Extinction & Recovery Chapter 6 Extinction Procedure Extinction can be used as an intervention to reduce behavior Reinforcement must precede use of extinction Lucille, the restless resident BeforeBehaviorAfter Lucille has no attention Lucille enters nurses office Lucille has attention Lucille has no attention Lucille enters nurses office Lucille has no attention Extinction Principle Stopping the reinforcement or escape contingency for a previously reinforced response causes the response frequency to decrease Examples of Extinction Stop writing with pen when it runs out of ink Stop calling friend who never answers Stop trying to push down clutch on car that has an automatic shift Examples of Extinction Stop trying to open a locked door with the wrong key Stop fiddling with a broken TV Solving Problems of Behavioral Excess Behavior can be multiply maintained Functional Assessment Generic contingency for running away Before: Setting & conditions in the before room Behavior: Running Away After: Setting & conditions in the after room Define Running Away Leaving classroom? Leaving classroom without permission? Running and leaving the classroom without permission? Running and leaving assigned area without permission? Functional Assessment Running away - ATTENTION Before: Josh receives little attention Behavior: Josh runs away After: Josh receives much attention Functional Assessment Running away - TANGIBLE Before: Josh has no toys, chips, etc. Behavior: Josh runs away After: Josh has toys, chips, etc. Functional Assessment ConditionBefore roomConsequence Attention in the after room Tangibles in the after room Ignore in the before room Play in the before room Functional Assessment ConditionBefore roomConsequence Attention in the after room Josh given toys & asked to play quietly T. followed him, reprimanded, brought back, NO TANGIBLES Tangibles in the after room Ignore in the before room Play in the before room Functional Assessment ConditionBefore roomConsequence Attention in the after room Josh given toys & asked to play quietly T. followed him, reprimanded, brought back, NO TANGIBLES Tangibles in the after room Josh given toys & asked to play quietly J. Allowed to eat chips and play with toys NO ATTENTION Ignore in the before room Play in the before room Functional Assessment ConditionBefore roomConsequence Attention in the after room Josh given toys & asked to play quietly T. followed him, reprimanded, brought back, NO TANGIBLES Tangibles in the after room Josh given toys & asked to play quietly J. Allowed to eat chips and play with toys NO ATTENTION Ignore in the before room T. & Josh sat in the Before Room. No other materials present. NO ATTENTION NO TANGIBLES Play in the before room Functional Assessment ConditionBefore roomConsequence Attention in the after room Josh given toys & asked to play quietly T. followed him, reprimanded, brought back, NO TANGIBLES Tangibles in the after room Josh given toys & asked to play quietly J. Allowed to eat chips and play with toys NO ATTENTION Ignore in the before room T. & Josh sat in the Before Room. No other materials present. NO ATTENTION NO TANGIBLES Play in the before room T & Josh sat playing & each minute without running away, T. gave praise & chips NO ATTENTION NO TANGIBLES Possible Outcome of Functional Assessment #1 Possible Outcome of Functional Assessment #2 Possible Outcome of Functional Assessment #3 Possible Outcome of Functional Assessment #4 Actual Findings of Functional Assessment Intervention Running away Before: Josh receives little attention Behavior: Josh runs away After: Josh receives little attention Intervention II Running away Before: Josh has no toys, chips, etc. Behavior: Josh runs away After: Josh has no toys, chips, etc. In Addition Running away Before: Josh has no attention & praise Behavior: Josh plays with toys in room After: Josh has attention & praise Results of Extinction Intervention Reduction of behavior of running away Functional assessment led to use of interventions functionally related to the maladaptive response of running away. BaselineIntervention Extinction Bursts Initial increases in the response frequency, magnitude, or intensity, especially if that response has an emotional Or aggressive component. BaselineIntervention BaselineIntervention Extinction Burst Spontaneous Recovery A temporary recovery of the extinguished behavior during the first part of extinction sessions that follow the first session. BaselineIntervention Spontaneous Recovery BaselineIntervention Spontaneous Recovery Extinction What will happen if baseline contingencies occur during spontaneous recovery? What will happen if baseline contingencies occur during an extinction burst? REVIEW Time-Out Before: Nephew is at breakfast table Behavior: Nephew swears After: Nephew is not at breakfast table Punishment Before: Player not called for foul Behavior: Player hangs on rim After: Player called for foul Reinforcement Before: Nephew has no lox & bagel Behavior: Nephew swears After: Nephew has lox & bagel Extinction Before: Nephew has no lox & bagel Behavior: Nephew swears After: Nephew has no lox & bagel Extinction from Negative Reinforcement Before: Tammy is given task demands Behavior: Tammy cries After: Tammy is given task demands Punishment by the withholding of a reinforcer Before: Nephew will get dessert Behavior: Nephew swears After: Nephew wont get dessert Extinction vs. response cost & time-out Procedure Process or Results Extinction Stop giving reinforcer maintaining the behavior Response frequency decreases Extinction burst & spontaneous recovery Response Cost Contingent loss of reinforcer currently possessed Rate may decrease rapidly Time-out Contingent removal of access to a reinforcer Rate may decrease rapidly Recovery from Punishment Stopping the punishment or penalty contingency for a previously punished response causes the response frequency to increase to its frequency before the punishment or penalty contingency Can you draw a graph that illustrates this? Recovery from Punishment vs. Spontaneous Recovery ProcedureResults To eliminate recovery Recovery from punishment Stop the punishment contingency Response rate recovers to level before punishment Start the punishment contingency again Spontaneous Recovery Continue the extinction condition Response rate recovers briefly at the beginning of every session Continue the extinction sessions In extinction following either reinforcement or escape training, everything stays the same, except the response no longer has any effect. Extinction of Escape Maintained Aggression Before: Bob Receives Instruction Behavior: Bob Aggresses After: Bob receives no more instructions After: Bob receives instructions Carr Newsom & Binkoff Assessment Extinction from Negative Reinforcement Extinction vs. Forgetting Forgetting procedure Preventing the opportunity for a response Results expected from forgetting procedure Expect a decreased frequency of a response following a period when the response could not occur. Is this what happens? Extinction vs. Forgetting ProcedureResults ExtinctionWithhold the reinforcer Response frequency decreases ForgettingRemove the opportunity for a response Response contingency should decrease Forgetting Forget forgetting, there is no such thing.