
•FB9-4 680 (805) 360 5.3 (6.3)
•Snowbird 495 262 3.9
•Snowdrop 335 177 2.6
• How to achieve target rates, with such big seeds?
• Different sized beans = different seeding rates?
Source: S.Phelps
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Optimal Seeding Rates? • Objective: can higher
seeding rates achieve better yields in our short growing season? – Rate that is still logistically
feasible? Economically?
• 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 viable seeds/m2
• SNSS-1, Snowdrop, FB9-4
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Optimal Seeding Rates: SNSS-1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
20 seeds/m2 40 seeds/m2 60 seeds/m2 80 seeds/m2 100 seeds/m2
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Melfort
Saskatoon 1
Preliminary Data
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Optimal Seeding Rates - Snowdrop
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
20 seeds/m2 40 seeds/m2 60 seeds/m2 80 seeds/m2 100 seeds/m2
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a) Indian Head
Melfort
Outlook
Scott
Swift
Saskatoon
Preliminary Data
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Optimal Seeding Rates – FB9-4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
20 seeds/m2 40 seeds/m2 60 seeds/m2 80 seeds/m2 100seeds/m2
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Saskatoon 1
Preliminary Data
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Fertility
• A 50 bu/ac Crop:
– 55 – 67 lb P/ac removed with 40 lb/ac in the seed
– 47 – 57 lb K/ac removed in seed
• Fixes 85% of N needs = up to 250 lbs N / acre
• 44 lbs/ac actual P maximum safe rate
Source: Sherrilyn Phelps
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Phosphorus Fertility for Establishment and Yield
• Objective: Effects of phosphorus rate and placement have on Faba bean establishment and yield
• 0, 25, 50 kg P2O5/ha
• Side-banded or Seed-placed
• Fungicide component
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Phosphorus Fertility for Establishment and Yield
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 P2O5 25 kg P2O5/haSeedplaced
50 kg P2O5/haSeedplaced
25 kg P2O5/haSideband
50 kg P2O5/haSideband
Pla
nts
/m2
No Fungicide
Fungicide
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Phosphorus Fertility for Establishment and Yield
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 P2O5 25 kg P2O5/haSeedplaced
50 kg P2O5/haSeedplaced
25 kg P2O5/haSideband
50 kg P2O5/haSideband
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac)
No Fungicide Fungicide
o Statistically non significant fungicide response
o Overall, highest yield gain at 50 kg/ha side banded, but statistically insignificant
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Phosphorus Fertility for Establishment and Yield
• 50 kg P2O5/ha seed-placed negatively effected
establishment
• 50 kg P2O5/ha side-banded increased yield but statistically insignificant
• Conclusion: Faba beans are sensitive to phosphorus placement, if applying high rates side-banding should be considered
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Inoculant
• TagTeam and Nodulator both registered
• Recommended:
– 4.7 lb/ac TagTeam
– 1.2 kg Nodulator/ 982 kg seed
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Inoculant Options for Faba beans
• Objective: the effects two inoculants, at different rates and in combination, have on Faba bean growth in different soil/climatic conditions. – Do different seed sizes/varieties need the same amount of
inoculant?
– Does one product work better than another? Are they better in combination or alone?
• Snowdrop and FB9-4
• Nodulator plus TagTeam at 0.5x, 1x, and 2x
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Inoculant Options for Faba bean
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Inoculant Options for Faba bean
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Check Nodulator TagTeam0.5x
TagTeam 1x TagTeam 2x Nodulator +TagTeam
0.5x
Nodulator +TagTeam 1x
Nodulator +TagTeam 2x
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac)
Snowdrop FB9-4
Preliminary Data
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Inoculant Options for Faba bean
• Nodulator + TagTeam treatment had best response for greater ppms in both varieties.
• Highest yield for FB9-4 TagTeam 1x was best and Snowdrops was Nodulator + 2x TagTeam
• Preliminary Conclusion:
– FB9-4 respond well and to single products
– Snowdrops did not respond as well, need to see if results are significant. Need more data.
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Herbicides • Low emergence due to dry conditions made
herbicide application in 2015 very important
– Seedlings are not very competitive – canopy closure late
• Apply before the 6 whorl stage
– Before is better to match weed stage
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Typical Herbicide Regime
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Full Package Herbicide Regime
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Insects
• Lygus – Brown Dot on Seed – In areas of high canola production – Damage seed by sucking juices – Not economical to control if present
• Aphids – Dot on Underside of Leaf • Cutworms – Severe Newly Growing Tissue
– Faba beans will re grow – Lower podding
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Fungicides
• Difficult to Stage
– Start of Flowering = 1 flower at 1 raceme
– Full Flower = 5 flowers at 1 raceme
– End of Flower = first pod formed
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Fungicides • Primary Diseases:
Chocolate Spot and Aschocyta
• Disease severity and incidence drastically increased in August? – Rain?
• Good in field response
• Not able to control in all
cases because initial disease was so low
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Fungicides
• Products registered for Faba bean use, but not specific diseases
– Hope to registered for specific diseases soon
• What is the optimal timing?
– Early flowering? Mid flowering?
• No economic thresholds set yet
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Fungicide Products and Timing
• Four products:
– Priaxor
– Propulse
– Vertisan
– Bravo
• Two timings:
– Early Flowering (10%)
– Mid Flowering (50%)
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Fungicide Products and Timing
• Disease development was slow to start
• No significant differences between treatments every two weeks
• Disease exploded after ratings ceased
• Products most likely unable to generate response due to low levels at spray timing
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Fungicide Products and Timing
0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
Indian Head
Melfort
Outlook
Scott
Swift Current
Saskatoon 1
Saskatoon 2
Preliminary Data
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Problems…
• Pod Abortion
– Above 27°c during flowering
– Dry conditions
– No pollinators
• Leaf Burning due to hot temperatures can mimic chocolate spot
Photo credit: S. Phelps
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Maturity
• Starts from bottom up
• Lower leaves drop off and pods turn black when mature
• Physiological mature when >90% plant has color change
• Desiccate with Reglone, use high water volumes
– Can use glyphosate if not saving for seed
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Harvesting
• Straight Cut at 6 to 8 Inches High
• Pods can Burst
– Increases when using lifters
– Wet conditions in fall causes seeds to grow larger than pod can contain
• Regrowth After Desiccation
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Thank you!
• Sherrilyn Phelps and SaskPulse
• Gaylene Dagenais, Rikki Schick, and Jillian Anderson
• IHARF, ICDC, WARC, WCA, and U of S
• AAFC Melfort Research Farm Staff