fabian m. suchanek ontological reasoning for natural language understanding1 ontological reasoning...
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Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 1Fabian M. Suchanek
Ontological Reasoning
for Natural Language Understanding
Fabian M. Suchanek
Supervisors: Prof. Dr-Ing. Gerhard Weikum
Dr. habil. Peter Baumgartner
Colloquium
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 2Fabian M. Suchanek
Overview
1. Introduction to the Problem
2. Our Approach
1. SUMO-Ontology
2. Text Analysis
3. KRHyper
3. Conclusions and Outlook
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 3Fabian M. Suchanek
Text Entailment
Hypothesis: „Elvis is still alive!“
Text:
...Yes, Elvis is alive...
...Elvis is not alive...
...Elvis comes to Saarbrücken on January 1st...
...Elvis is living incognito in a small Russian village...
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 4Fabian M. Suchanek
Plan of Attack
KRHyper-Rules
subclass(funeral, socialinteraction).subclass(literacyattribute, traitattribute).subclass(mixedlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(pidginlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(creolelanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).
subclass(human,animal).
subclass(deafsignlanguage, manualhumanlanguage).).subclass(radio, electricdevice).).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(commoncarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(terminalbuilding, building).subclass(trainstation, transitterminal).subclass(representationalartwork, artwork).subclass(artwork, artifact).subclass(singlefamilyresidence, permanentresidence).subclass(hotel, commercialagent).subclass(hotel, temporaryresidence).subclass(hotel, residentialbuilding).subclass(residentialbuilding, residence).subclass(residentialbuilding, building).subclass(temporaryresidence, residence).subclass(permanentresidence, residence).subclass(residence, stationaryartifact).subclass(room, stationaryartifact).subclass(building, stationaryartifact).
comesTo(elvis,saarbruecken).subclass(watercraft, vehicle).subclass(train, railvehicle).subclass(wagon, landvehicle).subclass(railvehicle, landvehicle).subclass(motorcycle, roadvehicle). subclass(artificialsatellite, satellite).subclass(communicationdevice, engineeringcomponent).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).
SUMO-Ontology
Text
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 5Fabian M. Suchanek
SUMO-Ontology – Concept Hierarchy
Entity
PhysicalAbstract
ConstrictorSnake
Anaconda
Human
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 6Fabian M. Suchanek
instance(P, intentionalProcess) agent(P, A)=> holdsDuring(when(P), attribute(A, awake))
SUMO-Ontology – Axioms
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 7Fabian M. Suchanek
instance(P, intentionalProcess) agent(P, A)=> holdsDuring(when(P), attribute(A, awake))
SUMO-Ontology – Axioms
Functions
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instance(P, intentionalProcess) agent(P, A)=> holdsDuring(when(P), attribute(A, awake))
SUMO-Ontology – Axioms
Functions Nested Formulae
O
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 12Fabian M. Suchanek
SUMO-Ontology – Nested Formulae
thinks(bob, alive(priscilla) alive(elvis)).
alive(elvis) alive(priscilla)
<=> alive(priscilla) alive(elvis)
thinks(bob, alive(elvis) alive(priscilla) ).
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 13Fabian M. Suchanek
SUMO-Ontology – Nested Formulae
thinks(bob, false beautiful(priscilla)).
alive(elvis) ¬alive(elvis)
<=> false
<=> false beautiful(priscilla)
?
thinks(bob, alive(elvis) ¬alive(elvis) ).
O
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 15Fabian M. Suchanek
Propositional Equivalence
p(t1,… q(t'1,…t'n'),… tn)
~~~~~> x p(t1,…,x,… tn) q(t'1,…t'n',x)
p(t1,… not(q(t'1,…t'n')),… tn)
~~~~~> x p(t1,…,x,… tn) q(t'1,…t'n',neg(x))
says(bob,a)
says(bob,not(b))a b
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 16Fabian M. Suchanek
Propositional Equivalence, Example
thinks(bob, alive(elvis) ¬alive(elvis) )
=> thinks(bob, beautiful(priscilla) )
thinks(bob, wife(elvis,priscilla)) wife(X,Y) <=> husband(Y,X)
=> thinks(bob, husband(priscilla,elvis))
knows(bob, alive(elvis)) knows(X,Y) => believes(X,Y)
=> believes(bob, alive(elvis))
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 17Fabian M. Suchanek
Plan of Attack
KRHyper-Rules
subclass(funeral, socialinteraction).subclass(literacyattribute, traitattribute).subclass(mixedlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(pidginlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(creolelanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).
subclass(human, animal).subclass(deafsignlanguage, manualhumanlanguage).).subclass(radio, electricdevice).).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(commoncarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(terminalbuilding, building).subclass(trainstation, transitterminal).subclass(representationalartwork, artwork).subclass(artwork, artifact).subclass(singlefamilyresidence, permanentresidence).subclass(hotel, commercialagent).subclass(hotel, temporaryresidence).subclass(hotel, residentialbuilding).subclass(residentialbuilding, residence).subclass(residentialbuilding, building).subclass(temporaryresidence, residence).subclass(permanentresidence, residence).subclass(residence, stationaryartifact).subclass(room, stationaryartifact).subclass(building, stationaryartifact).
comesTo(elvis, Saarbruecken).subclass(watercraft, vehicle).subclass(train, railvehicle).subclass(wagon, landvehicle).subclass(railvehicle, landvehicle).subclass(motorcycle, roadvehicle). subclass(artificialsatellite, satellite).subclass(communicationdevice, engineeringcomponent).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).
SUMO-Ontology
Text
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 18Fabian M. Suchanek
Text Analysis
Elvis comes to Saarbrücken
Noun Verb Prep Noun
Comp
VP
S
O
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 20Fabian M. Suchanek
Mapping a Sentence to SUMO
Elvis comes to Saarbrücken
?
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 21Fabian M. Suchanek
Mapping a Sentence to SUMO
Elvis comes to Saarbrücken
BodyMotion
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 22Fabian M. Suchanek
Mapping a Sentence to SUMO
Elvis comes to Saarbrücken
BodyMotion
??
AgentDestination
O
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 25Fabian M. Suchanek
Mapping a Sentence to SUMO
Elvis comes to Saarbrücken
BodyMotion
Agent Destination
instance(b,bodymotion).agent(b,elvis).destination(b,saarbruecken).
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 26Fabian M. Suchanek
Plan of Attack
KRHyper-Rules
subclass(funeral, socialinteraction).subclass(literacyattribute, traitattribute).subclass(mixedlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(pidginlanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).subclass(creolelanguage, spokenhumanlanguage).
subclass(human, animal).subclass(deafsignlanguage, manualhumanlanguage).).subclass(radio, electricdevice).).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(commoncarrier, transportationcompany).subclass(terminalbuilding, building).subclass(trainstation, transitterminal).subclass(representationalartwork, artwork).subclass(artwork, artifact).subclass(singlefamilyresidence, permanentresidence).subclass(hotel, commercialagent).subclass(hotel, temporaryresidence).subclass(hotel, residentialbuilding).subclass(residentialbuilding, residence).subclass(residentialbuilding, building).subclass(temporaryresidence, residence).subclass(permanentresidence, residence).subclass(residence, stationaryartifact).subclass(room, stationaryartifact).subclass(building, stationaryartifact).
comesTo(elvis, Saarbruecken).subclass(watercraft, vehicle).subclass(train, railvehicle).subclass(wagon, landvehicle).subclass(railvehicle, landvehicle).subclass(motorcycle, roadvehicle). subclass(artificialsatellite, satellite).subclass(communicationdevice, engineeringcomponent).subclass(contractcarrier, transportationcompany).
SUMO-Ontology
Text
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 27Fabian M. Suchanek
KRHyper
First-Order-Reasoning System ر
Developed at the University of Koblenz/Germany ر
by P. Baumgartner and C. Wernhard
Given some facts and rules, calculates a set of ر
entailed facts
Facts+Rules
entailed
O
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 30Fabian M. Suchanek
attribute(A, alive) ← agent(P,A) instance(P,process).
subclass(bodyMotion, process).
instance(b,bodyMotion).agent(b,elvis).
Application
SUMO-Ontology
Text
attribute(elvis,alive).
instance(b,process).
Hypothesis false ← attribute(elvis,alive).
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Results
It is possible to enhance question answering ر by a kind of common sense reasoning
There is still a long way to go to practical applicability ر
O
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Outlook
Idea: Learn the Ontology from the Web
Web(Wikipedia)
Free Text+ HTML+ Ontological Knowledge
Ontological Reasoning for Natural Language Understanding 34Fabian M. Suchanek
Conclusion
References:
KRHyper: http://www.uni-koblenz.de/~wernhard/krhyper
SUMO: http://www.ontologyportal.org
Comp. Linguistics: http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de
Thesis: http://www.mpii.mpg.de/~suchanek/personal
Elvis is alive, but there‘s still much work to do.