extraccion de aceites esenciales por fluido supercritico

7/21/2019 Extraccion de Aceites Esenciales Por Fluido Supercritico

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JORGE BASADRE GROHMANN

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA

TEMA :EXTRACCIÓN DE ACEITES ESENCIALES UTILIZANDO DIÓXIDO DECARBONO EN CONDICIÓN SUPERCRÍTICA COMO SOLVENTE”

ALUMNOS:

DOCENTE :

Msc VICENTE MALAGA APAZA

FACULTAD :

INGENIERIA

CURSO: TOPICOS APLICADOS A INGENIERIA QUÍMICA II

AÑO: !"#

INTRODUCCIÓN



UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JORGE BASADRE GROHMANNFACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

ESCUELA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍAQUÍMICA

L#s Ac$%"$s Es$&c%'($s s#& )*#+,c"#s -,./%c#s -,$ 0#*/'& ('s $s$&c%'s #+#*.0$*'s +$,& 1*'& &2/$*# +$ 3$1$"'($s E( c#&c$)"# 4'c$%"$ $s$&c%'(4 s$ ')(%c' "'/5%6& ' ('s s,s"'&c%'ss%&"6"%c's #5"$&%+'s ' )'*"%* +$( '(-,%"*7& +$ 8,(('9 ' ('s s,s"'&c%'s s$/%s%&"6"%c's )*$)'*'+'s ' )'*"%* +$ (#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s &'",*'($s C,'(-,%$* )$*0,/$9 '( s$* %&s)%*'+# )*#+,c$ ,& $0$c"#'(-,./%c# %&s"'&"7&$# c'+' ,&# +$ (#s '*#/'s ),$+$ %&0(,%* +$ +%s"%&"'s 0#*/'s $& (#s /,&+#ss,"%($s Es"#s '*#/'s ),$+$& "*'&s0$*%*s$ )#* /$+%# +$ )$*0,/$s9 ;($#s9 s'8,/$*%#s9 %&c%$&s#s9$"c

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L#s /6"#+#s +$ $<"*'cc%;& c#&3$&c%#&'($s $/)($'+#s "'&"# ' &%3$( %&+,s"*%'( c#/# '&%3$( +$ ('5#*'"#*%#9 ,"%(%>'& c#s"#s#s ";<%c#s s#(3$&"$s #*17&%c#s9 &#c%3#s "'&"# )'*' (' s'(,+8,/'&' c#/# )'*' $( /$+%# '/5%$&"$ A+$/7s s$ 'c#/)'?'& +$ '("'s "$/)$*'",*'s -,$'c$($*'& (' +$1*'+'c%;& +$ (#s )*#+,c"#s +$ %&"$*6s (' 0#*/'c%;& +$ %/),*$>'s

Ac",'(/$&"$ s$ 8' )*#/#3%+# (' %&3$s"%1'c%;& +$ &,$3's "$c&#(#1.'s /7s *$s)$",#s'sc#& $( /$+%# '/5%$&"$9 -,$ &# *$)*$s$&"$& &%&12& *%$s1# )'*' (' s'(,+ 1'*'&"%c$& ,&' c'(%+'+s,)$*%#* +$ (#s )*#+,c"#s E&"*$ $(('s $/$*1$ (' (('/'+' "$c&#(#1.' +$ 0(,%+#s s,)$*c*."%c#s9 5's'+' $& (' ,"%(%>'c%;& +$ ,& 0(,%+#9 )*$c%s'/$&"$ s,)$*c*."%c#9 c#/# +%s#(3$&"$ '("$*&'"%3#9s%$&+# $( /7s ,"%(%>'+# $( +%;<%+# +$ c'*5#&#9 CO@9 s,)$*c*."%c#





ACEITES ESENCIALES

DEFINICIÓN

L#s Ac$%"$s Es$&c%'($s # $s$&c%'s 3$1$"'($s s#& )*#+,c"#s -,./%c#s -,$ 0#*/'& ('s$s$&c%'s #+#*.0$*'s +$ ,& 1*'& &2/$*# +$ 3$1$"'($s E( "6*/%&# 'c$%"$ $s$&c%'( s$ ')(%c' "'/5%6&' ('s s,s"'&c%'s s%&"6"%c's s%/%('*$s )*$)'*'+'s ' )'*"%* +$( '(-,%"*7& +$ 8,(('9 ' ('s s,s"'&c%'ss$/%s%&"6"%c's )*$)'*'+'s ' )'*"%* +$ (#s 'c$%"$s &'",*'($s $s$&c%'($s

L#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s s#& (.-,%+#s 3#(7"%($s9 $& s, /'#*.' %&s#(,5($s $& '1,'9 )$*#07c%(/$&"$ s#(,5($s $& '(c#8#(9 6"$* 'c$%"$s 3$1$"'($s /%&$*'($s P#* (# 1$&$*'( &# s#&#($#s#s '( "'c"# P,$+$& '1*,)'*s$ $& c%&c# c('s$s9 +$)$&+%$&+# +$ s, $s"*,c",*' -,./%c':

'(c#8#($s9 6s"$*$s9 '(+$8.+#s9 c$"#&'s ('c"#&'s ;<%+#s

ORIGEN

L's )('&"'s $('5#*'& (#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s c#& $( 0%& +$ )*#"$1$*s$ +$ ('s $&0$*/$+'+$s9'8,$&"'* %&s$c"#s +$)*$+'+#*$s # '"*'$* %&s$c"#s 5$&60%c#s -,$ c#&"*%5,$& ' (' )#(%&%>'c%;&

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizaci%C3%83%C2%B3n

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizaci%C3%83%C2%B3n





L#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s s#& c'*'c"$*.s"%c#s +$ (#s /'1&#(%'($s9 (#s (',*'($s9 (#s',s"*#5'%($'($s9 (#s )%)$*'($s9 "'/5%6& +$ '(1,&'s 0'/%(%'s &# $/)'*$&"'+'s c#& $s"#s;*+$&$s9 c#/# M*"'c$'$9 R,"'c$'$9 ('s 0'/%(%'s +$ ')%'($s9 L'/%'c$'$9 V$*5$&'c$'$ As"$*'c$'$

Es"7& )*$s$&"$s $& +%s"%&"'s )'*"$s +$ (' )('&"':

$& ('s 0(#*$s c#/# $& $( c's# +$ (' ('3'&+'9 $( ='>/.& (' *#s' $& "#+# $( 7*5#( c#/# s,c$+$ c#& $( $,c'(%)",s $& ('s 8#='s (' c%"*#&$('

$& (' /'+$*' $( s7&+'(# $& (' *'.> $( 3$"%3$* $& (' *$s%&' -,$ $<8,+'& $( %&c%$&s#9 (' /%**' $( 5$&=,. $& (' c7sc'*' +$ (#s 0*,"#s $( (%/;&9 (' &'*'&=' (' 5$*1'/#"'

D$&"*# +$ (#s "$=%+#s 3$1$"'"%3#s9 s$ $&c,$&"*'& $& c6(,('s $s06*%c's # +%0$*$&"$s

c'3%+'+$s # c'&'($s $& $( )'*6&-,%/'9 c,'&+# +'& $( #(#* ' ('s 0(#*$s9 s$ $&c,$&"*'& $& ('s1(7&+,('s #+#*.0$*'s9 +$s+$ +#&+$ s#& (%5$*'+#s

NOMENCLATURA

S$ +$&#/%&'& c#& $( /%s/# &#/5*$ +$ (' )('&"' +$ #*%1$&: 'c$%"$ $s$&c%'( +$ ('3'&+'9'c$%"$ $s$&c%'( +$ (%/;&9 'c$%"$ $s$&c%'( +$ >'&'8#*%'9 $"c

D$ '(1,&'s )('&"'s s$ $<"*'$ /7s +$ ,& 'c$%"$ $s$&c%'(9 $& c,# c's# $( &#/5*$ 3'*.'P#* $=$/)(#9 +$ ('s 0(#*$s +$( &'*'&=# s$ $<"*'$&: )#* +$s"%('c%;&9 $( &$*#(. # '>'8'* )#* +$s"%('c%;& +$ (#s 0*,"#s *$c%6& 0#*/'+#s9 $( petit grain9 +$ (' c7sc'*' # c#*"$>' +$ (#s 0*,"#s9 $('c$%"$ $s$&c%'( +$ &'*'&=#

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliales


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurales


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrobaileyales

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperales

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaceae

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiales


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbenaceae

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavanda

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazm%C3%83%C2%ADn

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucaliptus

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronela


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%83%C2%A1ndalo

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetiver


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incienso

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benju%C3%83%C2%AD


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_%C3%83%E2%80%94_limon


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naranja_(fruta)


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamota


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%83%C2%A9nquima


http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerol%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azahar

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit_grain&action=edit&redlink=1




http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrobaileyales

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperales

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutaceae


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbenaceae



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavanda

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazm%C3%83%C2%ADn

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucaliptus


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%83%C2%A1ndalo


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incienso

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirra






http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerol%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azahar






E& '(1,&#s c's#s $s &$c$s'*%# *$c,**%* ' (' &#/$&c('",*' 5#"7&%c' )'*' $3%"'* c#&0,s%#&$s P#* $=$/)(#9 $( 'c$%"$ $s$&c%'( +$ )'(# +$ *#s' )*#3%$&$ +$ (' )('&"' Aniba

roseadora9 -,$ &# "%$&$ &%&12& )'*$&"$sc# c#& (' *#s' +$ ='*+.& -,$ c#&#c$/#s

ESTRUCTURA QUÍMICA

Es"*,c",*' /#($c,('* +$( %s#)*$&#9 (' ,&%+'+ -,./%c' +$ (#s "$*)$&#%+$s9 c#/),$s"# )*%&c%)'( +$ (#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s

Es"7& 0#*/'+#s )*%&c%)'(/$&"$ )#* "$*)$&#%+$s 3#(7"%($s9 0#*/'+#s )#* ,&%+'+$s +$

%s#)*$&# ,&%+'s $& $s"*,c",*'s +$ c'*5#&#s /#&#"$*)$&#%+$s ! c'*5#&#ss$s-,%"$*)$&#%+$s L's s,s"'&c%'s *$s)#&s'5($s +$( #(#* s,$($& )#s$$* $& s, $s"*,c",*' -,./%c'1*,)#s 0,&c%#&'($s c'*'c"$*.s"%c#s: '(+$8.+#s9 c$"#&'s9 6s"$*$s9 $"c

C'+' 'c$%"$ (# %&"$1*'& )#* (# /$&#s c#/),$s"#s -,./%c#s +%0$*$&"$s9 c('s%0%c'+#sc#/# '(+$8.+#s9 0$&#($s9 ;<%+#s9 6s"$*$s9 c6"#&'s9 '(c#8#($s "$*)$&#s T'/5%6& ),$+$ 8'5$* /,c8#s c#/),$s"#s '2& )#* %+$&"%0%c'*

COMPOSICIÓN

T$*)$&#s D$*%3'+#s +$( 0$&%( )*#)'&# #"*#s c#/),$s"#s T$*)$&#s: S#& +$*%3'+#s +$( %s#)*$&#9 +%"$*)$&#s9 s$s-,%"$*)$&#s9 +%#&#"$*)$&#s

D$*%3'+#s +$( 0$&%()*#)'&#: '(+$8%+# '&.s%c#9 $,1$&#(

DIFERENCIAS ACEITES ESENCIALES Y GRASAS

L#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s /7s 3#(7"%($s L's 1*'s's s')#&%0%c'5($s L's 1*'s's +$='& /'&c8' )$*/'&$&"$ $& $( )')$( L's 1*'s's s,0*$& $&*'&c%'/%$&"# L#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s s#(,5($s $& '(c#8#(

PROPIEDADES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DE LOS ACEITES ESENCIALES

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_bot%C3%83%C2%A1nico


http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aniba_roseadora&action=edit&redlink=1


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopreno

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoide

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoides


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpenoides

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquiterpenoides

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeh%C3%83%C2%ADdo

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetona


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%83%E2%80%B0ster





http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoide

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoides


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpenoides

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquiterpenoides

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeh%C3%83%C2%ADdo


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%83%E2%80%B0ster





L's )*#)%$+'+$s 0.s%c#-,./%c's +$ (#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s # $s$&c%'s s#& /, +%3$*s's9 ),$s"# -,$ $( 1*,)# $&1(#5' s,5s"'&c%'s /, 8$"$*#16&$'s9 +$ ('s -,$ $& (' $s$&c%' +$ ,&' )('&"'9 )*7c"%c'/$&"$ ),$+$ $&c#&"*'*s$ s#(# ,&' $& (' 1',("$*%' 8' +$ s'(%c%('"# +$/$"%(# (' $s$&c%' +$ c'&$(' c#&"%$&$ /7s +$ ! +$ c%&'/'(+$8.+# # /7s +$ c#/),$s"#sc#/# $& (' +$ ='>/.& # $& (' +$ /'&>'&%(('

E( *$&+%/%$&"# +$ $s$&c%' #5"$&%+# +$ ,&' )('&"' 3'*.' +$ ,&'s c,'&"'s /%(6s%/'s )#* c%$&"# +$ )$s# 3$1$"'( 8's"' L' c#/)#s%c%;& +$ ,&' $s$&c%' ),$+$ c'/5%'* c#& (' 6)#c'+$ (' *$c#($cc%;&9 $( (,1'* 1$#1*70%c# # )$-,$?#s c'/5%#s 1$&6"%c#s E& 1%/&#s)$*/'s '&1%#s)$*/'s $s +#&+$ ')'*$c$& ('s )*%&c%)'($s $s)$c%$s -,$ c#&"%$&$& 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s9+%s"*%5,6&+#s$ +$&"*# +$ ,&'s K 0'/%(%'s S#& )'*"%c,('*/$&"$ *%c's $& $s$&c%'s ('s )%&7c$'s9

(',*7c$'s9 /%*"7c$'s9 ('5%7c$'s9 ,/5$(.0$*'s9 *,"7c$'s 's"$*'c$'s P'*' %(,s"*'* ('s 3'*%'+'s$s"*,c",*'s -,$ ),$+$& $&c#&"*'*s$ $& (#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s9 s$ 3$*7& ('s )*%&c%)'($s c#&"$&%+'s$& (' $s$&c%' +$ *#/$*# +$( Rosmarinus officinalis ): 8' )%&$&# '9 c'&0$&# 59 c%&$#( c9(%/#&$&# +9 '(c'&0#* $9 5#*&$#( 0% s, 'c$"'"#9 c'*%#0%($&# 1 E& (' $s$&c%' +$ /$&"' +$

Mentha piperita ) s$ $&c,$&"*' /$&"#( 89 *&$&"#&' %9 0$('&+*$&# =9 c'+%&$&# 9 (%/#&$&#+9 )%&$&# '9 /$&"#(0,*'&# /9 %s#3'($*%'&'(+$8.+# 9 c'*%#0%($&# 19 $"%(&'/%(c'*5%&#( $%s#3'($*%'&'"# +$ /$"%(# E& (' $s$&c%' +$ '&.s ( Pimpinella anisum ) 8' '&$"#( & 9$s"*'1#( #9 '&%s#&' )9 )/$"#<%0$&#(9 $,1$&#( -9 '&%s'(+$8.+# * 3'%&%((%&' s O"*'ss,5s"'&c%'s %&"$*$s'&"$s s#&: (' &$)$"'('c"#&' +$ Nepeta catoria) 5%s'5#($&# ,9 8,/,($&# ,(Humulus lupulus), 3$"%3#&' +$ Vetiveria zizanioides) >$*,/5#&# +$ Zingiber zerumbei )

PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS:

• L.-,%+#s ' "$/)$*'",*' '/5%$&"$• V#(7"%($s• R$c%6& +$s"%('+#s s#& %&c#(#*#s # (%1$*'/$&"$ '/'*%(($&"#s• D$&s%+'+ %&0$*%#* ' (' +$( '1,'• A("# .&+%c$ +$ *$0*'cc%;&• M, )#c# s#(,5($s $& '1,'9 )$*# ($ c#/,&%c'& $( '*#/'

• S#(,5($s $& '(c#8#( +$ '("# • S#(,5($ $& 'c$%"$s 0%=#s # 1*'s's

COMO SE OBTIENEN LOS ACEITES ESENCIALES

P'*' #5"$&$*(#s +$ (' 0,$&"$ &'",*'(9 s$ ,"%(%>'& )*%&c%)'(/$&"$ +#s /6"#+#s:

• D$s"%('c%;& $& c#**%$&"$ +$ 3')#* # )#* '**'s"*$ +$ 3')#*

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%83%C2%B3n







• E<"*'cc%;&9 -,$ ),$+$ s$* )#* )*$s%;& $& 0*.# $<)*%/%$&+# s%& c'($&"'*9 )#* enfleurage9 $&"*$ #"*#s

S#& /, c#&c$&"*'+#s9 )#* (# -,$ s;(# s$ &$c$s%"'& )$-,$?'s c'&"%+'+$s )'*' (#1*'* $($0$c"# +$s$'+# +$( #*+$& +$ (#s /%(%1*'/#s

T'/5%6& s$ ),$+$& s%&"$"%>'* $& 0#*/' '*"%0%c%'(9 -,$ $s (' /'&$*' /7s 8'5%",'( +$#5"$&$*(#s9 +$5%+# ' -,$ (' 1*'& +$/'&+' +$ $s"#s )*#+,c"#s &# (($1' ' s$* '5's"$c%+' )#* ('s0,$&"$s &'",*'($s

FUENTES

L#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s )*#c$+$& +$ ('s 0(#*$s9 0*,"#s9 8#='s9 *'.c$s9 s$/%(('s c#*"$>' +$(#s 3$1$"'($s E( 'c$%"$ +$ $s)(%$1#9 )#* $=$/)(#9 )*#c$+$ +$ ,&' 0(#*9 $( 'c$%"$ +$ )'c8,(.9 +$,&' 8#='9 $( 'c$%"$ +$ &'*'&='9 +$ ,& 0*,"# L#s 'c$%"$s s$ 0#*/'& $& ('s )'*"$s 3$*+$s c#&c(#*#0%(' +$( 3$1$"'( '( c*$c$* (' )('&"' s#& "*'&s)#*"'+'s ' #"*#s "$=%+#s9 $& c#&c*$"# ' (#s 5*#"$s $& 0(#*

S$ +$sc#&#c$ (' 0,&c%;& $<'c"' +$ ,& 'c$%"$ $s$&c%'( $& ,& 3$1$"'( ),$+$ s$* )'*' '"*'$* (#s %&s$c"#s )'*' (' )#(%&%>'c%;&9 # )'*' *$)$($* ' (#s %&s$c"#s &#c%3#s9 # ),$+$ s$* s%/)($/$&"$,& )*#+,c"# /$"'5;(%c# %&"$*/$+%#

CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS ACEITES ESENCIALES

L#s 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s s$ c('s%0%c'& c#& 5's$ $& +%0$*$&"$s c*%"$*%#s: c#&s%s"$&c%'9 #*%1$& &'",*'($>' -,./%c' +$ (#s c#/)#&$&"$s /'#*%"'*%#s

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracci%C3%83%C2%B3n

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presi%C3%B3n_en_fr%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1



http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enfleurage&action=edit&redlink=1

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracci%C3%83%C2%B3n


http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enfleurage&action=edit&redlink=1





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EXTRACCIÓN CON FLUIDOS SUPERCRÍTICOS

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CONCLUSIONES

• L' $<"*'cc%;& )#* 0(,%+#s s,)$*c*."%c#s $s ,&' #)$*'c%;& ,&%"'*%' -,$ $<)(#"' $( )#+$*

+%s#(3$&"$ +$ 0(,%+#s s,)$*c*."%c#s $& c#&+%c%#&$s $&c%/' +$ s, "$/)$*'",*' )*$s%;&c*."%c's

• L' $<"*'cc%;& $s /7s *7)%+' -,$ c#& (' ,"%(%>'c%;& +$ +%s#(3$&"$s #*17&%c#sc#&3$&c%#&'($s9 +$5%+# ' (' '("' 3#('"%(%+'+ +$ (#s 0(,%+#s s,)$*c*."%c#s 1's$s $&c#&+%c%#&$s '/5%$&"'($s &#*/'($s ' ('s )*#)%$+'+$s +$ "*'&s)#*"$ /$=#*'+'s '("'+%0,s%3%+'+ 5'=' 3%sc#s%+'+

• L' $<"*'cc%;& +$ 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s )#* 0(,%+# s,)$*c*."%c# )*#+,c$ '("# *$&+%/%$&"#9

$c#(;1%c'/$&"$ (%/)%#9 $( s#(3$&"$ s$ $(%/%&' 07c%(/$&"$ s$ ),$+$ *$,"%(%>'*9 s$,"%(%>'& )'*' (' $<"*'cc%;& 5'='s "$/)$*'",*'s9 -,./%c'/$&"$ &# s$ /#+%0%c'& (#sc#/)#&$&"$s +$ (' $s$&c%'9 *$+,c$ (#s *$-,$*%/%$&"#s +$ $&$*1.' +$ (' +$s"%('c%;&

• D$ "#+#s (#s s#(3$&"$s s,)$*c*."%c#s9 $( +%;<%+# +$ c'*5#&# $s $( /7s %&3$s"%1'+#9

+$5%+# ' -,$ &# $s ,& $($/$&"# ";<%c# &% %&0('/'5($9 &# )$*=,+%c' (' &'",*'($>' &#

*$-,%$*$ +$ ,& $-,%)# +$/'s%'+# s#0%s"%c'+# )'*' c,/)(%* s, /%s%;& +$ '**'s"*$ +$'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s )*$s$&"' )*#)%$+'+$s 0%s%c#-,./%c's )*#)%'s +$ (#s 1's$s (#s(%-,%+'s9 (# -,$ (# c#&3%$*"$ $& ,& s#(3$&"$ /, 3$*s7"%( $& )*#c$s#s +$ s$)'*'c%;& $s )#s%5($ *$'(%>'* $<"*'cc%#&$s s$($c"%3's ' "$/)$*'",*'s /$&#*$s +$ @ 4C )*$s%#&$s0(,c",'&"$s $&"*$ K ! 5'*

• L#s $<"*'c"#s s,)$*c*."%c#s +$ $s)$c%'s &'",*'($s s#& %&&#3'c%;& -,$ *$)$*c,"$

0'3#*'5($/$&"$ $& $( 5%&#/%# c'(%+'+c#s"# +$ (#s '(%/$&"#s9 s%$&+# )#* "'&"# +$ 1*'&,"%(%+'+ $& (' %&+,s"*%' '(%/$&"'*%'

BIBLIOGRAFÍA





A&16(%c' Es-,%3$(9 P$+*# V'*1's Us# +$ 'c$%"$s $s$&c%'($s $<"*'.+#s )#* /$+%#

+$ 0(,%+#s s,)$*c*."%c#s )'*' (' $('5#*'c%;& +$ '(%/$&"#s 0,&c%#&'($s

T$c&#(#1.' $& M'*c8' V#( @ Oc",5*$ D%c%$/5*$ @ P !P71%&'s $5

8""):*$)#s%"#*%#s$&'$+,c#s%"%#s%&"*#+,cc%#&%&+,s"*%''c$%"$s$s$&c%'($s

)('&"'s/$+%c%&'($s'*#/'"%c's 8""):*$3%s"'s"$c'cc*%&+$<)8)"$c/'*c8''*"%c($3%$F%($!

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