f0006-vc02821-vcr-01 treated timber - report - final › ~ › media... · the treatment of timber...

Sustainability Victoria

Treated timber

Market snapshot 2007

14 December 2007

Final report no 1


Treated timber


Author Melanie Oke

Checker Rebecca Cain

Approver Peter Allan

Report no 1 Date 14 December 2007

This report has been prepared for Sustainability Victoria in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment for dated 25 June 2007 Hyder Consulting Pty Ltd (ABN 76 104 485 289) cannot accept any responsibility for any use of or reliance on the contents of this report by any third party

Hyder Consulting Pty Ltd

ABN 76 104 485 289

Level 16 31 Queen Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia

Tel +61 3 8623 4000 Fax +61 3 8623 4111 wwwhyderconsultingcom

Contents

1 Summary 1

2 Introduction 2

21 Background 2

22 Project purpose 2

23 The use of treated timber in Australia 2

3 Study outline 5

31 Desktop review 5

32 Stakeholder consultation 5

33 Data analysis 5

4 Issues and Impacts 6

5 Treated timber use in Victoria 7

51 Data sources and modelling 8

52 Model results and forward projections 9

6 Existing systems and infrastructure in Victoria 10

61 Production and import 10

62 Sales and use 11

63 Reuse recovery or disposal 11

7 Relevant lifecycle studies and applicability to Victorian context 14

8 Local state national and international developments 16

9 Factors impacting the management of treated timber in the future 22

10 Financial drivers in treated timber recovery and disposal 24

11 Possible future pathways 25

12 References 26

Page i

Market snapshot of treated timber Hyder Consulting Pty Ltd ABN 76 104 485 289

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1 Summary

Sustainability Victoria commissioned Hyder Consulting to undertake a market snapshot of treated timber production use and disposal in Victoria

The key outcomes of the study included

bull Reliable data on consumption of treated timber in Victoria

bull Trends in use

bull Key preservatives used for treating timber

bull Quantification of treated timber entering the waste stream

bull A comprehensive understanding of disposal methods

bull Stakeholder identification

bull Literature review on local and international experiences

bull Identification of barriers to treated timber recovery

bull Economic value of treated timber and

bull Summary of possible future pathways


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2 Introduction

21 Background Treated timber is used in a wide range of applications from structural and agricultural purposes to landscaping uses such as fencing and decking

Treatment of timber with a preservative increases its durability This means it can be used in applications where it may otherwise suffer relatively rapid degradation through attack by insects fungi or other decay-producing organisms

There are a variety of preservatives used in Australia for treating timber which are impregnated into the timber The most common preservative is copper chrome arsenate (CCA) Humans and the environment can be put at risk if exposed to these chemicals at high enough levels and environmental problems can occur if treated timber is burned without appropriate emission control equipment

The options for recycling of treated timber are limited therefore it is expected that the quantity of treated timber being landfilled will grow steadily

22 Project purpose The Victorian Governmentrsquos Sustainability in Action Towards Zero Waste Strategy sets priorities for waste and resource management in Victoria over the next 10 years The Strategy identifies the need to increase the recycling rate from the Municipal and Commercial and Industrial sectors to 65 and 80 by 2014 respectively

The Strategy assigns priority to a range of products offering significant capacity for improved resource recovery andor reduced environmental harm when disposed of as well as the additional emphasis on shared responsibility across the product life cycle Treated timber has been identified in the strategy as a key priority product

In the lead up to the mid-term review of the strategy Sustainability Victoria has identified the need to develop supporting documentation on the status of treated timber to inform their strategic decision-making about the need to intervene to ensure that Victoria accomplishes the Strategyrsquos objectives

23 The use of treated timber in Australia The treatment of timber with chemical preservatives greatly extends the life of timber products In Australia treated timber is used where there is exposure to weather or risk of attack by fungi or insects Typical products that are made from treated timber include (TPAA 2007a)

Page 2


141207 339 4

bull Framing and roofing timbers

bull Timber decking pool surrounds

bull Wall linings cladding fascia

bull Poles and posts haysheds

bull Stumps sub-floor timbers

bull Fencing landscaping playgrounds

bull Bridges railings marinas piers

bull Oyster farm vineyard posts

bull Railway sleepers and wagons truck floors

bull Water cooling towers in power stations

bull Pergolas

bull Domestic fencing

bull Rural fencing and

bull Boats

Three types of preservatives are used to treat timber in Australia watershyborne preservatives oil-borne preservatives or organic solvent-borne preservatives Each type has certain features that dictate the typical uses of products treated with that type of preservative These are outlined below in Figure 2-1

Page 3


141207 339 4

Figure 2shy1 Preservatives and applications for treated timber in Australia

Preservative type Features Typical applications

Water-borne

preservatives

Eg Copper chromium

arsenic (CCA)

Ammoniacal copper

quaternary (ACQ)

Copper (CU) azole

boron compounds

(FWPRDC 2004)

Water-borne preservatives are fixed into

the structure of the timber and as such

are very stable even when in contact

with water (TPAA 2007a)

CCA is the most commonly used

preservative in treated timber products

in Victoria Alternatives to CCA such as

ACQ or copper azole have become

available more recently (Greaves 2007

FWPRDC 2004)

Residential buildings poles

poses landscape fencing

decking (TPAA 2007a)

Oil borne

preservatives

Eg creosote pigment

emulsified creosote

(PEC) diesel oil fuel

oil heating oil

(FWPRDC 2004

Greaves 2007)

Creosote and PEC provide excellent

weather protection as they are highly

water repellent and very long lasting

They are also effective against insects

marine borers or decay and are very

long lasting (FWPRDC 2004)

Creosote is easily recognised by its dark

oily appearance and pungent smell

PEC is a more user-friendly modification

of creosote as it is less mobile than

creosote and is less likely to have an oily

finish (FWPRDC 2004)

Heavy duty exterior work

such as railway sleepers

bridge decking transmission

poles marine piles and

fencing (TPAA 2007a)

Organic solvent-borne Timber treated with LOSPs can be used House framing joinery eg

preservatives internally or externally but it is not window frames decking

Eg Light Organic

Solvent Preservatives

(LOSPs) such as TBTN

and Copper (Cu)

naphthenate (FPWDC

2004)

intended for use in contact with the

ground For internal application the

preservative contains an insecticide and

for external use it is generally a

combination of fungicide and insecticide

They may also contain water repellents

to provide some degree of weather

pergolas garden furniture

(TPAA 2007a FWPRDC

2004 Greaves 2007)

protection (FWPRDC 2004)

Page 4


141207 339 4

3 Study outline

31 Desktop review An initial desktop review was undertaken focusing on the following issues

bull Issues and impacts from treated timber

bull Life cycle assessments and studies for treated timber

bull Developments in waste stream management product stewardship programs and regulations on a local state national and international level

bull Existing systems and infrastructure in Australia and overseas

bull Trends in production and consumption of treated timber


bull Potential opportunities for alternative management of treated timber wastes

Sources examined during the desktop review of these issues included websites and reports produced by

bull Forest and timber treatment industry organisations in Australia and overseas

bull Statistical sources such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics

bull University and industry research bodies

bull State and Federal Government departments

32 Stakeholder consultation Relevant stakeholders were contacted by phone email and where possible face-to-face meetings to discuss the issues outlined in Section 31 Two industry bodies Timber Development Association and the Timber Preservers Association of Australia were consulted

33 Data analysis Relevant data from a range of sources was collated and a statistical model was developed to predict the current and future level of treated timber in use and being disposed in Victoria

Page 5


141207 339 4

4 Issues and Impacts

There are a range of perceived issues and impacts associated with the use and disposal of treated timber in Victoria These issues and impacts which may be environmental social or economic are summarised below in Figure 4-1

Figure 4shy1 Issues and Impacts of Treated Timber in Victoria

Issue Impact Environmental Social Economic Reference

Leaching of arsenic from CCA-treated timber

products in use or in storage i i (APVMA

2005)

Increased arsenic levels in soil with mulch or

sawdust from CCA-treated timber products i i (APVMA

2005

FWPRDC

2004)

Leaching of arsenic from landfills containing

CCA-treated timber i i (Taylor et al

2005)

Contamination of atmosphere due to

uncontrolled burning of CCA-treated timber i i (APVMA

2005)

Contamination of soil due to incorrect

disposal of ash from burning of CCA-treated

timber

i i (APVMA

2005)

Alternative preservative products used to

replace CCA-treated timber (may be more

expensive and have not been fully tested)

i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5

Treated timber use in Victoria

The market snapshot of treated timber including estimated quantification of production consumption recovery and disposal of treated timber in Victoria is outlined in Figure 5-1

Total roundwood removals in Australia 267 million m3 during 2005ndash06

Pulp logs

Saw and veneer logs Other roundwood logs (paper or panel

128 million m3 056 million m3 products) 133 million m3

Green sawn timber Green roundwood 516 million m3 056 million m3 2005ndash06

Paper or panel products 75 Softwood 75 Softwood 25 Hardwood 25 Hardwood

Other products Shavingswaste Other products

Preservative treatment Preservative treatment

Preservative treated Preservative treated Preservative treated products

sawn timber 3 roundwood products 3 12 million m year Australia 3

800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25

Preservative treated products

300 000 m year Victoria Preservative treated 3 Preservative treated sawn timber roundwood products 185500 tonnes 200 000 m3 100 000 m3

Softwood 85 Softwood 75 Hardwood 15 Hardwood 25 123000 tonnes 62500 tonnes

Waterborne preservatives = 85 = 255 000 m3

Light organic solvent preservatives = 10 = 30 000 m3

Oilshyborne preservatives = 5 = 15 000 m3

Construction Industrial Agricultural and landscape 3 3 3

200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m

softwood 85 hardwood 15 softwood 5 hardwood 95 softwood 90 hardwood 10 (waterborne and LOSP) (mostly oilshyborne) (mostly watershyborne some oil borne)

Marine piling (25 year lifespan) Polesposts fencing trellising Sawn structural timber

Railway sleepers (25 year lifespan) decking pergolas bollards (50 year lifespan)

Utility poles (20shy100 year lifespan) (25 year lifespan)

Preservative treated products currently in use in Victoria Total in use 5946589 m3

Total in use 3674934 tonnes Sawn timber products Round wood products

(construction) (industrial agriculture and landscape) 4168339 m3 1778249 m3

2563529 tonnes 1111406 tonnes

Preservative treated products reaching endshyofshylife in Victoria Total endshyofshylife 45774 tonnes

Sawn timber products 40 Round wood products 60 by weight

Landfill Reuse Recovery for energy Recovery for mulch

Figure 5shy1 Treated timber flowchart including estimated quantification

Page 7


141207 339 4

51 Data sources and modelling

511 Forest production processing and consumption Production of forest products in Australia was given by ABARE (2007) The level of consumption of treated timber products was estimated by industry representatives (Greaves 2007a Carruthers 2003) These estimates were backed by figures calculated from the ABARE data and other papers (AGO 2007) The latter also provided the split between preservative treated sawn timber and round wood products The split between softwood and hardwood within each category was estimated from the ABARE (2007) data The relative size of the Victorian market and the split of products entering the market by product use were determined from industry estimates (Greaves 2007 Carruthers 2003)

512 Treated timber in use and disposal The amount of treated timber currently in use and being disposed annually were modelled for both sawn timber and round wood products The model assumed an average lifespan of 40 years for sawn timber products and 25 years for round wood products The variety of treated timber products in each of these two categories means that some products will reach end of life significantly before or beyond this average For example a treated timber post in a vineyard may be broken and replaced within a year of use or it may last for many years For this reason the probability of a treated timber product reaching end of life in any given year has been statistically modelled using normal distributions around the estimated average lifespan for each category of product An explanation of the model is provided in Appendix A The model used a start-date of 1970 for treated timber products entering the Victorian market and assumed an exponential growth rate of consumption from 1970 to 1996 After 1996 the growth rate was based on the average growth rate of structural timber in Australia from 1996 to 2003 (ABS 2003) The model was also used to provide estimates of consumption use and disposal in 2012 and 2015

The amount of timber treatment preservative chemicals in use or within the waste stream has not been a focus of this study It should be noted that the amount of preservative chemical in a treated timber product will vary along a cross-section of the product with the greatest concentration on the outside layer It is acknowledged that this will influence the overall level of treatment chemicals entering the waste stream and that treated timber is not homogenous in composition or potential impacts despite having been modelled as one product group

Page 8


141207 339 4

52 Model results and forward projections Projected figures for consumption products currently in use and the level of disposal for 2012 and 2015 are given in Figure 5-2 The amount of treated timber entering the waste stream is predicted to rise from the current level of approximately 46000 tonnes annually to 77000 tonnes in 2015 The dramatic rise in disposal can be attributed to the increase in sawn treated timber products coming to end of life The proportion of sawn timber products compared to roundwood products increased from 40 in 2007 to 46 in 2015

Figure 5shy2 Projected levels of consumption use and disposal of treated timber products in Victoria 2007 2012 2015

Consumption tonnes 185500 199836 208964

In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706

Disposal tonnes 45774 64943 77354

Page 9


141207 339 4

6 Existing systems and infrastructure in Victoria

61 Production and import Around 150 timber treatment plants exist around Australia with approximately 35 of these in Victoria (Greaves 2007) These plants range from very small to very large production levels Timber preservatives are applied under the Australian Standard AS 1604 series The standard outlines the level of preservative used for different product applications An overview of the hazard classes is given in Figure 6-1

There is also a degree of import of treated timber products particularly treated pine from New Zealand

Figure 6shy1 Hazard Class Selection Guide (Standards Australia 2005)

Hazard class

Exposure Specific service conditions

Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground

Completely protected

from weather and well

ventilated and protected

from termites

Lyctid borers Susceptible framing

flooring furniture interior

joinery

H2 Inside above

ground

Protected from wetting

Nil leaching

Borers and

termites

Framing flooring and

similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic

moderate wetting and

leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia

pergolas (above ground)

window joinery framing and

decking

H4 Outside in-

ground

Subject to severe wetting

and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites

Fence posts garden wall

less than 1m high

greenhouses pergolas (in

ground) and landscaping

timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme

wetting and leaching

and-or where the critical

use requires a higher

degree of protection

Very severe

decay borers

and termites

Retaining walls piling

house stumps building

poles cooling tower fill

H6 Marine waters Subject to prolonged

immersion in sea water

Marine wood

borers and

decay

Boat hulls marine piles

jetty cross-bracing landing

steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4

62 Sales and use The sale of treated timber products is not regulated in Victoria although the use of CCA-treated timber is restricted in some domestic applications

63 Reuse recovery or disposal Treated timber products that reach end-of-life in Victoria are currently reused in other applications recycled into mulch products burnt or disposed to landfill

631 Reuse Reusing treated timber products is possible if the timber is used in an application with a similar hazard class (TPAA 2007b) In Victoria there is some reuse of products however this has not been quantified The following are examples of reuse applications (Greaves 2007)

bull Broken vineyard posts may be cut down for use in other agricultural post applications

bull Utility poles may be put into use as shelter poles in lines that do not require as much load bearing capacity as barriers in car parks or as landscaping timbers

bull Railway sleepers may be reused as landscaping timber

It is also possible to recycle treated timber by processing it into particles or flakes and utilising them in the manufacture of composite panel materials (FWPRDC 2007a) This is not occurring in Victoria at this stage

632 Recycling into mulch or soilshybased products There is a range of activity around whether treated timber is included with other timber in recovery for mulch uses Some sites make no distinction between treated and untreated timber while others are rigorous in excluding treated timbers prior to chipping

Chipping of treated timber wastes for use as mulch products is not generally recommended due to the possibility of the preservatives leaching into soil or water The level of concern within the general community has ensured that producing mulch or soil products is not common

Some studies have indicated that the use of CCA-treated timber within mulch or soil products may be beneficial For example CCA-treated wood chips used as bedding for chickens was seen to reduce the incidence of chicken pathogens (Greaves 2007)

Where mulching does occur this is usually for applications on commercial projects such as roadways rather than into household application

Page 11


141207 339 4

633 Reuse or recycling into composite products A number of studies have examined the potential for using treated timber waste in the production of composite products In one study flakeboards were made of ring-cut flakes of CCA-treated softwood The preservative treatment lowered the mechanical and physical properties of the product but could be rectified by pre-treating the flakes (Vick et al 1996) Felton and De Groot (1996) also discussed the potential for preservative treated timber to be recycled into composite products They noted health concerns during processing were one issue that would need to be addressed Clausen (2003) noted the potential for reuse within cement-bonded particle board The addition of CCA-treated timber fibre to these products improved the cement-wood product

634 Heat or energy production Taylor et al (2005) discuss the options for energy recovery from waste timber products Two options are examined thermal recovery heat production or energy production Heat production may occur on small or larger scale Small scale applications include individual domestic heaters larger scale examples include using wood for boilers or burning in cement kilns Energy production may take place using a steam turbine gasification or pyrolysis

Heat and energy production using waste from treated timber is difficult due to the emissions and potential leaching of chemicals contained in the by-products of the processes used Some techniques to overcome these issues include technologies that bind arsenic emissions into the ash and ensure that it does not leach and variation of temperature oxygen levels or energy production process to reduce emissions and retain metals in the ash (Taylor et al 2005)

Currently almost all timber waste in Adelaide South Australia goes as a fuel to the cement kiln operated by Adelaide Brighton at Port Adelaide This includes treated timber Tests undertaken by Resource Co who supply the granulated timber show treated timber at 3 of total timber volume The assessment of the burn temperature and the low treated timber ratio has meant the emissions from the kiln are not a human health concern

It appears that burning of treated timber products is not happening on a large scale in Victoria at present

635 Landfill disposal Residential users of treated timber are encouraged to dispose of small amounts of waste such as off-cuts from home projects through their household waste collection service (TPAA 2007b)

Page 12


141207 339 4

Larger quantities of treated timber waste from demolition of residential commercial or industrial structures are generally disposed to landfill via a waste and recycling transfer station

The treated timber waste stream is highly dispersed geographically with waste produced at many locations Disposal of treated timber usually occurs as a part of a mixed waste stream rather than as a single product Both of these factors are significant barriers to increasing the level of diversion from landfill (Greaves 2007)

Treated timber is often disposed to landfill prior to the end of its potential service life (Greaves 2007) For example treated timber within a residential house may have a service life of up to 70 years but the owners of that property may demolish and build a new structure prior to that time Trends in residential architecture and levels of disposable income will therefore impact the level of disposal and economic impacts of treated timber waste streams

Similarly vineyard posts may be disposed much earlier than the potential service life of a treated timber post due to the levels of breakage caused by mechanical harvesting operations and removal of vines Improvements in harvesting technology may therefore lead to an increase in life expectancy for a vineyard post

Page 13


141207 339 4

7 Relevant lifecycle studies and applicability to Victorian context

A range of studies that examined either the lifecycle impacts of treated timber products in comparison with products made from other materials or the impacts of particular methods of disposal are outlined below in Figure 7-1

Figure 7shy1 Relevant lifecycle assessments

Study Context Applicability Reference

Life Cycle of Window This study compared The amount of Asif et al (no date)

Materials ndash A the amount of embodied energy of

Comparative embodied energy in a the 12x12m window

Assessment range of materials

typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium

Life Cycle This study discussed It can be difficult to Erlandsson et al

Assessment the application of compare the lifecycle (1992)

Measuring lifecycle assessment impacts of products

Environmental Impact for a range of forest product types

made with treated timber with other materials as the area of impact may be quite different For example the impact of utility poles made from concrete or steel is mostly in atmospheric emissions where the impact from treated timber is the leaching of preservatives

Wood Materials used This paper collated a Timber utility poles Sedio (2001)

as a means to reduce number of lifecycle have been

greenhouse gases assessments consistently

(GHG) An comparing the energy demonstrated to have

examination of use of wood products with substitute

a lower energy requirement

wooden utility poles materials such as steel concrete bricks or aluminium

compared with utility poles made from a range of substitute materials

Page 14


141207 339 4


Life Cycle This study compared The lifecycle Hyde J amp Engel P

Assessment Study the qualitative lifecycle assessment (2000)

Guardrail Offset impacts and the demonstrated the

Blocks Recycled quantitative economic impacts of each type

Plastic Steel and costs of three types of of material however it

Pressure Treated materials that could be did not seek to

Wood Blocks used for highway

guardrails

quantify these

impacts

Assessing Potential This study gave an The factors examined Townsend et al (2004)

Waste Disposal overview of factors were whether the

Impact from that should be products have the

Preservative Treated examined when potential to be

Wood Products assessing the issues

associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined

landfill groundwater

quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch

Disposal of CCA- This study involved The trial Nurmi (1995)

Treated Waste Wood the incineration of 272 demonstrated very

by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated

timber waste in order

to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in

this gasification plant

This type of plant

would therefore be a

good solution for

disposing of CCA-

treated timber waste

Page 15


141207 339 4

8 Local state national and international developments

Relevant developments at the local state national and international level are outlined below in Figure 8-1 These developments are split into three categories

bull Restrictions on manufacture sales and use

bull Initiatives for recycling reuse or recovery and

bull Waste management requirements

Page 16


141207 339 4

Figure 8shy1 Local State National and International Developments

Policy Description Jurisdiction (Local state national and international)

Lead organisations

Participants Reference

Production

Standards applicable for the use of timber preservatives

Timber treatment using CCA has an applicable Australian Standard and is also subject to State legislation in Queensland and NSW The use of CCA preservatives is restricted to commercial treatment plants Liquid CCA cannot be purchased by the public at hardware stores The treatment level for CCA depends on the end use of the product defined using lsquohazard classes H1 to H6 Timber that has been treated according to the Standard should carry a stamp or brand which indicates the hazard class as well as the type of preservative and the identity of the treatment plant From March 2006 the label should also say lsquocontains copper chrome arsenicrsquo

Australia Standards Australia

CSIRO (2007)

Registration of treated timber product brands

Legislation in Queensland and NSW requires producers of treated timber products to register their product brand

Queensland NSW (Mitchell 2007 Pers Comm)

Use

Page 17


141207 339 4

Policy Description Jurisdiction (Local Lead Participants Reference state national and organisations international)

Restriction on In March 2005 the APVMA announced that timber treated Australia Australian APVMA (2007) the use of with CCA could no longer be used in certain domestic Pesticides and timber applications including garden furniture playground Veterinary treated with equipment patio decking and handrails Products that are Medicines CCA not touched regularly such as fence posts and telegraph Authority

poles are exempt from the ban (APVMA)

Regulations These regulations prohibit the burning of treated timber NSW NSW Taylor et al (2005) on CCA- require certain procedures during treatment and require Department of treated better waste management Environment timber (NSW) and

Conservation (DEC)

Restriction on From 1 January 2004 CCA products are no longer used to USA US EPA wood CSIRO (2007) DEC use of CCA- treat timber for use in domestic applications The wood preservation (2007) APVMA treated preservation industry applied to the US EPA to facilitate this industry (2007) timber voluntary phase-out

Restriction on Many countries have either partially or completely restricted Japan Indonesia CSIRO (2007) use of CCA- the use of timber treated with CCA Sweden Germany treated timber

Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Restriction of Canadian authorities have assisted the Canadian wood Canada Health Canada APVMA (2007b) use of CCA- treatment industry to make a voluntary transition away from US EPA treated timber

using CCA as a wood preservative for use in residential

applications This transition took place on 31 December

2003 with remaining stocks of timber treated prior to that

date still able to be sold Existing structures are not affected

and CCA is still able to be used for industrial uses

Canadian wood treatment industry

Health Canada (2007)

Restriction of In 2004 the European Commission placed a partial European Union Member APVMA (2007b) use of CCA- prohibition on the use of timber treated with CCA By 30 states treated June 2004 member states were directed to halt the use of

DEC (2007)

timber CCA-treated timber in certain residential applications or in

marine and most agricultural uses

Risk The Environmental Risk Management Authority of New New Zealand New Zealand APVMA (2007b) assessment Zealand (ERMANZ) conducted a review of public health Environmental of CCA- risks relating to the use of CCA-treated timber and Risk

DEC (2007)

treated determined that the evidence was not sufficient to indicate Management timber an unacceptable level of risk Authority products (ERMANZ)

Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling

Design criteria for thermal processing of CCA-treated timber products

This project provided process design guidelines for integrated treatment facilities for thermal processing of endshyof-life CCA-treated timbers including technology specification off-gas management reuse and ash managementreuse It is estimated that the biomass available from waste treated timber could generate approximately 20MW of electrical power

Australia Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation

University of Sydney researchers

Hayes et al (2007)

National Wood Recycling Directory

Nationwide listing of over 700 wood waste centres The centres produce new products from recovered wood An online database can be searched by state or type of wood products accepted

USA America Forest amp Paper Association (AFampPA)

USDA Forest Service

Taylor et al (2005) AFampPA (2007)

Wood Recovery Alliance

Advocacy group aiming to improve the recovery of used and scrap wood


Businesses government agencies and other organisations

Taylor et al (2005)

Commercial waste-toshyenergy plant

Koppers Recovery Resources has a co-generation plant in

Pennsylvania that accepts treated timber waste for use as

an energy feedstock The plant converts approximately

110000 tons of used creosote wood products into electricity

each year producing enough electricity for more than 700

households

USA Koppers Recovery Resources

Conrail and Pennsylvania Power and Light

Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Chartherm Treated wood recycling

The Chartherm Process involves three stages grinding ldquochartherisationrdquo and extraction The end result is clean charcoal (around 25 of the mass of the wood entering the process) and extracted heavy metal contaminants This process is able to accept timber that is contaminated with different chemicals at the same time removing the need to separate timber waste

France Private company

Chartherm (2007)

Disposalwaste management requirements

Landfill bans on wood waste

Twenty states have banned wood waste at solid waste disposal sites In five additional states counties or municipalities are allowed to ban wood waste disposal

USA Taylor et al (2005)

Landfill ban Ordinance on Management of Waste Wood

Enacted on 1 March 2003 this ordinance classifies waste wood breaks it into four categories and identifies the current technologies for the remanufacture of timber products It also gives maximum allowable limits to contaminants such as arsenic or copper Landfilling of wood waste is not permitted If waste wood cannot be recovered it must be disposed of using thermal processes

Germany Taylor et al (2005)

BMU (2007)

The Directive on Hazardous Waste (EU)

This directive includes requirements for the mixing of hazardous waste record keeping and international movements of hazardous waste Waste CCA-treated timber was established as a hazardous waste by this directive

EU Taylor et al (2005)

Page 21


141207 339 4

9 Factors impacting the management of treated timber in the future

A summary of factors which may impact the management of treated timber into the future These factors are outlined below in Figure 9-1

Figure 9shy1 Factors which may impact the management of treated timber in future

Factor Impact Reference

Changes of chemical used in

certain applications (Eg

replacement of CCA with ACQ

or copper azole)

The chemical profile being

leached into soil or water from

landfill or timber in storage may

change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)

Increased cost of treated

timber products due to more

expensive chemical

preservatives being used

May lead to increased use of other

materials such as aluminium

plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)

Marketing of alternative

products

Voluntary changes in product

choice (eg plastic or steel posts

used in vineyards instead of

treated timber)

(Sinclair Knight Merz

1999)

Use of alternative products

such as plastic or steel

May lead to unanticipated

environmental impacts such as

leaching of chemicals or

breakdown of materials

(Smith 2007)

Incentives for private

investment in high quality long

rotation plantations

Increased use of naturally durable

timber rather than treated timber

products

(A3P 2007)

International or national

implementation of carbon

trading system

Impact unknown (AGO 2007)

Technical advancements in

heat or energy production from

waste

May lead to increased use of

timber waste as a fuel source

Discussions with

stakeholders

Increases in landfill fees Increased commercial viability of

remediation of CCA-treated timber

through physical or chemical

processes that allow recovery of

wood fibre or treatment chemicals

Timber may then be used as a

feedstock for energy production

These technologies have been

laboratory tested but are currently

too expensive for commercial

application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)

Increases in landfill fees Increased reuse of treated timber

products either through re-cutting

for smaller sawnwood products or


1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4

Factor Impact Reference use within particleboard

Higher proportion of multi-

residence buildings compared

to single-residence buildings

Reduced use of treated timber as

multi-residence buildings tend to

use building materials such as

concrete or steel and have

greater incidence of shared walls

or structures

(Love et al 1999)

Decreased availability of

hardwood logs

Increased proportion of softwood

products and wood panels used in

structural applications could lead

to an increased amount and type

of treated timber entering the

market

(Love et al 1999)

Improved technologies for

reuse of treated timber in

composite products

Increased use of treated timber in

the production of composite

products for housing construction

(Vick et al 1996 Felton amp

De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4

10 Financial drivers in treated timber recovery and disposal

Treated timber reaching end-of-life in Victoria today has a negative economic value due to the cost of disposal of this material The disposal costs include landfill fees and removal and transport costs

Disposal costs are currently paid by the end user of the product Domestic users disposing of small amounts of off-cuts pay for disposal through their municipal waste collection Users disposing of larger amounts pay for disposal through commercial collections or fees to dispose of the material at a transfer station or landfill

1011 Economic viability of alternative waste management options The economic viability of alternative waste management options such as production of heat or energy or production of composite products is significantly impacted in Australia by the geographic dispersion of the waste product Ensuring a consistent supply of product would require significant efforts in separating collecting and transporting the material from the hundreds of building sites demolition yards farms vineyards and backyards of users of treated timber across Australia

Page 24


141207 339 4

11 Possible future pathways

The following is a summary of possible future recommendations for consideration and stakeholder discussion

bull Monitor applicable Australian regulations in relation to control of treated timber applications

bull Monitor international initiatives in treated timber recovery and disposal

bull Examine opportunities for treated timber in mulching products and issues of leaching into soil water

bull Examine opportunities for treated timber as an energy source in cement kilns or other operations

bull Educate waste management operators and industrial consumers about the difference between fumigated and treated timber

bull Work with construction and demolition waste recyclers and building industry representatives to manage a more controlled disposal outcome for treated timber

bull Monitor the shift in treatment technologies away from CCA preservatives

bull Explore the potential for a separate treated timber recovery route through building industry landfills and transfer stations

Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References

A3P (2007) httpwwwa3pasnaukeyissuesCCAhtml Accessed 10707 Australian Plantation Products and Paper Industry Council

ABARE (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics) (2007) Australian Forest and Wood Products Statistics September and December quarters 2006 Commonwealth of Australia Canberra

AFampPA (American Forest and Paper Association) (2007) httpwwwafandpaorgContentNavigationMenuEnvironment_and_RecyclingR ecyclingWood_Recovery1Wood_Recycling_Directory1Directory_Informationht m Accessed 20907

AGO (Australian Greenhouse Office) (2007) National Inventory Report 2005 Volume 2 Part C Department of Environment and Water Resources Canberra

APVMA (2005) The Reconsideration of Registrations of Arsenic Timber Treatment Products (CCA and arsenic trioxide) and Their Associated Labels Summary Report Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority Canberra

APVMA (2007a) wwwapvmagovaumediamr0501shtml Accessed 12707

APVMA (2007b) httpwwwapvmagovauchemrevarsenic_faqshtml Accessed 9707

Asif M Davidson A and Muneer T Life Cycle of Window Materials - A Comparative Assessment Napier University Edinburgh wwwcibseorgpdfsMasifpdf Accessed 26707

BMU (2007) httpwwwbmudeenglishwaste_managementdoc3448php

Carruthers P (2003) The Treated Timber Market and the Wood Preservative Industry httpwwwlandfoodunimelbeduauresearchtermites2003Carruthers_slidespd f Accessed 28708

Chartherm (2007) wwwchartermcom

Clausen CA (2003) Reusing Remediated CCA-Treated Wood USDA Forest Service Available from httpwwwfplfsfedusdocumntspdf2003claus03dpdf CSIRO (2007) httpwwwffpcsiroauTI-CCAFactSheetasp Accessed 9707

DEC (2007) httpwwwenvironmentnswgovaulicensingqaswoodhtm Accessed 10707 Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW

DEC (2007) httpwwwenvironmentnswgovaulicensingqaswoodhtm Accessed 10707

Felton CC amp DeGroot RC (1996) The Recycling Potential of Preservative-Treated Wood Forest Products Journal Vol46 No 78

Page 26


141207 339 4

FWPRDC (2004) National Timber Development Program ndash Treated Timber in Australia CCA and the alternatives Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation

FWPRDC (Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation) (2007a) httpwwwtimberorgauNTEPmenuaspid=113 Accessed 10707

Greaves H (1997) Treated timber and the environment Proceedings of the Timber Design Conference NSW TDA Sydney

Greaves H (2007) Personal communication ndash TPAA Timber Preservers Association of Australia

Hayes B Cetin E and Rogers J (2007) Development of design criteria for integrated treatment technologies for thermal processing of end-of-life CCA-treated timber products Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation Canberra Available from httpwwwfwprdcorgau

Health Canada (2007) httpwwwhc-scgccacps-spcpestpestprodccashyacc_ehtml Accessed 25707

Hyde J and Engel P (2000) Life Cycle Assessment Study Guardrail Offset Blocks Recycled Plastic Steel and Pressure Treated Wood Blocks httpwwwmhdstatemausdownloadsrecyclepublicationslcaoffsetblockpdf Accessed 26707

Koppers (2007) httpwwwkopperscomhtmPandS_Rail_RecRhtml Accessed 25707 Levan Susan (1995) Life Cycle Environmental Impact Analysis for Forest Products Forest Products Society Madison WI httpwwwfplfsfedusdocumntspdf1998levan98bpdf Accessed 26707

Love G Yainshet A and Grist P (1999) Forest Products Long term consumption projections for Australia ABARE Research Report 995 Commonwealth of Australia

Mitchell S (2007) Personal communication ndash TDA Timber Development Association of Australia

Nurmi AJ (1995) Disposal of CCA Treated Waste Wood by Combustion httpwwwefifiattachmentf5d80ba3c1b89242106f2f97ae8e389415e6ac41086 6ced288f68c9b6a123d09Proc_08pdf Accessed 26707

SedioRA (2001) Wood Materials used as a means to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) An examination of wooden utility poles httpwwpinstituteorg Accessed 27707

Sinclair Knight Merz (1999) Review of the landfill disposal risks and potential for recovery and recycling of preservative treated timber Environment Protection Authority South Australia

Smith ST (2007) A Cost Benefit Analysis of Creosote-Treated Wood vs Non-Treated Wood Materials Available from wwwcreosotecouncilorgpdfCCIII_Cost-BenefitAnalysispdf Accessed 7807

Page 27


141207 339 4

Standards Australia (2005) AS 16041-2005 Specification for preservative treatment Part 1 Sawn and round timber

Taylor J Mann R Warnken M Pincic D and Death D (2005) Recycling and End-of-Life Disposal of Timber Products Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation

Townsend TG Dubeyi B and Gabriel HS (2004) Assessing Potential Waste Disposal Impact from Preservative Treated Wood Products Florida Center for Environmental Solutions Gainsville httpwwwccaconferenceorgpostindexhtm Accessed 26707

TPAA (2007a) Where to use treated timber httpwwwtpaacomautreatedhtm Accessed 9707 Timber Preservers Association of Australia

TPAA (2007b) httpwwwtpaacomauanswerswastehtm Accessed 9707 Timber Preservers Association of Australia

TPAA (2007c) httpwwwtpaacomauindustryccahtm Accessed 9707 Timber Preservers Association of Australia

Vick CB Geimer RL amp Wood JE (1996) Composites and Manufactured Products Flakeboards from Recycled CCA-Treated Southern Pine Lumber Forest Products Journal Vol 46 No1112

Page 28


141207 339 4

Appendix A In use and disposal calculations

Page 29


141207 339 4

A description is provided below of how the model was applied to estimate the level of treated timber currently in use and being disposed annually

Treated timber product life spans were modelled using a normal distribution This is illustrated by Figure 12-1 below which is the probability density function (PDF) used to model the variability in lifespan of treated sawn timber products

Figure 12shy1 Normal distribution of treated sawn timber products

Normal Distribution PDF Chart

000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Lifespan Distribution (years)

Pro

bab

ilit

y

The reason for the use of the normal distribution as the default function is that sufficient information is available to provide reasonable estimations of the parameters required to describe the PDF curve for treated timber products

It is acknowledged that more appropriate functions do exist for this type of lifespan or reliability modelling (eg Weibull distributions) Unfortunately insufficient empirical data is currently available with which to fit treated timber product lifespans to a potentially more ideal function

The average lifespan of treated sawn timber products is estimated as 40 years which is based upon industry provided data To construct the normal distribution the standard deviation of the distribution is also required This is done by assuming that ~100 (actually 997) of the observations fall within three standard deviations of the mean that is between micro plusmn 3σ This means that six standard deviations is approximately the distance between the minimum product life and the maximum product life On this basis the standard deviation can be estimated using

Eq D1 σ asymp (Max Life ndash Min Life)6

To solve this equation it is also necessary to estimate the maximum life (Max Life) and the minimum life (Min Life) In all cases this has been done by assuming that Max Life is twice the average lifespan (ie 80 years for treated sawn timber) and Min Life is zero (ie immediate disposal) This gives a value of σ of

Page 30


141207 339 4

In summary the construction of the distribution used to model treated timber product lifespans is dependent upon the following assumptions

bull a normal distribution provides a good fit for actual treated timber product lifespan variability

bull the average lifespan of treated timber products as provided by industry is accurate

bull the minimum lifespan of any treated timber product is immediate disposal (zero years) and the maximum lifespan is twice the average lifespan and

bull the estimated standard deviation is sufficient to cover all but an insignificant proportion of end of life events

The model used a start-date of 1970 for treated timber products entering the Victorian market and assumed an exponential growth rate of consumption from 1970 to 1996 After 1996 the growth rate was based on the average growth rate of structural timber in Australia from 1996 to 2003 (ABS 2003) The model was also used to provide estimates of consumption use and disposal in 2012 and 2015

Page 31


141207 339 4


Treated timber


Author Melanie Oke

Checker Rebecca Cain

Approver Peter Allan

Report no 1 Date 14 December 2007

This report has been prepared for Sustainability Victoria in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment for dated 25 June 2007 Hyder Consulting Pty Ltd (ABN 76 104 485 289) cannot accept any responsibility for any use of or reliance on the contents of this report by any third party

Hyder Consulting Pty Ltd

ABN 76 104 485 289

Level 16 31 Queen Street Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia

Tel +61 3 8623 4000 Fax +61 3 8623 4111 wwwhyderconsultingcom

Contents

1 Summary 1

2 Introduction 2

21 Background 2



3 Study outline 5

31 Desktop review 5


33 Data analysis 5







62 Sales and use 11







12 References 26

Page i


141207 339 4

1 Summary




bull Trends in use









Page 1


141207 339 4

2 Introduction










141207 339 4











bull Pergolas



bull Boats


Page 3


141207 339 4



Water-borne

preservatives

Eg Copper chromium

arsenic (CCA)

Ammoniacal copper

quaternary (ACQ)

Copper (CU) azole

boron compounds

(FWPRDC 2004)










FWPRDC 2004)




Oil borne

preservatives

Eg creosote pigment

emulsified creosote


oil heating oil

(FWPRDC 2004

Greaves 2007)




















Eg Light Organic



and Copper (Cu)

naphthenate (FPWDC

2004)









(TPAA 2007a FWPRDC

2004 Greaves 2007)


Page 4


141207 339 4

3 Study outline
















Page 5


141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4

Contents

1 Summary 1

2 Introduction 2

21 Background 2



3 Study outline 5

31 Desktop review 5


33 Data analysis 5







62 Sales and use 11







12 References 26

Page i


141207 339 4

1 Summary




bull Trends in use









Page 1


141207 339 4

2 Introduction









Page 2


141207 339 4











bull Pergolas



bull Boats



141207 339 4



Water-borne

preservatives

Eg Copper chromium

arsenic (CCA)

Ammoniacal copper

quaternary (ACQ)

Copper (CU) azole

boron compounds

(FWPRDC 2004)










FWPRDC 2004)




Oil borne

preservatives

Eg creosote pigment

emulsified creosote


oil heating oil

(FWPRDC 2004

Greaves 2007)




















Eg Light Organic



and Copper (Cu)

naphthenate (FPWDC

2004)









(TPAA 2007a FWPRDC

2004 Greaves 2007)


Page 4


141207 339 4

3 Study outline
















Page 5


141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4

1 Summary




bull Trends in use









Page 1


141207 339 4

2 Introduction









Page 2


141207 339 4











bull Pergolas



bull Boats


Page 3


141207 339 4



Water-borne

preservatives

Eg Copper chromium

arsenic (CCA)

Ammoniacal copper

quaternary (ACQ)

Copper (CU) azole

boron compounds

(FWPRDC 2004)










FWPRDC 2004)




Oil borne

preservatives

Eg creosote pigment

emulsified creosote


oil heating oil

(FWPRDC 2004

Greaves 2007)




















Eg Light Organic



and Copper (Cu)

naphthenate (FPWDC

2004)









(TPAA 2007a FWPRDC

2004 Greaves 2007)



141207 339 4

3 Study outline
















Page 5


141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4

2 Introduction









Page 2


141207 339 4











bull Pergolas



bull Boats


Page 3


141207 339 4



Water-borne

preservatives

Eg Copper chromium

arsenic (CCA)

Ammoniacal copper

quaternary (ACQ)

Copper (CU) azole

boron compounds

(FWPRDC 2004)










FWPRDC 2004)




Oil borne

preservatives

Eg creosote pigment

emulsified creosote


oil heating oil

(FWPRDC 2004

Greaves 2007)




















Eg Light Organic



and Copper (Cu)

naphthenate (FPWDC

2004)









(TPAA 2007a FWPRDC

2004 Greaves 2007)


Page 4


141207 339 4

3 Study outline

















141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4











bull Pergolas



bull Boats


Page 3


141207 339 4



Water-borne

preservatives

Eg Copper chromium

arsenic (CCA)

Ammoniacal copper

quaternary (ACQ)

Copper (CU) azole

boron compounds

(FWPRDC 2004)










FWPRDC 2004)




Oil borne

preservatives

Eg creosote pigment

emulsified creosote


oil heating oil

(FWPRDC 2004

Greaves 2007)




















Eg Light Organic



and Copper (Cu)

naphthenate (FPWDC

2004)









(TPAA 2007a FWPRDC

2004 Greaves 2007)


Page 4


141207 339 4

3 Study outline
















Page 5


141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4



Water-borne

preservatives

Eg Copper chromium

arsenic (CCA)

Ammoniacal copper

quaternary (ACQ)

Copper (CU) azole

boron compounds

(FWPRDC 2004)










FWPRDC 2004)




Oil borne

preservatives

Eg creosote pigment

emulsified creosote


oil heating oil

(FWPRDC 2004

Greaves 2007)




















Eg Light Organic



and Copper (Cu)

naphthenate (FPWDC

2004)









(TPAA 2007a FWPRDC

2004 Greaves 2007)


Page 4


141207 339 4

3 Study outline
















Page 5


141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m














141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4

3 Study outline
















Page 5


141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4






141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4







2005)



2005

FWPRDC

2004)



2005)



2005)



timber

i i (APVMA

2005)




i i (FWPRDC

2004)

Page 6


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706



141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4

5




Pulp logs









800 000 m year 400 000 m year

25








200 000 m 15 000 m 85 000 m













Page 7


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4





Page 8


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4













141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4




In Use tonnes 3674934 4359574 4757706


Page 9


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4








141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4





Hazard class


Biological hazard

Typical uses

H1 Inside above

ground




from termites



joinery

H2 Inside above

ground


Nil leaching

Borers and

termites


similar used in dry

situations

H3 Outside

above ground

Subject to periodic


leaching

Moderate

decay borers

and termites

Weatherboard fascia



decking

H4 Outside in-

ground


and leaching

Severe

decay borers

and termites


less than 1m high



timbers

H5 Outside in-

ground contact

with or in fresh

water

Subject to extreme





Very severe

decay borers

and termites






Marine wood

borers and

decay



steps and similar

Page 10


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4






141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4












Page 11


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium















141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4







Page 12


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-



141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4





Page 13


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4







141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4









typically used for

windows

was found to be

995MJ for timber

1460MJ for

aluminium-clad

timber 2980MJ for

PVC and 6000MJ for

aluminium














Page 14


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4









guardrails

quantify these

impacts






associated with

disposal of treated

timber

considered a

hazardous waste and

the impacts on

landfill leachate

impacts unlined


quality combustion

systems and

landscape mulch



by Combustion m 2

of CCA-treated


to assess the

atmospheric

emissions of copper

chromium and

arsenic

low metallic

emissions when the

CCA-treated timber

was incinerated in


This type of plant


good solution for

disposing of CCA-


Page 15


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)




141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4






Page 16


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)



141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4



Lead organisations


Production




CSIRO (2007)




Use

Page 17


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4





Conservation (DEC)



Page 18


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)





141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4


Lead organisations











DEC (2007)




DEC (2007)


Page 19


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4


Lead organisations


Reuserecycling





Hayes et al (2007)




USDA Forest Service






Taylor et al (2005)







households



Koppers (2007)

Page 20


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4


Lead organisations





Chartherm (2007)








BMU (2007)




Page 21


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4






141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4








or copper azole)




change

(TPAA 2007c DEC 2007)



expensive chemical




plastic or steel

(TPAA 2007c)


products




treated timber)


1999)







(Smith 2007)






products

(A3P 2007)



trading system




waste



Discussions with

stakeholders











application

(Taylor et al 2005

FWPRDC 2007a)





1999 Greaves 1997)

Page 22


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4












141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4










or structures

(Love et al 1999)


hardwood logs






market

(Love et al 1999)



composite products





De Groot 1996)

Page 23


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References

















141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4





Page 24


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4
















141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4











Page 25


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4









141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4

12 References
















Page 26


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4



141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


Pro

bab

ilit

y






Page 30


141207 339 4







Page 31


141207 339 4















Page 27


141207 339 4








Page 28


141207 339 4


Page 29


141207 339 4





000

001

002

003

004

005

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70


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f0006-vc02821-vcr-01 treated timber - report - final › ~ › media... · the treatment of timber...

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