f. v. hunt as author

7
F. V. Hunt as author* Harry A. Schenck Naval Undersea Center, San Diego, California 92132 (Received 31 March 1973) Professor F. V. Hunt documented what he thought, what he invented, what he learned, and what he accomplished. During a 40-year period, he published over 50 papersand reports. He also authored numerous technical memoranda, one completebook and sections of others, and many key speeches. Many of these contributions were in his classical field of interest, acoustics. However, he made significantcontributionsin other fields, such as improvedinstrumentation and education. Through open and classified publications, Professor Hunt greatly influencedthe developmentof U.S. Navy sonar systems. The breadth and impact of this record of accomplishment is examined. Specialattention is given to describing the evolution and statusof two unfinished books.One of thesemanuscripts was developed initially to be a major textbookon physical acoustics. The other manuscript began its life as a historical introduction to the text on physicalacoustics, becameat times a scholarlyhobby for Professor Hunt, and grew into a mature draft for a separate book on Origins in Acoustics. ( SubjectClassification: 05.60; 10.60. INTRODUCTION It is appropriate in a tribute to the educational contri- butions of Professor F. V. Hunt to examine the pedagog- ical impact of his many published works. The principal basis for my assessment and review is the written rec- ord. Even so, my effort is admittedly biased because of my personal association with Professor Hunt. I have had the pleasure of knowing Professor Hunt first as a family friend, then as a student, and finally as a col- league. I began this assessment with the conviction that Professor Hunt was an accomplished writer, and my review of his published record has simply strengthened that conviction. I. THE PUBLISHED RECORD A. Characteristics and statistics Let us first examine the gross characteristics of Hunt's published record. He published articles in the open literature over a 40-year span. In this time, he contributed about 35 major articles which appear in many of the well-known professional journals. In addi- tion, he published 15 shorter pieces in the form of let- ters-to-the-editor, book reviews, obituaries, etc. He authored one complete book and contributed important sections to two others; he also wrote two doctoral theses and eight other major technical reports. He was awarded 12 United States patents, either singly or joint- ly, and 10 foreign patents which are related to these. In addition to this open record, Professor Hunt con- tributed many publications in the classified literature through his long association with U.S. Navy interests. For example, he published nearly 80 technical memo- randa and several major reports during his tenure as Director of the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory from June 1941 to June 1946. After World War II, Hunt continued to stimulate classified work in underwater acoustics through his. membership on the Committee on Undersea Warfare of the National Research Council. One other form of publication of scientific results is the formal oral presentation. I have tried to compile a record of the most significant oral presentations which Professor Hunt gave. My best estimate is that he pre- sented a paper before some broad-based professional group about once per year for 40 years! He had a vir- tually perfect attendance record at meetings of the Acoustical Society of America, and he always contrib- uted in some meaningful way. A large collection of the written ideas of Professor Hunt is represented in the lively correspondence which he carried on with many individuals. He had perfected his ability to dictate his thoughts, so that he was usually able to sign and send off the draft of any letter he gen- erated. This allowed him to write frequent and lengthy letters about his work. I think it is clear that Professor Hunt published enough scientific results to furnish a statistically significant sample for analysis. Therefore, I would like to indulge in reporting a few of the statistics which apply to his publications. (Professor Hunt was fond of indulging in just this kind of analysis, in which mathematical tech- niques were applied to interpreting events which others might find difficult to quantify. I recall the time when I received my Masters Degree at the very formal Har- vard promotional exercises. Professor Hunt was on the stand at the time, looking properly dignified in his aca- demic robes. However, I found out later that he had been busy during the exercises calculating from the data on the program the average length of time it took to ob- tain a Ph. D. at Harvard.) Professor Hunt published over 300 pages in technical journals (not counting lengthy reports or books). I used one of his last artibles to compute the average number of words in a "Hunt sentence." For this article, which contained 207 sentences, Hunt averaged 31 words per sentence with a standard deviation of 12 words. Using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, I was able to show that this distribution was Gaussian at the 95% confidence level. It has long been my hypothesis that Professor Hunt delighted in creating interesting, clear, and fact- filled sentences of great length. Now, if I were able to present these statistics to Pro- fessor Hunt, I suspect he wouldbe interested or amused; 1251 J.Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.57,No. 6, Part I, June 1975 Copyright ¸ 1975 bythe Acoustical Society of America 1251 Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 130.216.129.208 On: Fri, 05 Dec 2014 09:00:32

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Page 1: F. V. Hunt as author

F. V. Hunt as author*

Harry A. Schenck

Naval Undersea Center, San Diego, California 92132 (Received 31 March 1973)

Professor F. V. Hunt documented what he thought, what he invented, what he learned, and what he accomplished. During a 40-year period, he published over 50 papers and reports. He also authored numerous technical memoranda, one complete book and sections of others, and many key speeches. Many of these contributions were in his classical field of interest, acoustics. However, he made significant contributions in other fields, such as improved instrumentation and education. Through open and classified publications, Professor Hunt greatly influenced the development of U.S. Navy sonar systems. The breadth and impact of this record of accomplishment is examined. Special attention is given to describing the evolution and status of two unfinished books. One of these manuscripts was developed initially to be a major textbook on physical acoustics. The other manuscript began its life as a historical introduction to the text on physical acoustics, became at times a scholarly hobby for Professor Hunt, and grew into a mature draft for a separate book on Origins in Acoustics. (

Subject Classification: 05.60; 10.60.

INTRODUCTION

It is appropriate in a tribute to the educational contri- butions of Professor F. V. Hunt to examine the pedagog- ical impact of his many published works. The principal basis for my assessment and review is the written rec- ord. Even so, my effort is admittedly biased because of my personal association with Professor Hunt. I have had the pleasure of knowing Professor Hunt first as a family friend, then as a student, and finally as a col- league. I began this assessment with the conviction that Professor Hunt was an accomplished writer, and my review of his published record has simply strengthened that conviction.

I. THE PUBLISHED RECORD

A. Characteristics and statistics

Let us first examine the gross characteristics of Hunt's published record. He published articles in the open literature over a 40-year span. In this time, he contributed about 35 major articles which appear in many of the well-known professional journals. In addi- tion, he published 15 shorter pieces in the form of let- ters-to-the-editor, book reviews, obituaries, etc. He authored one complete book and contributed important sections to two others; he also wrote two doctoral theses and eight other major technical reports. He was awarded 12 United States patents, either singly or joint- ly, and 10 foreign patents which are related to these.

In addition to this open record, Professor Hunt con- tributed many publications in the classified literature through his long association with U.S. Navy interests. For example, he published nearly 80 technical memo- randa and several major reports during his tenure as Director of the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory from June 1941 to June 1946. After World War II, Hunt continued to stimulate classified work in underwater

acoustics through his. membership on the Committee on Undersea Warfare of the National Research Council.

One other form of publication of scientific results is the formal oral presentation. I have tried to compile a record of the most significant oral presentations which

Professor Hunt gave. My best estimate is that he pre- sented a paper before some broad-based professional group about once per year for 40 years! He had a vir- tually perfect attendance record at meetings of the Acoustical Society of America, and he always contrib- uted in some meaningful way.

A large collection of the written ideas of Professor Hunt is represented in the lively correspondence which he carried on with many individuals. He had perfected his ability to dictate his thoughts, so that he was usually able to sign and send off the draft of any letter he gen- erated. This allowed him to write frequent and lengthy letters about his work.

I think it is clear that Professor Hunt published enough scientific results to furnish a statistically significant sample for analysis. Therefore, I would like to indulge in reporting a few of the statistics which apply to his publications. (Professor Hunt was fond of indulging in just this kind of analysis, in which mathematical tech- niques were applied to interpreting events which others might find difficult to quantify. I recall the time when I received my Masters Degree at the very formal Har- vard promotional exercises. Professor Hunt was on the stand at the time, looking properly dignified in his aca- demic robes. However, I found out later that he had been busy during the exercises calculating from the data on the program the average length of time it took to ob- tain a Ph. D. at Harvard.)

Professor Hunt published over 300 pages in technical journals (not counting lengthy reports or books). I used one of his last artibles to compute the average number of words in a "Hunt sentence." For this article, which contained 207 sentences, Hunt averaged 31 words per sentence with a standard deviation of 12 words. Using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, I was able to show that this distribution was Gaussian at the 95% confidence level. It has long been my hypothesis that Professor Hunt delighted in creating interesting, clear, and fact- filled sentences of great length.

Now, if I were able to present these statistics to Pro- fessor Hunt, I suspect he would be interested or amused;

1251 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 57, No. 6, Part I, June 1975 Copyright ¸ 1975 by the Acoustical Society of America 1251

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but I am certain that a host of questions would follow:

What is your definition of a sentence ?

How do you treat equations in the text, and compound sentences ?

How do these results compare with other authors ?

Is there any trend from early publications to those produced in later years?

and so on.

About two-thirds of Hunt's publications were under his sole authorship. However, he did collaborate with his students and colleagues, and many of his significant publications show this evidence. An amusing sidelight on this point is that he was once credited with writing a book in collaboration with a man he had never met and

who had been dead for 50 years. I am referring to a published book review of his monograph entitled Eleclro- acouslics. The title page of this book indicates that Professor Hunt was Rumford Professor of Physics and Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics. Someone misread this byline and concluded that the book was by Hunt and Gordon McKay, and that is the way credit was given in the book review.

B. Themes

Let us now discuss the prevalent themes which at- tracted Professor Hunt's interests. He was at home in

all areas of physical acoustics, as evidenced by several papers which set forth fundamental principles of wave propagation with great detail and clarity. Certainly one of his favorite specialties was architectural acoustics, and papers can be found over nearly the entire 40-year span which are devoted to this subject. His lasting in- terest in the design of phonograph reproducers was created by his assignment to record the Harvard Ter- centenary •.xercises in 1036. With characteristic thoroughness, he turned this assignment into a major scientific endeavor. This approach is not unlike that which many years earlier caused Harvard Professor W. C. Sabine to turn his assignment to "do something about the acoustics of the Fogg Museum" into an effort which laid the foundations of architectural acoustics. In

order to preserve the historical recordings of these proceedings, Hunt and his colleagues developed a light- weight pickup which was an order of magnitude lighter than existing commercial products. This development and its associated publication were but the first of many efforts to improve the understanding and design of phono- graph reproducers.

Another specialty was the development of improved instruments, such as the frequency meter he constructed during his thesis research. Professor Hunt did not stop, however, with the successful test or application of a new instrument. He felt an obligation to tell others why and how the instrument was developed, what the underlying principles of operation were, and how the instrument could best be used or possibly improved.

Scattered through his published record are several significant articles on education, or on the combination

of the educational and research processes. Professor Hunt was keenly interested in accuracy in the writing process as well as in scientific research, as evidenced by several of his articles which deal with such mundane matters as definitions and grammatical style.

Hunt also has to his credit several miscellaneous pub- lications, such as obituaries or other memoirs and sev- eral book reviews. No one could ask for a warmer trib-

ute than Hunt characteristically put in an obituary; the recipients of Hunt's reviews were not as fortunate.

The field of underwater acoustics, including related signal processing techniques, was also extended by Hunt's research and publications. His contributions to the emerging field of acoustic signal processing often came through his guidance to the better-known work of some of his students or colleagues. It was not always possible to publish the results of this effort in the open literature, but much of his documented work for the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory (HUSL) is now declassflied. As a result of his membership on the Com- mittee on Under sea Warfare of the National Research

Council, Professor Hunt put forth thought-provoking ideas which frequently stimulated Navy research and development.

The majority of Professor Hunt's publications ap- peared in either The dournal of the Acoustical Society of America or The Review of Scientific Instruments. He also published articles in closely related professional journals, such as The dourhal of the Audio Engineering Society, and he occasionally ranged farther afield to publish articles in journals on education. He always made a careful and deliberate choice of the printed forum in which to share his ideas.

C. Style

Hunt quickly developed in his early publications a dis- tinctive style. One characteristic of this style was care- ful and complete organization of the published material. He did not follow a fixed format, but he always included material which explained the motivation for the work, which described the underlying physical principles in good prose, which described the specific theoretical or experimental accomplishment in adequate detail, and which interpreted the significance of his findings and of- ten indicated avenues for further research. I can best

illustrate other characteristics of Hunt's style through some selected quotations.

In an early article on the design of phonograph repro- ducers, he expressed the reasons why he felt his goal was achievable.

"When one considers that a useful output can be ob- tained from a modern dynamic microphone when its mechanical circuit is merely exposed to an imponder- able medium such as air, it becomes absurd to think that a weight of several ounces should be required to couple the mechanical system of a phonograph repro- ducer to the relatively rugged groove on a disc rec- ord." (Ref. PS, p. 10.)

At the end of a mathematical article on tracing distot-

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tion, he wrote an excellent summary. The last sentence of the following quotation provided pertinent guidance to the recording industry for years.

"In conclusion, it should be said that the geometrical problem of tracing distortion considered here is only one of many possible types of distortion which may disturb the complicated process of recording and re- producing a signal. At the same time, a study of this source of distortion is a study of the means of reduc- ing the distortion. Higher groove velocity, restricted amplitudes for high frequency components, and smaller radius of curvature for the stylus tip all lead to re- duced tracing distortion, although the latter cannot be altered advantageously without altering the standard groove shape." (Ref. P14, p. 365.)

In an article on the education of scientists and engineers, Hunt made an eloquent plea for delaying specialization and for the value of educating the "whole man."

"Courses for general education need not be some- thing which is introduced to broaden by wedging apart the components of the scientific program. General education has a coherent intellectual content of its

own; a discipline in logical thought, discrimination of values and the art of communicating thought, which merits the attention of the student engineer before, during and after his induction into the fraternity of practicing engineers." (Ref. PlS.)

Although he received many awards in his distinguished career, he was always gracious and humorous in re- sponding; witness this example after receiving the Pio- neers of Underwater Acoustics Award.

(Aside, to Dr. Bouyoucos: "Good grief, John, what wanton lack of restraint! After all that, I can hardly wait to hear what I'm going to say.")

"From the bottom of my grateful heart, I thank you all for this handsome medal, and for all those rash and extravagant words.

"They say that people in the academic profession don't get paid in the same kind of coins that are used in commerce and industry. Instead of money, they use kudos, and status, and recognition. If this is so-- and I can offer no personal evidence to contradict it-- then you have pushed me up into a higher income-tax bracket tonight." (Ref. P42, p. 769.)

In his last major paper, which documented many years of research and interest in signal-rate processing, he acknowledged in an interesting way that his efforts had not kept pace with the original motivation for the work.

"It seems likely now that the solution may outlive the problem that gave rise to it, and that the most fruitful applications of the new detector will arise in fields that were not considered in the initial planning." (Ref. P47, p. 1185.)

I hope that these brief excerpts have served to capture a little of the flavor which Hunt put into his publications; a complete reading of one or two of the featured publica- tions described in the next section would, of course, give the aficionado a truer glimpse of the Hunt style.

II. PUBLICATIONS OF SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE

In the previous section, I have tried to illustrate the overall features which characterize Professor Hunt's

publications. In this section, I would like to single out certain contributions which have had a particularly sig- nificant impact on the audiences to which they were ad- dressed.

One of Hunt's early scientific articles which became and has remained a classic was entitled "Analysis of Sound Decay in Rectangular Rooms" and was written by Hunt, Beranek, and Maa in 1939 (Ref. P13). It is still referenced often in current research articles on archi-

tectural acoustics. This paper was presented at a Sym- posium on Architectural Acoustics which Professor Hunt chaired at the 10th Anniversary Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. The research and sub- sequent publication followed the classical scientific method. First, the factors controlling the phenomenon were identified and the problem reduced to its simplest form. In this simplified form, the problem was solved accurately by theoretical analysis. Finally, through careful experimental measurements, these theoretical results were verified. This paper explains how the ini- tial rate of decay of sound in a room is controlled by normal modes at nongrazing incidence. The rate of de- cay then diminishes, and the final slope is controlled by normal modes having grazing incidence. The signifi- cance of the work is made clear in the concluding sec-

tion, in which the authors assert "that these analytic procedures can, if widely adopted, remove entirely the inconsistencies which have existed among the reverbera- tion chamber measurements reported from different testing laboratories."

Another example of a major scientific contribution is represented in the 1938 paper (Ref. P9) by Hunt and his colleague Jack Pierce, "On Distortion in Sound Repro- duction from Phonograph Records." This paper begins with an educational discussion of the causes of "tracking error" and "tracing distortion." The authors also ex- plain the "pinch effect, "which arises when the design of a phonograph pickup does not allow for adequate vertical motion of the stylus. The main conclusions and recom- mendations are concerned with stylus size, the pitch of the recorded grooves, and the appropriate amount of high-frequency pre-emphasis to be applied in the record- ing process. These recommendations caused the record- ing industry to change their practices. Hunt later ex- tended the mathematical explanation of these effects in a paper he coauthored with W. D. Lewis (Ref. P14).

In later years, Professor Hunt rekindled his interest in phonograph pickups and spent several years in dedi- cated research before publishing one of his classic pa- pers (Ref. P34), entitled "The Rational Design of Phono- graph Pickups." Hunt presented the results of this re- search orally before several professional groups and labored through numerous revisions of this manuscript before publishing it. It is presented in Hunt's typical style with a lot of prose spent on logical exposition and presentation of relevant facts, interspersed with mathe- matical analysis as required. Professor Hunt's academic position was perfect for this endeavor. If someone in the

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recording industry knew this much about the design of phonograph pickups, the material would probably be con- sidered proprietary, and no open publication of the fruits of this research would have occurred.

The educational content is especially high in Hunt's publication of "Notes on the Exact Equations Governing the Propagation of Sound in Fluids" (Ref. P26). The material was originally prepared (and finally published-- see Ref. B3)as a section of The American Institute of Physics Handbook. However, the material was judged to have sufficient tutorial value to justify its advance publica- tion in The Journal of the Acoustical Sociely of America. Professor Hunt made use of the educational content of

this article by making it required reading in his basic graduate acoustics course. This publication illustrates that Hunt was not only an outstanding physicist but also a first-rate applied mathematician.

Applied Acoustics in Sub-Surface Warfare, the final report of the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory (Ref. R4), should be a model summary technical report. It is, first of all, interesting. In addition to summaries of the technical work at the Harvard Laboratory, Hunt included sections on personnel and recruiting proce- dures, and on facilities and laboratory organization. This volume is valuable not only to the scientist but also to the historian as a record of important wartime effort.

Just as Hunt continuously "needled" the record indus- try, he was fond of giving provocation for research and development that would increase U. S. Navy capabilities. His report (Ref. R7) entitled "New Concepts for Acoustic Detection at Very Long Ranges" was originally served up as a speech to his colleagues on the Committee on Undersea Warfare. This paper came to be called his "blockbuster." In this publication he set forth in clear terms the means by which very long-range submarine detections could be accomplished by taking advantage of the peculiar properties of our oceans. It was this paper which gave birth to an intensive Navy effort known as Project ARTEMIS. • The scientific points enumerated in this publication are the basis for the design of long- range passive and active surveillance systems.

The most important patents issued to Professor Hunt are also related to U. S. Navy applications. He and his colleagues at the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory were granted the basic patent on the bearing deviation indicator (BDI), or "Apparatus for Determining the Di- rection of Underwater Targets" (Ref. I4). In later years, under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research, Hunt and Dr. J. V. Bouyoucos received numerous pat- ents on hydroacoustic oscillators and transducers.

III. UNPUBLISHED WORK

I think that it was inevitable that many projects or publications were unfinished at the end of Professor Hunt's career. Like many good scientists, Professor Hunt carried along in parallel many diverse investiga- tions. I have no way to assess how many publishable articles were still being formulated in Professor Hunt's mind at the time of his death. Therefore, I confine my remarks on his unpublished work to two major efforts

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 57, No. 6, Part I, June 1975

which resulted in manuscripts for (as yet) unpublished books.

The first major manuscript on which Hunt began work was a textbook on physical acoustics. The basic organ- ization and content of this material followed closely his graduate course lectures in acoustics. He outlined and drafted many sections of this manuscript in the immedi- ate post-war period. The first smooth drafts of various chapters of this manuscript date from 1948 to 1951. However, several things prevented this manuscript from becoming a published book.

The first of these stumbling blocks was Hunt's own passion for revising the material which he presented in his lectures. In examining his notes for these acoustics courses, I have observed that he rewrote this manuscript almost on a yearly basis in the process of preparing his lectures.

The second obstacle in the way of this publication was the appearance of several other textbooks covering basi- cally the same subject matter. Although none of these were done in "the Hunt style," he became convinced that the appearance of one more textbook on physical acoustics was of diminishing value. The manuscripts which Hunt generated on physical acoustics may be suitable to print as informal lecture notes by some university press, but it is not practical to think of editing this extensive ma- terial for publication as a textbook.

The third obstacle may have prevented the publication of a general text on physical acoustics, but actually led to one (and I hope two) other books. This obstacle I would characterize as Hunt's enthusiasm for following a specific subject in thoroughness to its logical comple- tion. One of the chapters of the original text on physical acoustics was to be devoted to electroacoustics. This

chapter grew to the point, however, of becoming a book in itself. So, in 1954, Professor Hunt published Electro- acoustics (Ref. B2) as one of the Harvard Monographs in Applied Science. This book has served the specialist well and will long be useful. As late as the month of his death, Hunt had indicated he was embarking on a revision of this book, with the intent of adding chapters on piezo- electricity and magnetostriction.

The other chapter which outgrew the outline was the introductory chapter on the history of acoustics. To quote Hunt,

"I had supposed, naively as it turned out, that the assembly of such material would be a straightforward task of referring to the literature on the history of sound. To my dismay, this literature turned out to be unaccountably meagre. Then, in the attempt to iden- tify a few quotations and check a few references, one footnote led to another; and for better or worse, I could find no satisfying way to stop the chain reaction except to keep on until I ran out of footnotes."

In an effort to put some bounds on this historical re- search, Hunt included material on the history of electro- acoustics as the first (lengthy) chapter in his 1954 book. However, he recognized that the material that he had re- searched and assembled on the history of the science of

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sound constituted sufficient material for a separate pub-

lication. Therefore, in 1954 Hunt began to organize his historical material into a separate manuscript which he titled Origins in Acoustics. There were to be four chap- ters.

(1) "Origins in Observation," covering the period of antiquity up to about 500 A. D.

(2) "Origins in Experiment," covering the Middle Ages and the following century or two up to the time of Newton.

(3) "Origins in Theory," covering the work of the sci- entific giants of the 18th and 10th centuries, up to the time of Lord Rayleigh.

(4) "Origins in Control and Exploitation," covering the applications of acoustics right up to the mid-20th century.

For years Professor Hunt massaged this draft, and he did reach the point where he sought and received exter- nal review of this material for publication. This work was nearing maturity in 1964, but the press of other work caused Hunt to put away this effort, and it was only after his retirement that he again began to think about publishing this history.

The draft manuscript as it exists today runs to about 300 typewritten pages. It contains nearly 500 footnotes or references to original source material. It is not a perfected manuscript, but it is virtually ready for publi- cation. Professor Hunt included the following prophetic quotation as a prologue to the manuscript:

"and if God please, I will another time give you a more perfect Book. Now you must rest content with these." (Porta, Natural Magick, proeme of Book XX)

I think that we should be "content with these, "and that a competent science historian should edit this manuscript for prompt publication.

IV. ASSESSMENT

I believe there is no doubt that Professor Hunt educated

the scientific community through his publications. There is an inherent educational value in the facts which he re-

ported and the instruments and methods he developed. There is a further educational value to be gained from his publications by studying his style of exposition. He made a careful choice of words, organized his thoughts well, and made the reader appreciate the significance of his work.

Certainly one should also realize that the educational value of his publications has had a multiplying effect through those who have worked with him, both colleagues and students. For example, in the final report of his contract with the Office of Naval Research, covering a period of 25 years, Hunt gives a bibliography of work that was accomplished under this sponsorship. There are some 52 publications which were authored by Pro- fessor Hunt. The total number of publications resulting from this effort is 268. Thus, it might be estimated that Hunt's published record has been multiplied five or

six times through his influence on the published work of his students and colleagues. It has been said by Hunt and others that his proudest accomplishment was repre- sented in the three-foot section of his bookshelf which

contains the theses of "his" Ph.D. candidates.

Much of the published work of Professor Hunt has been collected by Harvard University and will be deposited in a memorial reading room adjacent to the Gordon McKay Library. The bibliography which follows contains as complete a record of his published work as I was able to compile. However, this record is scattered and difficult for the interested reader to access. For the benefit of

future readers, and as a fitting tribute to the published accomplishments of Professor F. V. Hunt, I fondly hope these papers will be assembled and printed as a series of "Collected Works."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOO KS

Bl"Sound and Noise," in Mechanical Engineers Handbook (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941), 4th ed., pp. 1718-1726; revised, 5th ed. (1951), pp. 1676-1684.

S•'Electroacoustics (Harvard U.P., Cambridge, 1954), viii + 260 pp.

s3"Propagation of Sound in Fluids," in American Institute of Physics Handbook (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957, 1963, 1972), Sec. 3c, pp. 3-37-3-68.

MAJOR TECHNICAL REPORTS

Rl"The use of a Frequency Modulated Source in Reverberation Measurements," thesis, Dept. Physics, Harvard U. (28 Apr. 1933).

R2"New Recording Instruments for Frequency and Intensity," thesis, Harvard Eng. School (25 Apr. 1934).

R3"A Submarine- Launched Acoustic Torpedo," Compl. Rep. Project No. 157, Harvard Underwater Sound Lab. (1 Jan. 1946).

R4Applied Acoustics in Sub-Surface Warfare, Final Rep. Con- tract OEMsr-58 and Contract OEMsr-287, 1941-1946 (31 Jan. 1946). (The bibliography of this report contains 79 ref- erences to internal technical memoranda generated by F. V. Hunt during this period. )

RS" Electrostatic Loudspeakers," Tech. Memo. No. 17, Acoust. Res. Lab., Harvard (1 Apr. 1950), coauthored with A. A. Janszen and R. L. Pritchard.

R6"The Coaxial Electrostatic Transducer," Tech. Memo. No. 15, Acoust. Res. Lab., Harvard (15 May 1950), coauthored with R. L. Pritchard and A. A. Janszen.

R?"New Concepts for Acoustic Detection at Very Long Ranges," Natl. Res. Council Committee on Undersea Warfare, 5th Under-

sea Syrup. (15-16 May 1950). RS"George Washington Pierce, 1872--1956," in BiographicalMem-

oirs (Natl. Acad. Sci., 1959), Vol. XXXIII, pp. 351-380. m"Signal-Rate Processing for Transit Detection: 1. Experi-

mental Test Equipment for a Time Scaled Model," Tech. Memo. No. 64, Acoust. Res. Lab., Harvard (Jun. 1970).

Rlø"Final Report: 1946-1970," Acoust. Res. Lab., Harvard (30 Jun. 1970).

PAPE RS

trl"On Frequency Modulated Signals in Reverberation Measure- ments," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5, 64(A); 127-138 (1933).

r2"A Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter with Logarithmic Response," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 4, 672-675 (1933).

r3"A Direct-Reading Frequency Meter Suitable for High Speed Recording," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 6, 43-46 (1935).

r4"The Exact Measurement of Electron-Tube Coefficients,"

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 57, No. 6, Part I, June 1975

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Rev. Sci. Instrum. 6, 268-276 (1935), coauthored with R. W. Hickman.

5,,Apparatu s and Technique for Reverberation Measurements," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 7, 237(A) (1936); 8, 34-41 (1936).

r6"High Speed Counting of Auditory Stimuli," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 7, 437 (1936).

r?"Tercentenary Sound Effects," Harvard Alumni Bull. (15 Jan. 1937).

*rS"HP6A: A Radical Departure in Phonograph Pickup Design" Electronics 11, 9-12 (1938), coauthored with J. A. Pierce.

t•9"On Distortion in Sound Reproduction from Phonograph Rec- ords," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 10, 84(A); 14-28 (1938), co- authored with J. A. Pierce.

rlø"On Electronic Voltage Stabilizers," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 10, 6-21 (1939), coauthored with R. W. Hickman.

tPll"Investigation of Room Acoustics by Steady State Transmis- sion Measurements," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 10, 259(A); 216- 227 (1939).

t•12"The Absorption Coefficient Problem," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 11, 38-40, 106 (1939).

rl3"Analysis of Sound Decay in Rectangular Rooms," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 11, 80-94 (1939), coauthored with L. L. Beranek and D. Y. Maa.

•14"A Theory of Tracing Distortion in Sound Reproduction from Phonograph Records," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 12, 348-365 (1941), coauthored with W. D. Lewis.

•15"A New Venture in Education," Think (Oct. 1946). •16"A Method for Precise Measurement of the Velocity of

Sound," Am. J. Phys. 15, 465-467 (1947), coauthored with A. E. Benfield.

•17"Design of Logarithmic Voltage Dividers," Rev. Sci. In- strum. 21, 332-336 (1950), coauthored with O. D. Sledge.

rlS"Perturbation and Correlation Methods for Enhancing the Space Resolution of Directional Receivers," Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. 39, 840 (1951).

tr•9"Stylus-Groove Relations in the Phonograph Playback Pro- cess," Acoustica 4, 33-35 (1954); presented at the first ICA Congress on Electroacoustics, Delft, Netherlands (1953).

P2ø"Book Review on Atoms, Men and God, by Paul E. Sabine," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 26, 113-114(BR) (1954).

tP2i"On Stylus Wear and Surface Noise in Phonograph Playback Systems," J. Audio Eng. Soc. 3, 2-18 (1955).

r22"Lantern Slides without Photography," Am. J. Phys. 23, 67-68 (1955).

tr23"Elastic-Plastic Instability Caused by the Size Effect and Its Influence on Rubbing Wear," J. Appl. Phys. 26, 850- 856 (1955).

•24"Acoustic vs Acoustical," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 27, 975- 976 (L) (1955).

•25"Wide-Range Logarithmic Voltmeter," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26, 829-835 (1955), coauthored with J. F. Hersh.

•26"Notes on the Exact Equations Governing the Propagation of Sound in Fluids," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 27, 1019-1039 (1955).

•2?"George Washington Pierce," Harvard U. Gazette LII; 140- 141 (1957), coauthored with E. L. Chaffee, E. C. Kemble, and H. R. Mimno.

r28"Education for Acoustical Engineering," 1957 IRE National Convention Record, Pt. 9, Ultrason. Eng., pp. 3-6 (1957); Ultrasonic News 2, No. 3, 10-12 and 17 (Mar. 1958); both coauthored with W. P. Raney.

*•2S"Electroacoustics and Transducers," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 375-377 (1958).

•3ø"Motivated Basic Research: A Case Study," U.S. Navy J. Underwater Acoust. 8, 27-32 (1958).

r31"Book Review of Vacuum Tube Characteristics, edited by A. Schure," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 31, 541(BR)(1959).

t r32"Stress and Strain Limits on the Attainable Velocity in Me- chanical Vibration," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 912(A); 1123- 1128 (1960).

•33"Role of Time Integration in the Discrimination of Frequency

Response Patterns," J. Acoust. SOCo Am. 33, 1653(A) (1961); 34, 125(L) (1962).

tr34"The Rational Design of Phonograph Pickups," J. Audio Eng. Soc. 10, 274-289 (1962); Paper N37, 4th Int. Cong. Acousto, Copenhagen, Denmark (Aug. 1962).

•35"Electropolishing and Pointing Thin Beryllium Wires," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 34, 1154-1155 (1963).

r36"Automatic Synchronous Excitation of Suspended Systems," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 34, 1254-1257 (1963).

r37"Remarks on the Mean Free Path Problem," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 556-564 (1964).

r38"Frederick Albert Saunders," Harvard U. Gazette, 2 May 1964, 188-189 (1964), coauthored with R. W. Hickman, O. Oldenberg, and E. C. Kemble.

r39"Solid-Core Probe Hydrophone," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1589-1590(L) (1964), coauthored with J. E. Barger.

mø"ICA and International Cooperation in Acoustics," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1228-1230(AN) (1964), coauthoredwith R. Bruce Lindsay and George W. Wood.

r4•"Book Review on Physical Acoustics: Principles and Meth- ods, Warren P. Mason, Ed., Vol. I, Pt. B," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 3?, 545-546(BR) (1965).

tm2"Remarks after Receiving the Pioneers of Underwater Acoustics Award," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 39, 769-770 (1966).

m3"Acoustics at the Crossroads," J. Eng. Educ. 57, 693- 696 (1967).

r44"Remarks after Receiving the 1969 Gold Medal Award," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 321-322 (1969).

•45"Resonance versus Resonant," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 50, 435 (L)(1971).

*•46"The Past Twenty Years in Underwater Acoustics: Intro- ductory Retrospection," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 992-993 (1972).

•47"Signal Rate Processing for Transit Detection," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 1164-1185 (1972).

ADDITIONAL ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Tl"Recording Instruments for Frequency and Intensity," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 6, 54(A)(1934).

T2"On Electronic Voltage Stabilizers," Phys. Rev. 50, 1094(A) (1936), coauthored with R. W. Hickman.

T3"Preliminary Report on a High Fidelity Reproducer for Lateral Cut Disk Records," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 9, 274(A) (1938), coauthored with J. A. Pierce.

T4"Effect of Source Resistance on Electronic Stabilizer Per- formance," Phys. Rev. 53, 913(A) (1938), coauthored with. R. W. Hickman.

TS"High Fidelity Reproduction of Sound from Phonograph Rec- ords," Prog. New England Sec. Meet. Am. Phys. Soc. (A) (Jan. 1939), with J. A. Pierce.

T6"Stylus--Groove Relations and Their Influence on Phonograph Reproducer Design," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 11, 379(A) (1940), coauthored with J. A. Pierce.

T?"Phonograph Reproducer Design," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 12, 474(A) (1941), coauthored with J. A. Pierce.

TS"Survey of Magnetostriction Transducer Research at Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory 1941-45," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 19, 725(A)(1947).

T9"Symmetry in the Equations for Electromechanical Coupling," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22, 672(A) (1950).

T•ø"Speculations on the Cause and Prevention of Needle Wear and Surface Noise in the Phonograph Playback Process," presented at 6th Ann. Cony. of A. E. S., New York (1954).

T•"Remarks after Receiving the E. Berliner Award," Audio Eng. Soc. (Oct. 1954).

T•2"Historical Origins of Electroacoustics," presented before the Professional Group on Audio of the Washington, DC, Section, IRE, in conjunction with Audio Club of Washington (22 Nov. 1955); also presented before the IRE-PGAudio, Cambridge, MA (24 May 1956).

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 57, No. 6, Part I, June 1975

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T•3"Sources of Distortion in Sound Reproduction from Discs," in Symp. on High-Quality Sound Repro. Color Tele., Harv- ard Electron. Club (12 Apr. 1956).

T14"Some Acoustical Firsts," postprandial, Navy Symp. Under- water Acoust., San Diego, CA (19 Nov. 1956).

T15"Horizons in Applied Acoustics," IRE Reflector 5, 7(A) (1956); presented at Boston Sec. Meet., IRE (29 Nov. 1956), coauthored with J. Vo Bouyoucos.

T•"Physical Principles of Contemporary Sorties," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 770-771(A) (1957) (invited paper--no manu- script).

T17"Needles--in the Groove or in a Rut?," presented as an after-dinner speech following the banquet of the Audio Eng. Soc., New York (13 Oct. 1960).

T•8"Underwater Acoustics," presented at Seminar on Acoust. for Sci. Writers, sponsored by Am. Inst. Phys., San Fran- cisco, CA (19 Oct. 1960).

T•9"The Quest for an Ultra-Lightweight Phonograph Pickup," J. Audio Eng. Soe. 9, 82(A) (1961), presented at the meet- ing of the Audio Eng. Soc., New York (13 Oct. 1960).

T2ø"Quest for an Ultra-Lightweight Phonograph Pickup II," pre- sented at the meeting of the Audio Eng. Soc., New York (12 Oct. 1961).

T21"Sic Transit Sonitus," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 38, 911(A)(1965). T•"Remarks after Receiving the John H. Potts Memorial

Award," Audio Eng. Soc. Conv. (Oct. 1965). T•3"Early Homing-Torpedo Research and Development," Ord-

nance Res. Lab. Pennsylvania St. U., 20th Anniv. Convoc. (Nov. 1965).

T•4"Sound Channels in the Sea," presented at the Franklin Inst. Philadelphia (18 May 1966); revised and presented as the 7th Annual Alpheus W. Smith Lecture, Ohio St. U. (1967).

PATENTS

x•"Frequency Meter," U.S. Patent No. 2,119,389, issued 31 May 1938.

I2"Electromechanical-Conversion Device (Pickup, I)," U.S. Patent No. 2,239,717, issued 29 Apr. 1941, withJ. A. Pierce.

x3"Electromeehanical-Conversion Device (Pickup, !I)," U.S. , Patent No. 2,369,676, issued 20 Feb. 1945, withJ. A. Pierce.

•4"Apparatus for Determining the Direction of Underwater Targets," U.S. Patent No. 2,666,192, issued 12 Jan. 1954, with O. H. Schuck, C. R. Rutherford, J. L. Hathaway, and Ao N. Butz Jr.

•5"Transducer" (edgewise wound magnetostrietion), U.S. Pat- ent No. 2,595,791, issued 6 May 1952.

•6"Demodulator Device" (electronic aural response enhance- ment), U.S. Patent No. 2,742,566, issued 17 Apr. 1956, with N. B. Saunders and R. E. Kirkland.

l?"Projection Slide and Method of Preparing the Same," U.S. Patent No. 2,748,017, issued 29 May 1956.

•8"Acoustic Vibration Generator and Methods," U.S. Patent No. 2,792,804, issued 21 May 1957, with J. V. Bouyoucos. Also Canadian No. 556,465, issued 29 Apr. 1958; British No. 845,299, issued 17 Aug. 1960; Swedish No. 188,717, issued 7 Nov. 1963.

•9"Acoustic Vibration Coupler," U.S. Patent No. 2, 859, 672 issued 11 Nov. 1958, with J. V. Bouyoucos. Also Canadian No. 627,478, issued 19 Sep. 1961.

x•ø"Acoustic Vibration Generator and Valve," U.S. Patent No. 3,004,512, issued 17 Oct 1961, with J. V. Bouyoucos. Also French No. 1,234,352, issued 16 May 1960; Canadian No. 648,616 •, issued 18 Sep. 1962; British No. 926,519, issued 22 May 1963; West German No. 1,147,420, issued 26 Aug. 1963; Swedish No. 200,350, issued 20 May 1965; Dutch No. 113,130, issued 16 Jul. 1966.

•l"Flint," U.S. Patent No. 3,164,447, issued 5 Jan. 1965. •12"Method of and Apparatus for Reproduction of Phonograph

Records and the Like," U.S. Patent No. 3,268,231, issued 23 Aug. 1966.

*Invited paper, 85th Meeting ASA, Boston, MA (12 Apr. 1973). $These papers were also presented orally before the appropriate

professional group. 1This code name, which refers to the Roman Goddess of the

Hunt, was a subtle tribute to Professor Hunt's innovative guid- ance.

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 57, No. 6, Part I, June 1975 ,

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