INDEX

_Note_. Italicized entries are names of languages or groups of languages.

A

Abbreviation of stem,

Accent, stress,

as grammatical process,

importance of,

metrical value of

"Accent,"

"Adam's apple,"

Adjective,

Affixation,

Affixing languages,

African languages, pitch in,

Agglutination,

Agglutinative languages,

Agglutinative-fusional,

Agglutinative-isolating,

_Algonkin_ languages (N. Amer.),

Alpine race,

Analogical leveling,

Analytic tendency,

Angles,

_Anglo-Saxon_,

Anglo-Saxon:

culture,

race,

_Annamite_ (S.E. Asia),

_Apache_ (N. Amer.),

_Arabic_,

_Armenian_,

Art,

language as,

transferability of,

Articulation:

ease of,

types of, drift toward,

Articulations:

laryngeal,

manner of consonantal,

nasal,

oral,

place of consonantal,

vocalic,

_Aryan_. See _Indo-European_.

Aspect,

Association of concepts and speech elements,

Associations fundamental to speech,

_Athabaskan_ languages (N. Amer.),

Athabaskans, cultures of,

_Attic_ dialect,

Attribution,

Auditory cycle in language,

Australian culture,

_Avestan_,

B

Bach,

Baltic race,

_Bantu_ languages (Africa),

Bantus,

_Basque_ (Pyrenees),

_Bengali_ (India),

_Berber_. See _Hamitic_.

Bohemians,

_Bontoc Igorot_ (Philippines),

Borrowing, morphological,

Borrowing, word,

phonetic adaptation in,

resistances to,

_Breton_,

Bronchial tubes,

Browning,

Buddhism, influence of,

_Burmese_,

_Bushman_ (S. Africa),

Bushmen,

C

_Cambodgian_ (S.E. Asia),

Carlyle,

_Carrier_ (British Columbia),

Case,

See _Attribution_; _Object_; _Personal relations_; _Subject_.

Case-system, history of,

Caucasus, languages of,

Celtic. See _Celts_.

_Celtic_ languages,

Celts,

Brythonic,

"Cerebral" articulations,

Chaucer, English of,

_Chimariko_ (N. California),

_Chinese_:

absence of affixes,

analytic character,

attribution,

compounds,

grammatical concepts illustrated,

influence,

"inner form,",

pitch accent,

radical words,

relational use of material words,

sounds,

stress,

structure,

style,

survivals, morphological,

symbolism,

verse,

word duplication,

word order,

_Chinook_ (N. Amer.),

_Chipewyan_ (N. Amer.),

C. Indians,

Chopin,

Christianity, influence of,

Chukchi,

Classification:

of concepts, rigid,

of linguistic types,

See _Structure, linguistic_.

"Clicks,"

Composition,

absence of, in certain languages,

types of,

word order as related to,

Concepts,

Concepts, grammatical:

analysis of, in sentence,

classification of,

concrete,

concrete relational,

concreteness in, varying degree of,

derivational,

derivational, abstract,

essential,

grouping of, non-logical,

lack of expression of certain,

pure relational,

radical,

redistribution of,

relational,

thinning-out of significance of,

types of,

typical categories of,

See _Structure, linguistic_.

Concord,

Concrete concepts. See _Concepts_.

Conflict,

Consonantal change,

Consonants,

combinations of,

Coördinate sentences,

_Corean_,

Croce, Benedetto,

Culture,

language and,

language as aspect of,

language, race and,

reflection of history of, in language,

Culture areas,

D

_Danish_,

Demonstrative ideas,

Dental articulations,

Derivational concepts. See _Concepts_.

Determinative structure,

Dialects:

causes of,

compromise between,

distinctness of,

drifts in, diverging,

drifts in, parallel,

splitting up of,

unity of,

Diffusion, morphological,

Diphthongs,

Drift, linguistic,

components of,

determinants of, in English,

direction of,

direction of, illustrated in English,

examples of general, in English,

parallelisms in,

speed of,

See _Phonetic Law_; _Phonetic processes_.

Duplication of words,

_Dutch_,

E

Elements of speech,

Emotion, expression of:

involuntary,

linguistic,

_English_:

agentive suffix,

analogical leveling,

analytic tendency,

animate and inanimate,

aspect,

attribution,

case, history of,

compounds,

concepts, grammatical, in sentence,

concepts, passage of concrete into derivational,

consonantal change,

culture of speakers of,

desire, expression of,

diminutive suffix,

drift,

duplication, word,

esthetic qualities,

feeling-tone,

form, word,

French influence on,

function and form,

fusing and juxtaposing,

gender,

Greek influence on,

influence of,

influence on, morphological, lack of deep,

interrogative words,

invariable words, tendency to,

infixing,

Latin influence on,

loan-words,

modality,

number,

order, word,

parts of speech,

patterning, formal,

personal relations,

phonetic drifts, history of,

phonetic leveling,

phonetic pattern,

plurality,

race of speakers of,

reference, definiteness of,

relational words,

relations, genetic,

rhythm,

sentence, analysis of,

sentence, dependence of word on,

sound-imitative words,

sounds,

stress and pitch,

structure,

survivals, morphological,

symbolism,

syntactic adhesions,

syntactic values, transfer of,

tense,

verb, syntactic relations of,

verse,

vocalic change,

word and element, analysis of,

_English, Middle_,

English people,

_Eskimo_,

Eskimos,

_Ewe_ (Guinea coast, Africa),

Expiratory sounds,

"Explosives,"

F

Faucal position,

Feeling-tones of words,

Fijians,

_Finnish_,

Finns,

_Flemish_,

"Foot, feet" (English), history of,

Form, cultural,

feeling of language for,

"inner,"

Form, linguistic:

conservatism of,

differences of, mechanical origin of,

elaboration of, reasons for,

function and, independence of,

grammatical concepts embodied in,

grammatical processes embodying,

permanence of different aspects of, relative,

twofold consideration of,

See _Structure, linguistic_.

Form-classes,

See _Gender_.

Formal units of speech,

"Formlessness, inner,"

_Fox_ (N. Amer.),

_French_:

analytical tendency,

esthetic qualities,

gender,

influence,

order, word,

plurality,

sounds,

sounds as words, single,

stress,

structure,

tense forms,

verse,

French, Norman,

French people,

Freud,

Fricatives,

_Frisian_,

_Ful_ (Soudan),

Function, independence of form and,

Functional units of speech,

Fusion,

Fusional languages,

See _Fusion_.

Fusional-agglutinative,

Fusional-isolating,

"Fuss, Füsse" (German), history of,

G

_Gaelic_,

Gender,

_German_:

French influence on,

grammatical

concepts in sentence,

Latin influence on,

phonetic drifts, history of,

plurality,

relations,

sound-imitative words,

sounds,

tense forms,

"umlaut,"

unanalyzable words, resistance to,

_German, High_,

_German, Middle High_,

_German, Old High_,

_Germanic_ languages,

_Germanic, West_,

Germans,

Gesture languages,

Ginneken, Jac van,

Glottal cords,

action of,

Glottal stop,

_Gothic_,

Grammar,

Grammatical element,

Grammatical concepts. See _Concepts, grammatical_.

Grammatical processes:

classified by, languages,

particular, development by each language of,

types of,

variety of, use in one language of,

_Greek_, dialectic history of,

_Greek, classical_:

affixing,

compounds,

concord,

infixing,

influence,

pitch accent,

plurality,

reduplicated perfects,

stress,

structure,

synthetic character,

verse,

_Greek, modern_,

H

_Haida_ (British Columbia),

_Hamitic_ languages (N. Africa),

_Hausa_ (Soudan),

_Hebrew_,

Heine,

Hesitation,

History, linguistic,

_Hokan_ languages (N. Amer.),

_Hottentot_ (S. Africa),

Hudson, W.H.,

Humming,

_Hupa_ (N. California),

Hupa Indians,

I

_Icelandic, Old_,

India, languages of,

Indians, American, languages of,

See also _Algonkin_; _Athabaskan_; _Chimariko_; _Chinook_; _Eskimo_;

_Fox_; _Haida_; _Hokan_; _Hupa_; _Iroquois_; _Karok_; _Kwakiutl_;

_Nahuatl_; _Nass_; _Navaho_; _Nootka_; _Ojibwa_; _Paiute_;

_Sahaptin_; _Salinan_; _Shasta_; _Siouan_; _Sioux_; _Takelma_;

_Tlingit_; _Tsimshian_; _Washo_; _Yana_; _Yokuts_; _Yurok_.

_Indo-Chinese_ languages,

_Indo-European_,

_Indo-Iranian_ languages,

Infixes,

Inflection. See _Inflective languages_.

Inflective languages,

Influence:

cultural, reflected in language,

morphological, of alien language,

phonetic, of alien language,

Inspiratory sounds,

Interjections,

Irish,

_Irish_,

_Iroquois_ (N. Amer.),

Isolating languages,

_Italian_,

"Its," history of,

J

_Japanese_,

Jutes,

Juxtaposing. See _Agglutination_.

K

_Karok_ (N. California),

K. Indians,

_Khmer_. See _Cambodgian_.

Knowledge, source of, as grammatical category,

_Koine_,

_Kwakiutl_ (British Columbia),

L

Labial trills,

Language:

associations in,

associations underlying elements of,

auditory cycle in,

concepts expressed in,

a cultural function,

definition of,

diversity of,

elements of,

emotion expressed in,

feeling-tones in,

grammatical concepts of,

grammatical processes of,

historical aspects of,

imitations of sounds, not evolved from,

influences on, exotic,

interjections, not evolved from,

literature and,

modifications and transfers of typical form of,

an "overlaid" function,

psycho-physical basis of,

race, culture and,

simplification of experience in,

sounds of,

structure of,

thought and,

universality of,

variability of,

volition expressed in,

Larynx,

Lateral sounds,

_Latin_:

attribution,

concord,

infixing,

influence of,

objective _-m_,

order of words,

plurality,

prefixes and suffixes,

reduplicated perfects,

relational concepts expressed,

sentence-word,

sound as word in, single,

structure,

style,

suffixing character,

syntactic nature of sentence,

synthetic character,

verse,

word and element in, analysis of,

_Lettish_,

Leveling, phonetic,

See _Analogical leveling_.

Lips,

action of,

Literature:

compensations in, formal,

language and,

levels in, linguistic,

medium of, language as,

science and,

Literature, determinants of:

linguistic,

metrical,

morphological,

phonetic,

_Lithuanian_,

Localism,

Localization of speech,

_Loucheux_ (N. Amer.),

L. Indians,

Lungs,

Luther, German of,

M

_Malay_,

M. race,

_Malayan_,

_Malayo-Polynesian_ languages,

_Manchu_,

_Manx_,

"Maus, Mäuse" (German), history of,

Mediterranean race,

_Melanesian_ languages,

Meter. See _Verse_.

Milton,

Mixed-relational languages,

complex,

simple,

Modality,

_Mon-Khmer_ (S.E. Asia),

Moore, George,

Morphological features, diffusion of,

Morphology. See _Structure, linguistic_.

"Mouse, mice" (English), history of,

_Munda_ languages (E. India),

Murmuring,

Mutation, vocalic,

N

_Nahuatl_ (Mexico),

Nasal sounds,

"Nasal twang,"

Nasalized stops,

_Nass_ (British Columbia),

Nationality,

_Navaho_ (Arizona, New Mexico),

N. Indians,

Nietzsche,

_Nootka_ (Vancouver Id.),

Nose,

action of,

Noun,

Nouns, classification of,

Number,

See _Plurality_.

O

Object,

See _Personal relations_.

_Ojibwa_ (N, Amer.),

Onomatopoetic theory of origin of speech,

Oral sounds,

Order, word,

composition as related to,

fixed, English tendency,

sentence molded by,

significance of, fundamental,

Organs of speech,

action of,

P

_Paiute_ (N. Amer.),

Palate,

action of soft,

articulations of,

_Pali_ (India),

_Papuan_ languages,

Papuans,

Parts of speech,

Pattern:

formal,

phonetic,

_Persian_,

Person,

Personal relations,

Phonetic adaptation,

Phonetic diffusion,

Phonetic law:

basis of,

direction of,

examples of,

influence of, on morphology,

influence of morphology on,

regularity of,

significance of,

spread of, slow,

See _Leveling, phonetic_; _Pattern, phonetic_.

Phonetic processes,

form caused by, differences of,

parallel drifts in,

Pitch, grammatical use of,

metrical use of,

production of,

significant differences in,

Plains Indians, gesture language of,

"Plattdeutsch,"

Plurality:

classification of concept of, variable,

a concrete relational category,

a derivational or radical concept,

expression of, multiple,

See _Number_.

Poles,

_Polynesian_,

Polynesians,

Polysynthetic languages,

_Portuguese_,

Predicate,

Prefixes,

Prefixing languages,

Preposition,

Psycho-physical aspect of speech,

Pure-relational languages,

complex,

simple,

Q

Qualifying concepts. See _Concepts, derivational_.

Quality:

of speech sounds,

of individual's voice,

Quantity of speech sounds,

R

Race,

language and, lack of correspondence between,

language and, theoretical relation between,

language as correlated with, English,

language, culture and, correspondence between,

language, culture and, independence of,

Radical concepts. See _Concepts_.

Radical element,

Radical word,

"Reading from the lips,"

Reduplication,

Reference, definite and indefinite,

Repetition of stem,

See _Reduplication_.

Repression of impulse,

Rhyme,

Rolled consonants,

_Romance_ languages,

Root,

_Roumanian_,

Rounded vowels,

_Russian_,

S

_Sahaptin_ languages (N. Amer.),

_Salinan_ (S.W. California),

_Sanskrit_ (India),

Sarcee Indians,

_Saxon_:

_Low_,

_Old_,

_Upper_,

Saxons,

_Scandinavian_,

See _Danish_; _Icelandic_; _Swedish_.

Scandinavians,

Scotch,

_Scotch, Lowland_,

_Semitic languages_,

Sentence,

binding words into, methods of,

stress in, influence of,

word-order in,

Sequence. See _Order of words_.

Shakespeare:

art of,

English of,

_Shasta_ (N. California),

_Shilh_ (Morocco),

_Shilluk_ (Nile headwaters),

_Siamese_,

Singing,

_Siouan_ languages (N. Amer.),

_Sioux_ (Dakota),

_Slavic_ languages,

Slavs,

_Somali_ (E. Africa),

_Soudanese_ languages,

Sound-imitative words,

Sounds of speech,

adjustments involved in, muscular,

adjustments involved in certain, inhibition of,

basic importance of,

classification of,

combinations of,

conditioned appearance of,

dynamics of,

illusory feelings in regard to,

"inner" or "ideal" system of,

place in phonetic pattern of,

production of,

values of, psychological,

variability of,

_Spanish_,

Speech. See _Language_.

Spirants,

Splitting of sounds,

Stem,

Stock, linguistic,

Stopped consonants (_or_ stops),

Stress. See _Accent_.

Structure, linguistic,

conservatism of,

differences of,

intuitional forms of,

Structure, linguistic, types of:

classification of, by character of concepts,

by degree of fusion,

by degree of synthesis,

by formal processes,

from threefold standpoint,

into "formal" and "formless,"

classifying, difficulties in,

examples of,

mixed,

reality of,

validity of conceptual, historical test of,

Style,

Subject,

See _Personal relations_.

Subject of discourse,

Suffixes,

Suffixing,

Suffixing languages,

Survivals, morphological,

_Swedish_,

Swinburne,

Swiss, French,

Syllabifying,

Symbolic languages,

Symbolic processes,

Symbolic-fusional,

Symbolic-isolating,

Symons,

Syntactic adhesions,

Syntactic relations:

primary methods of expressing,

transfer of values in,

See _Concepts, relational_; _Concord_; _Order, word_; _Personal

relations_; _Sentence_.

Synthetic tendency,

T

_Takelma_ (S.W. Oregon),

Teeth,

articulations of,

Telegraph code,

Temperament,

Tense,

Teutonic race. See _Baltic race_.

Thinking, types of,

Thought, relation of language to,

Throat,

articulations of,

_Tibetan_,

Time. See _Tense_.

_Tlingit_ (S. Alaska),

T. Indians,

Tongue,

action of,

Transfer, types of linguistic,

Trills,

_Tsimshian_ (British Columbia),

See _Nass_.

_Turkish_,

Types, linguistic, change of,

See _Structure, linguistic_.

U

_Ugro-Finnic_,

"Umlaut." See _Mutation, vocalic_.

United States:

culture in,

race in,

_Ural-Altaic_ languages,

Uvula,

V

Values:

"hesitation,"

morphologic,

phonetic,

variability in, of components of drift,

Variations, linguistic:

dialect,

historical,

individual,

Verb,

syntactic relations expressed in,

Verhaeren,

Verse:

accentual,

linguistic determinants of,

quantitative,

syllabic,

Vocalic change,

See _Mutation, vocalic_.

Voice, production of,

Voiced sounds,

Voiceless:

laterals,

nasals,

sounds,

trills,

vowels,

"Voicelessness," production of,

Volition expressed in speech,

Vowels,

W

Walking, a biological function,

_Washo_ (Nevada),

_Welsh_,

Westermann, D.,

Whisper,

Whitman,

"Whom," use and drift of,

Word,

definition of,

syntactic origin of complex,

"twilight" type of,

types of, formal,

Written language,

Y

_Yana_ (N. California),

_Yiddish_,

_Yokuts_ (S. California),

_Yurok_ (N.W. California),

Y. Indians,

Z

_Zaconic_ dialect of Greek,