fabrication and mechanical properties of ...fiber by hand layup method for investigation of the...

FABRICATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

HYBRID NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES

(Jute/Banana/Glass)

M. Harikrishna, K.Ajeeth, S,Ranganatha and C.Thiagarajan

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and

Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, TN, India.

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The natural fibre composites are finds vital role in research and engineering

application. The natural fibres such as banana, sisal, bamboo, jute, coir, linen etc have high

strength, specific strength, better dimensional stability and mechanical properties, eco-

friendly, availability, low cost and biodegradable as compared with synthetic fibres. This

paper presents the fabrication and experimental property study on jute/banana/glass fibres

reinforced hybrid composites. The results of the mechanical properties such as tensile

strength, impact strength and flexural strength are reported. Three different layers of the

hybrid composites are fabricated by hand layup method. The test was carried out using the

universal testing machining and Charphy impact machine as per the ASTM standard. It has

been observed that the jute-glass-banana fibres reinforced hybrid composites shows superior

properties and used as an alternate material for synthetic fiber reinforced composite materials.

Keywords: Natural fibres, Banana fibre, Jute fibre, tensile strength, impact strength and

flexural strength.

1. Introduction

Composite substances are vital engineering substances due to their extraordinary mechanical

properties. Composites are materials in which the desirable properties are obtained by

separate materials.fibres are combined by mechanically or metallurgically binding them

together. Each of the components retains its structure and characteristic, but the composite

generally possesses better properties [1-5]. Ramachandran et al presented the experimental

study of bamboo using banana fibre reinforced polymeric composites [6]. Boopathi et al

reported the fabrication and property evaluation of Banana-Hemp-Glass Fiber Reinforced

Composites [7]. Juan Pablo Vitale et al evaluated the failure mode maps of natural and

synthetic fiber reinforced composite sandwich panels [8] and the results were compared with

analytical and experiment. Fatma Omrani reported the Mechanical properties of flax-fibre-

reinforced preforms and composites: Influence of the type of yarns on multi-scale

characterisations [9]. Rosamaria Codispoti et al investigated Mechanical performance of

natural fiber-reinforced composites for the strengthening of masonry[10]. Ramesha et at

presented the processing and mechanical property evaluation of banana fiber

reinforced polymer composites[10].

This project deals with the fabrication of a composite material in order to find out the strength

of the material using the banana and the sisal fibre. The fabrication is done with the help of

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 15 2018, 685-696ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

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hand layup process. Also the various mechanical tests are conducted on the fabricated

material. Finally the results of the tests and the strength of the material are discussed and

reported.

2. Experimental details

2.1. Materials

The fabrication of the hybrid composites are prepared by using sisal-banana fiber and glass

fiber by hand layup method for investigation of the mechanical properties [6-7]. The raw

banana fiber and sisal fiber are supplied by Anakaputhur weavers association, Chennai India.

The glass fiber, epoxy resin (epoxy 758) and hardener (HY911) are purchased from M/s. K.

Mohan company, Chennai, India.

2.2. Fabrication of hybrid composites

The three different combinations of the natural fibre composite laminates are fabricated using

hand layup method. The first laminate having the compositions of Banana-Glass -Jute,

second laminate have a composition of Jute-Banana-Glass and the third composite laminate

have the composition of Glass-Jute-Banana are shown in figures. The epoxy resin and the

hardener are mixed in the proportion of 10:1. The care must be taken so that the resin does

not cure in the curing pot itself. Initially the natural fibers are dried with sunlight for 5 to 6

hours. The size of the fabricated laminate is restricted to 300×300×10 mm. Then the three

sets hybrid laminate was cured under the loaded condition for 24 hours with the help of the

weight press. The raw banana and sisal fibers used in for fabrication of composite laminates

are presented in Fig.1 and Fig. 2. The fabricated

composite laminates are given Fig.3 .

Figure 1 Raw Banana fiber Figure 2 Raw sisal fiber

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

686

Figure 3 Fabricated laminate plates

2.3. Mechanical Properties of Composites

2.3.1. Tensile test

As per the ASTMD638 specification of tensile testing, the test specimens were prepared.

Three specimens namely Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana are

used to carry the tensile behavior of hybrid laminates. The test has been carried out on the

universal testing machine, by means of applying load on the specimen until its get failure and

the results are observed. These methodologies are followed for remaining specimen in the

different composite laminate and other laminate specimens to get the mean tensile strength.

The tensile test specimen after fracture of Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-

Jute-Banana fibers reinforced epoxy composites are presented in Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig 6.

Figure 4. Tensile test specimen after fracture (Banana-Glass - Jute)

Figure 5. Tensile test specimen after fracture (Jute-Banana-Glass)

Figure 6. Tensile test specimen after fracture (Glass-Jute-Banana)

2.3.3. Impact test

The three different combinations of the hybrid composite laminates are prepared from

banana, sisal and glass fiber reinforced composites for evaluating the impact load carrying

capacity of the material [8]. The three samples from each combination test specimens are

prepared from the laminate of hybrid composite as per the standard ASTM A370 and the


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edges of the specimens are neatly finished and small ‘v” notches are also provided by using

power hack saw blade. During the test the maximum energy that can be stored to break the

specimens are noted for the entire specimen for analysis of results. The V notched impact test

specimen after fracture of Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana fibers

reinforced epoxy composites are presented in Fig.7, Fig 8 and Fig. 9.

Figure 7. Impact test specimen after fracture (Banana-Glass - Jute)

Figure 8. Impact test specimen after fracture (Jute-Banana-Glass)

Figure 9. Impact test specimen after fracture (Glass-Jute-Banana)

2.3.2. Flexural test

As per the ASTMD790 for flexural testing, the specimens are prepared from three different

combinations of the laminates to conduct the test. The three test specimens of each laminates

of banana, jute and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites are prepared and tested by

applying the 3 point flexural load with the help of same universal testing machine (UTM).

The results of flexural strength and displacement of each specimen are observed for result

comparison. The flexural test specimen before and after fracture of Banana-Glass - Jute, Jute-

Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana fibers reinforced epoxy composites are presented in Fig.

10, Fig 11 and Fig. 12.

Figure 10. Fracture test specimen after fracture (Banana-Glass - Jute)


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Figure 11. Fracture test specimen after fracture (Jute-Banana-Glass)

Figure 12. Fracture test specimen after fracture (Glass-Jute-Banana)

3. Result and discussions

The natural composites materials find many applications and growing day by day due to its

features like bio-degradable, recyclable and eco-friendly to the environment. The researchers

are contributing to make natural hybrid composite laminates to replace the alloy materials

and metal without affecting load carrying capacity and cost in the field of engineering and

technology [9-11]. The present experimental study, the banana and sisal fibers are hybridized

with glass fiber and prepared hybrid composite laminates. Then the test specimens are

prepared from the composite laminates as per ASTM standards and testing of materials has

been carried out under tensile, flexural and impact loading conditions by using universal

testing machine. The experimental results on mechanical properties of the tested composite

specimen are observed and presented in Table. 2.

a. Tensile test analysis

By using the universal testing machine (UTM) and the typical stress vs. strain curve

generated directly from the machine during tensile loading for the hybrid composites is

presented in Fig. 13, Fig 14 and Fig 15. From the figure it can be observed that the Jute-

Banana-Glass fiber reinforced composites are performing better than the other composites

tested which can withstand the tensile strength of 22.76 MPa followed by Banana-Glass -

Jute fiber reinforced composites can hold the strength of 20.93 MPa.


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Figure 13. Stress-strain curve of Banana-Glass - Jute

Figure 14. Stress-strain curve of Jute-Banana-Glass


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Figure 15. Stress-strain curve of Glass-Jute-Banana

3.2 Flexural test analysis

The Table 1 shows the flexural strength of the hybrid composite laminates after the

experiments The load vs. displacement curve generated directly from the machine during

flexural loading for the hybrid composites is presented in Fig. 16, Fig 17 and Fig 18. From

the figure, it is asserted that the flexural load carrying capacity of banana-sisal-glass fiber

reinforced composites is better than glass-sisal-banana fiber reinforced composites and sisal-

banana-glass reinforced composites.


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Figure 16 Load vs displacement curve of Banana-Glass – Jute

Table. 1 Experimental results of the hybrid composite samples

Samples Tensile Strength

in Mpa

Flexural strength

in KN

Impact strength in

Joules

Banana-Glass - Jute 20.93 0.165 5.9

Jute-Banana-Glass 22.76 0.415 9.0

Glass-Jute-Banana 12.16 0.345 2.0


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Figure 17 Load vs displacement curve of Jute-Banana-Glass

Figure 18 Load vs displacement curve of Glass-Jute-Banana

3.3 Impact strength analysis


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The impact load carrying capacity of the fabricated hybrid composite laminates are carried

out in Charphy impact testing machine [13-14]. The loss of energy is found out on the

reading obtained from the impact testing machine. The impact strength comparison of

different hybrid composite samples is presented in Fig. 18. The results indicated that the

maximum impact strength is obtained from Jute-Banana-Glass fibers followed by Banana-

Glass - Jute and Glass-Jute-Banana reinforced hybrid composites which hold the impact

strength of 9 Joules, 5.9 Joules and 2 Joules.

Figure 19 Impact strength comparisons

4. Conclusions

The Banana-Glass-Jute, Jute-Banana-Glass, Glass-Jute-Banana fiber reinforced hybrid

composites are fabricated and the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural

strength and impact strength of these composites are estimated. The following conclusions

have been derived from the experimental investigations.

The Jute-Banana-Glass hybrid composites have more tensile strength than other

composites can withstand the tensile strength of 22.76 MPa followed by the Banana-

Glass-Jute reinforced composites which holds the value of 20.93MPa.

The maximum impact strength of the hybrid composites obtained from the Jute-

Banana-Glass laminate and the value is 9 Joules. .

The maximum flexural strength of 0.415kN hold by the Jute-Banana-Glass fiber

reinforced composites followed by Glass-Jute-Banana reinforced composites

laminates which is having the value of 0.345kN.

It is suggested that these Jute-Banana-Glass fibers reinforced hybrid epoxy

composites can be used as an alternate material for synthetic fiber reinforced

composite materials.

References

0

2

4

6

8

10

Banana+Glass+Jute Jute+Glass+Banana Glass+Banana+Jute

Impact strength in joules


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