extending the american revolution overseas
TRANSCRIPT
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Extending the American
Revolution Overseas:
Little-known Origins of U.S Foreign
Assistance and Lessons for Today
Summary
JOHN A. SANBRAILOEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
PAN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION
USAID ALUMNI MEETING
JANUARY 30, 2014
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Foreign Aid Origins • “Foreign aid as we know it began as an instrument of Cold
War diplomacy. Without the Cold War, aid would likely
not exist today…..”Carol Lancaster
“Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development,
Domestic Politics “ (2007)
• Foreign aid is an expression of the American
revolutionary tradition and America’s revolutionary
mission in the world.
Gordon Wood,
“Why America Wants to Spread
Democracy Around the World” (2011)
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3
“Majestic Moment”Foreign Aid “Begins”
Late 1940s
• Bretton Woods System (IMF, IBRD, GATT)
• Other Multilaterals (UN,WHO, FAO)
• Truman Doctrine: Aid to Greece & Turkey (ECA)
• Marshall Plan/Europe (ECA)
• Dodge Plan/Japan (military/ECA)
• Point Four: Underdeveloped Countries (TCA)
• Export-Import Bank: Financing Development
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“Battle of Bretton Woods”1944-1945
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
4
John Maynard Keynes1883-1946
Harry Dexter White1892-1948
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Foreign Aid Pioneers • Founding Fathers
• 19th Century Advocates
• Progressive Reformers (1900-1930)
• New Deal Reformers (1930s-1940s)
……………
• “Majestic Moment”(late 1940s & 1950s)
• USAID (1961-2011)
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Development Philosophers
“Founding Fathers”
Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Benjamin Franklin
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Foreign Humanitarian & Disaster Aid 1790s – 1890s
• 1793: Aid to Haitian Refugees
• 1812: Aid to Venezuela earthquake victims
• 1820s: “Greek Fever” & support for Greek independence
• 1848: Response to Irish Famine
• 1862: Aid to English textile workers (“cotton famine”)
• 1870: Franco-Prussian War & Clara Barton (ARC)
• 1880-90s: Ireland, Russia, India, Armenia, Cuba
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Foreign Aid Advocates1800s-1890s
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Joel R. Poinsett1779-1851
Henry Clay1777-1852
Henry Carey1793-1879
James Blaine1889-1892
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Foreign Aid Rejected“A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court”
1889
9
Mark Twain 1835-1910
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Progressive Reformers AbroadNation-Building, Food Aid & Governance
1900s-1920s
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Herbert Hoover1874-1964
Edwin Kemmerer1875-1945
Leonard Wood1860-1927
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New Deal Reformers Overseas
• Franklin Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms & Atlantic Charter
• Harry Hopkins & Lend-Lease Aid
• Henry Wallace in Mexico, IICA & Bureau for Economic Warfare
• Nelson Rockefeller & Institute for Inter-American Affairs
• Harry Dexter White: From LAC to Bretton Woods
• Guy Rexford Tugwell & Modernization of Puerto Rico
• David Lilienthal & TVA Expands Overseas
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1930s-1940s
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Franklin Roosevelt “Four Freedoms Overseas”
Henry Wallace “Century of the Common Man”
1940s
12
Franklin Roosevelt 1882-1945
Henry Wallace1888-1965
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Foreign AidFrom WW II to Cold War
1940s
WW II Post-War• Atlantic Charter (1941) Bretton Woods (1944)
• US Exim Bank IMF/ IBRD
• Inter-American System UN/WHO/FAO
• Lend-Lease/BEW Marshall Plan/ECA (ARA)
• IIAA (1942-49) Point IV/TCA (1950s)
• US Exim Bank Exim-DLF (1950s)
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Post – WW IIForeign Aid Advocates
1945-1950
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George Marshall1880-1959
Harry Truman1884-1972
Benjamin Hardy1906-1951
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Conclusions• Foreign Aid deeply rooted in American history
• Inspired by principles of American Revolution
• Mixture of idealistic/realistic impulses in foreign policy
• Lessons from 200+ years of spreading democracy &
development around the world
• To know what we have done is to know who we are
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Recommendations• Recognize History Matters
• Build a “learning organization” on lessons from past
• Establish USAID Office of the Historian
• Place foreign aid policies/programs in historic context
• Develop lessons learned in systematic manner
• Draw on past to guide programming/training
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END SUMMARY
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Extending the American
Revolution Overseas:
Little-known Origins of U.S Foreign
Assistance and Lessons for Today
JOHN A. SANBRAILOEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
PAN AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION
USAID ALUMNI MEETING
JANUARY 30, 2014
18
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Where are we? Pan American Development Foundation (1962)
Organization of American of States (1948)
Pan American Sanitation Bureau (1902)
Inter-American System/Pan American Union (1890)
Incubator of Multilateralism & Development
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History Matters“War Stories”
• Inter-American System (1890s)
• Kemmerer Missions (1920s)
• Point Four (1950s)
• Taiwan miracle (1950s)
• Alliance for Progress (1960s)
• Colombia & Central America Peace Accords
• CDIE/DEC & USAID Mission Libraries
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Foreign Aid Origins • “Foreign aid as we know it began as an instrument of Cold
War diplomacy. Without the Cold War, aid would likely
not exist today…..”Carol Lancaster
“Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development,
Domestic Politics “ (2007)
• Foreign aid is an expression of the American
revolutionary tradition and America’s revolutionary
mission in the world.
Gordon Wood,
“Why America Wants to Spread
Democracy Around the World” (2011)
21
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“Majestic Moment”Foreign Aid “Begins”
Late 1940s
• Bretton Woods System (IMF, IBRD, GATT)
• Other Multilaterals (UN,WHO, FAO)
• Truman Doctrine: Aid to Greece & Turkey (ECA)
• Marshall Plan/Europe (ECA)
• Dodge Plan/Japan (military/ECA)
• Point Four: Underdeveloped Countries (TCA)
• Export-Import Bank: Financing Development
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“Battle of Bretton Woods”1944-1945
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
23
John Maynard Keynes1883-1946
Harry Dexter White1892-1948
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Foreign Aid Pioneers
• Founding Fathers
• 19th Century Advocates
• Progressive Reformers (1900-1930)
• New Deal Reformers (1930s-1940s)
……………
• “Majestic Moment”(late 1940s & 1950s)
• USAID (1961-2011)
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Development Philosophers
“Founding Fathers”
Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Benjamin Franklin
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Earliest Foreign Aid
• 1789: Jefferson & Lafayette: “Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen”: “…this ball of liberty will roll around the world…”
• 1793: Aid to Haitian refugees
• 1800: Hamilton & Haiti’s first Constitution
• 1800s: “We desire …to instruct you in whatever we know…We
wish you to learn all our arts and to make you wise and
wealthy…” Jefferson to Indian nations & overseas.
• 1804: Small pox vaccinations to Indian tribes Lewis & Clark
• 1806: Joel Poinsett, Mission to Russia
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1789s-1800s
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“Echoing Jefferson” Foreign Aid: 21st Century
• “….our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the
freedom of every soul on Earth….
“We will support democracy from Asia to Africa; from the
Americas to the Middle East, because our interests and our
conscience compel us to act on behalf of those who long for
freedom.” Barack ObamaJanuary 2013
• “…..the survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on
the success of liberty in other lands…”George W. Bush
January 2005
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Foreign Aid Expands
• 1810: Joel Poinsett & “Nation-Building” in Chile
• 1812: Aid for Venezuela earthquake victims
• 1810s: American Board of Foreign Missions & ABS
• 1819: Aid for Nation-Building in Liberia & ACS
• 1820: Henry Clay proposes International Cooperation
• 1820s-1830s: Democracy Promotion in Mexico &
American advisors overseas
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1810s-1830s
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Early Foreign Aid Advocates1810s-1830s
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Joel R. Poinsett1779-1851
Henry Clay1777-1852
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Early Foreign Aid Advisors1820s-1860s
Isaac W. Wheelwright1801-1890
William Wheelwright1798-1873
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Foreign Humanitarian & Disaster Aid 1810s – 1890s
• 1812: Aid to Venezuela earthquake victims
• 1820s: “Greek Fever” & support for Greek independence
• 1848: Response to Irish Famine
• 1862: Aid to English textile workers (“cotton famine”)
• 1868: Earthquake/tidal wave in Peru-Ecuador
• 1870: Franco-Prussian War & Clara Barton (ARC)
• 1880s-1890s: Ireland, Russia, India, Armenia, Cuba
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Lincoln’s Economist Overseas
• Henry Carey & “American School of Economics”
• Carey’s proposals to Germany, Japan, Russia
• Assistance to Bismark & Unification of Germany
• Support for Nation-Building in Japan
• U.S. Technical Advisors in Japan: Erasmus Peshine Smith,
General Horace Capron, others (1870s):
• Philadelphia Centennial (1876)
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1860s – 1870s
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Lincoln’s Economist Overseas 1860s
33
Abraham Lincoln1809-1865
Henry Carey1793-1879
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Grant Administration1870s
• Modernization of Japan & goodwill tour 1879
• Isthmian Canal & Development of Central America
• Proposed Annexation of Dominican Republic
• Extending American Red Cross Overseas
• Smithsonian Institution Abroad
• Chinese Education Mission to the U.S.
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Grant’s Advisors Overseas1870s
Ulysses S. Grant1822–1885
E. Peshine Smith1814-1882
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Foreign Aid Expands1880s -1890s
• Charles Murphy: “Corn Evangelist” in Europe
• Gerow Brill in China (Cornell University)
• David Lubin & International Institute of Agriculture
• James Blaine & Inter-American System (1890)
• Pan American Development Agencies (PASB, Railroad)
• Columbian Exposition in Chicago (1893)
• Aid to Cuba & Spanish-American War (1898)
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Foreign Aid Rejected“A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court”
1889
37
Mark Twain 1835-1910
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Progressive Reformers Abroad 1898 – 1920s
• Leonard Wood & Nation-Building in Caribbean/Philippines
• Yellow Fever: Walter Reed & William Gorgas
• Pan American Bureau for Sanitation (PABS)
• War Department: Bureau for Insular Affairs (Nation-Building)
• Building the Panama Canal & the Pan American Highway
• Carnegie Corporation, Rockefeller Foundation, China Medical
Board & Famine Relief Commission, etc.
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Yellow Fever & Nation-Builders1900s-1920s
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Walter Reed1851-1902
William Gorgas1851-1920
Leonard Wood1860-1927
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Progressive Reformers Abroad 1910s – 1920s
• Wilson & “Making the World Safe for Democracy”
• Herbert Hoover: Aid during WW I & American Relief
Administration (ARA)--NGOs
• Edwin Kemmerer: Princeton University & Governance
in Underdeveloped Countries
• Suffragettes & Inter-American Commission for
Women
• Others (humanitarian – disaster assistance)
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American Philanthropy AbroadPublic Health, Education, Development,
Community Service1890s-1920s
41
Andrew Carnegie1835-1919
John D. Rockefeller1839-1937
Paul P. Harris1868-1947
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Progressive Reformers AbroadFood Aid, Development & Governance
1910s-1920s
42
Herbert Hoover1874-1964
Edwin Kemmerer1875-1945
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Women Rights AbroadInter-American Commission for Women
1920s
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Doris Stevens1892-1963
Alice Paul1885-1977
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New Deal Reformers Overseas 1930s – 1940s
• Franklin Roosevelt & Good Neighbor Policy
• Leo Rowe & Pan American Union: Incubator of development
• Harry Dexter White: Stabilizing & Developing LAC countries
• EXIM Bank, Development Financing & Inter-American Bank
• State Committee on Scientific & Cultural Cooperation
• Pearl Buck’s “The Good Earth” & Henry Luce’s “The
American Century”
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Foreign Aid Advocates1930s-1940s
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Leo Rowe1871-1946
Pearl Buck1892-1973
Harry Luce1898-1967
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Franklin Roosevelt “Four Freedoms Overseas”
Henry Wallace “Century of the Common Man”
1940s
46
Franklin Roosevelt 1882-1945
Henry Wallace1888-1965
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New Deal Reformers
• Franklin Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms & Atlantic Charter
• Harry Hopkins & Lend-Lease Aid
• Henry Wallace in Mexico, IICA & Bureau for Economic Warfare
• Nelson Rockefeller & Institute for Inter-American Affairs
• Harry Dexter White: From LAC to Bretton Woods
• Guy Rexford Tugwell & Modernization of Puerto Rico
• David Lilienthal & TVA Expands Overseas
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1940s
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Foreign Aid Innovators1940s
48
Harry Hopkins1890-1946
Nelson Rockefeller1908-1979
Henry Wallace1888-1965
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Foreign Aid Innovators1940s
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Guy Rexford Tugwell1891-1979
Averell Harriman1891-1986
David Lilienthal1899-1981
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Foreign AidFrom WW II to Cold War
1940s
WW II Post-War• Atlantic Charter (1941) Bretton Woods (1944)
• US Exim Bank IMF/ IBRD
• Inter-American System UN/WHO/FAO
• Lend-Lease/BEW Marshall Plan/ECA (ARA)
• IIAA (1942-49) Point IV/TCA (1950s)
• US Exim Bank Exim-DLF (1950s)
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Post – WW IIForeign Aid Advocates
1945-1950
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George Marshall1880-1959
Harry Truman1884-1972
Benjamin Hardy1906-1951
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Foreign Aid: 1950sCONTAINING COMMUNISM
USAID PREDECESSOR AGENCIES
• Mutual Security Agency (MSA)
• Foreign Operations Administration (FOA)
• International Cooperation Administration (ICA)
• PL-480 Program
• Export-Import Bank
• Development Loan Fund (DLF)
• NGOs & Contractors
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Foreign Aid:1961-2011
USAID History
• 1960s: Alliance for Progress & Decade of Development
• 1970s: New Directions & Basic Human Needs
• 1980s: Market-Trade Reforms & Democracy Promotion
• 1990s: Fall of Communism & Sustainable Development
• 2000s: War on Terror/Drugs, MDGs, HIV/AIDS
• 2011-2015: USAID Policy Framework
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Conclusions• Foreign Aid deeply rooted in American history
• Inspired by principles of American Revolution
• Mixture of idealistic/realistic impulses in foreign policy
• Lessons from 200+ years of spreading democracy &
development around the world
• To know what we have done is to know who we are
54
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Recommendations• Recognize History Matters
• Build a “learning organization” on lessons from past
• Establish USAID Office of the Historian
• Place foreign aid policies/programs in historic context
• Develop lessons learned in systematic manner
• Draw on past to guide programming/training
55