David A. KlingerSenior Research Scientist

Police Foundation, Washington, DCand

Associate Professor, UMSL

Deadly force is ultimate police power Officer safety Community concerns Organizational legitimacy

Internal External

Local Government State Government Federal Government Litigation

People inside organization have myopia Internal reviewers often lack:

Internal legitimacy External legitimacy

External reviewers typically have: Broader vision of issues at hand More expertise (because they focus on specific

issue) Greater external legitimacy, and (sometimes) greater internal legitimacy Independence from power structure (agency and

relevant government entity) External can thus give unvarnished

assessment

Specific Cases Robert Baldwin (SPD SWAT OIS) Cobb County (2 officers murdered) Nathaniel Jones (Cincinnati in-custody death)

Specific Units Albuquerque SWAT LAPD SWAT

Entire Agency Portland Denver

Boundaries between 3 types not clear-cut Single cases often kick off broader inquiry

Can be of unit (Baldwin) Can be of agency (Rodney King)

Unit inquiries often rooted in specific cases and can look at agency writ large

Entire agency review will often look at specific cases (Denver and Portland)

Whatever sort, virtually always broader, agency level issues are addressed

Agency UOF policy Breadth, scope, and particular provisions

Agency UOF review practices Investigations, case review process, tracking

Scene management Training & Qualification

Practices, policy, tactics Case patterns: Both positive and negative

Review policy statements UOF guidelines UOF investigations UOF review process

Review practices UOF training UOF investigations UOF review process

Review incidents

Review policy statements Simply read and compare to models

Review practices Read case files and correspondence re: cases Interview trainers, investigators, folk in review

loop Interview line officers (they blow less smoke)

Incident review Look for patterns of good/bad

Tactics Communication Firearms discharges Repeat Individuals

There is much to learn from outsiders ID problems ID strengths

Outsiders can provide legitimacy External Internal

Various sources Consulting firms (PARC, Rand) Associations (NTOA, IACP) Independent research groups (Police Foundation) Individual vendors (University prof’s, retired

LEO’s)

Professor David KlingerSenior Research Scientist

The Police Foundation1201 Connecticut Avenue NW

Washington, DC 20036202-721-9779

dklingerd@policefoundation.orgwww.killzonevoices.com