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Geoscience Kit for Quebec primary schoolChristopher and Brenda BrooksÉducation Géoscientifique en Action
Exploring Spaceship Earth Kit 2: Rocks and minerals
Workshop corrector
Exploring Spaceship Earth Kit 2: Rocks and minerals
Workshop corrector
A Geoscience Kit based on the topics outlined in theScience and Technology Program for primary schoolsin Quebec.
A Geoscience Kit for Quebec primary schools
byChristopher BrooksUniversité de MontréalandBrenda BrooksOntario College of Teachers
2nd edition:
Copyright © 2013 AESI
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of the authors.
Composition and illustrationsMartin Brooks SolutionsMontreal, QC, CANADÁmb-pc.com
Typesetting configuration Nur Erdem ([email protected])
Published in CanadaPrinted in United States
ISBN 978-1-927657-24-9
2 When I grow up The work of geoscientists can be very exciting
3 Workshop 1Off to the volcanoes with you !
11 Workshop 2Just take it for granite !
19 Workshop 3Incredible adventures of a piece of quartz
27 Workshop 4Down among the dead beds
35 Workshop 5From nice granite to granite gneiss
43 Workshop 6The quest for calcite
51 Workshop 7Itsi-bitsi explores Spaceship Earth
Contents
A paleontologist looks for rocks with fossils like the bones of dinosaurs.
A climatologist likes to study limestones found in the caves.
A marine geologist uses a submersible to collect rocks and
minerals.
A geographer makes maps that help us understand the surface of Spaceship
Earth.A volcanologist studies active volcanoes.
When I grow upThe work of geoscientists can be very exciting. Here are some examples for you to think about!
3
Glossary of terms in Workshop 1
active volcano: a volcano which is erupting or has erupted in the last 10,000 years.
andesite: an igneous rock formed when lava from a cone volcano cools.
basalt: an igneous rock formed when lava from a shield volcano cools.
chimney: a vertical passage through which molten rock reaches the surface of Spaceship Earth (see vent).
geological hazards: Extreme natural events occurring on the crust of Spaceship Earth which threaten the lives and property of people; earthquakes, hurricanes, tidal waves and landslides are examples).
igneous rock: one of the three types of rock; formed by the cooling of molten rock.
lava: red-hot molten rock that pours out of volcanoes.
profile: a side view (of a mountain or a school house).
shield volcano: a very large volcano with gentle slopes.
summit: the top of a mountain.
vent: the hole where molten rock escapes from the chimney onto the surface of Spaceship Earth.
volcanic cone: a steep sided volcano; much smaller than a shield volcano.
volcanic rock: an igneous rock formed by the rapid cooling of lava.
Student name (s):
Workshop 1:Off to the volcanoes with you !
3
Student workbook
4 ■ Activity 1
Climbing the volcanoes
slope = 35o
1000 m
1 km
Box 2: Profile of a volcanic cone
slope = 10o
2 km
5 km
Box 1: Profile of a shield volcano
vent
vent
5 ■ Multiple choice questions
Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct.
Question Nº1Which of these volcanoes looks more like the one you would see in a movie?
a. ( X ) Shield volcano.b. ( X ) Volcanic cone. Hollywood loves volcanic cones.
Question Nº2What do you find unusual about the shield volcano ?
a. ( ) It’s hard to see where the vent is.b. ( ) The sides of the volcano are very gently sloped. c. ( X ) Both a. and b. Shield volcanoes don’t fit our image of what a volcano is.
Question Nº3What slope did you measure for the shield volcano ?
a. ( X ) 10° b. ( ) 20° c. ( ) 35°
Question Nº4What slope did you measure for the volcanic cone ?
a. ( ) 10° b. ( ) 20° c. ( X ) 35°
Question Nº5What do your angles mean ?
a. ( ) The shield volcano has the steepest slope. b. ( X ) The volcanic cone has the steepest slope.
6Question Nº6From the scales for height and distance, which of the volcanoes is the biggest?
a. ( X ) Shield volcano. b. ( ) Volcanic cone. Mauna Loa is the biggest volcano on Spaceship Earth!
Question Nº7You will get a prize if you climb either one of the volcanoes, but you have only a few hours to do it. Which one would you choose to climb?
a. ( ) The shield volcano.b. ( X ) Volcanic cone. It would take you all day to climb the shield volcano, and you would be exhausted!
Question Nº8What is the colour of basalt ?
a. ( ) Grey.b. ( X ) Black.
Question Nº9What other features can you see in the basalt ?
a. ( ) Big crystals.b. ( X ) No crystals or tiny, tiny crystals.
Question Nº10What is the colour of andesite?
a. ( X ) Grey.b. ( ) Black.
7Question Nº11What is andesite lava like ?
a. ( X ) Sticky.b. ( ) Runny.c. ( ) I don’t know because my dog ate the toothpaste.
Question Nº12What is basalt lava like ?
a. ( ) Sticky.b. ( X ) Runny.c. ( ) I don’t know because Dad ate all the syrup with his pancakes.
Question Nº13Now you know what andesite lava is like, what sort of volcano would it build ?
a. ( X ) Small volcanoes with steep slopes.b. ( ) Large volcanoes with gentle slopes. Because it is sticky andesite lava can’t flow very far so it builds up.
Question Nº14Now you know what basalt lava is like, what sort of volcano would it build ?
a. ( ) Small volcanoes with steep slopes. b. ( X ) Large volcanoes with gentle slopes. Because basalt is runny it just keeps flowing away; it takes a tremendous amount of basalt lava to build a shield volcano like Mauna Loa.
Question Nº15From your observations, which rocks were made by each of the types of volcano ?
a. ( X ) Basalt comes from shield volcanoes, andesite comes from volcanic cones. b. ( ) Basalt comes from volcanic cones, andesite comes from shield volcanoes. Andesite-producing volcanic cones are dangerous because they can explode.
Concept words:
shield volcanoesbasaltvolcanic cones
andesitelargesmall
steeply slopedgently slopedexplosive
non-explosive
8 ■ Activity 6
Concept map
Instructions: Spooks wants you to start a new concept map about volcanoes. All the keywords are listed below and all you have to do is write them in the balloons where they belong. Spooks has already put some of the keywords on his tree diagram just to help you out. Good old Spooks !
Volcanoes
volcanic conesshield volcanoes
which are
which produce which produce
which are
small
steeply sloped
explosivelarge
gently sloped
non-explosive
andesitebasaltCan be divided into:
9 ■ Mind Stretcher: Word Tiles
Instructions: Unscramble these mixed up word tiles and reveal a message. If the message is a question, correctly answer it to solve the puzzle. Each word tile contains 4 letters. Blank spaces in the tiles are spaces between words in the message.
Answer: The biggest volcano is Mauna Loa on Hawaii.
S H I P N A M E E A R E S T
O F B I G G
T H E
V O L C
P A C E
I S
T H E
O N S
W H A T
O F
V O L C
S H I P
W H A T A N O
T H ?
Word tiles :
Solution :
I S
T H E
A N O
E A R
T H E
B I G G
O N S
T H ?
N A M E
E S T
P A C E
11
Student name(s):
Student Workbook
Glossary of terms in Workshop 2
crystallize: when a solid forms from a liquid.
feldspar: the most common mineral in the crust of Spaceship Earth; it has two different cleavage surfaces so it breaks into bricks with rough ends.
granite: an igneous rock with big crystals formed by the slow cooling of magma.
lava: magma that reaches the surface of Spaceship Earth and forms lava flows.
irregular shape: no definite shape, can be rough.
magma: molten rock from deep inside Spaceship Earth; when it cools it forms igneous rocks (see lava).
mica: a mineral that has one cleavage direction so it occurs as flat plates that can be split into flakes.
plutonic rocks: igneous rocks formed when magma cools slowly to form crystals that are easy to see.
tombstones: grave markers
Workshop 2:Just take it for granite!
12 ■ Activities 1 and 2
Pieces in the rock-puzzle and names of the pieces
Table of Properties for the Rock-Puzzle Pieces
Property Pink piece Black piece Grey piece
Lustre(glassy or metallic) glassy glassy glassy
Hardness(harder or softer than the nail) harder softer harder
Shape(bricks, flat plates, or irregular pieces) bricks flat plates irregular pieces
Mineral name feldspar mica quarz
13 ■ Activity 3
The granite table
MineralHow much in the granite?
(choices: “a lot” and “a little”)
Mica a little
Quartz a lot
Feldspar a lot
■ Multiple choice questions
Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct.
Question Nº1Which of the rock-puzzle pieces is softer than a nail ?
a. ( X ) Black pieces.b. ( ) Pink pieces.c. ( ) Grey pieces.
Question Nº2What is the lustre shared by each of the rock-puzzle pieces ?
a. ( ) Metallic.b. ( X ) Glassy. If you turn the piece of granite so that light reflects off it, you will see glassy lustre here and there.
14Question Nº3What is the colour of the rock-puzzle pieces shaped like bricks ?
a. ( ) Black. b. ( ) Grey.c. ( X ) Pink.
Question Nº4What is the shape of the grey, rock-puzzle pieces ?
a. ( X ) Irregular. b. ( ) Bricks.c. ( ) Flat plates. Some of the smoky-grey pieces vary in colour to pale grey or white.
Question Nº5What is the shape of the black, rock-puzzle pieces ?
a. ( ) Irregular. b. ( ) Bricks.c. ( X ) Flat plates. You definitely need the hand lens to make this observation.
Question Nº6What is the mineral in the granite that forms flat, black crystals with sharp edges ?
a. ( X ) Mica.b. ( ) Quartz.c. ( ) Feldspar.
Question Nº7What is the mineral in the granite that forms pink, brick-like crystals ?
a. ( ) Mica.b. ( ) Quartz.c. ( X ) Feldspar.
Question Nº8What is the mineral in the granite that forms irregular, grey crystals ?
a. ( ) Mica.b. ( X ) Quartz.c. ( ) Feldspar.
15Question Nº9Which pair of minerals makes up most of the red granite ?
a. ( ) Quartz and mica.b. ( X ) Quartz and feldspar.c. ( ) Mica and feldspar. This granite is roughly half feldspar and half quartz with a little bit of mica.
Question Nº10If a mineral in the red granite has a nice shape, what does it tell you about when it formed ?
a. ( X ) Early when there was lots of space in the molten rock.b. ( ) Late when most of the space in the molten rock was filled with crystals.
Question Nº11 Does the quartz in the granite have six-sided crystals ?
a. ( X ) No.b. ( ) Yes.
Question Nº12From the shape of the crystals, what can you say about when quartz crystallized in the magma ?
a. ( ) Early. b. ( X ) Late. The only space left in the cooling magma was in between the crystals of feldspar and mica, so that’s where the quartz crystallized. There was no room for it to have a nice crystal shape.
Question Nº13From the shape of their crystals, what can you say about when mica and feldspar crystallized in the magma ?
a. ( X ) Early, because they both form nicely shaped crystals.b. ( ) Late, because they both form irregular crystals.
Question Nº14From your observations what was the order of crystallization of the minerals in the granite magma ?
a. ( ) Mica and quartz formed first, followed by feldspar. b. ( X ) Mica and feldspar formed first, followed by quartz. Hooray, I’m not going to be a talking frog after all!
Concept words:
volcanic igneous rocks
plutonic igneous rocks
andesite
basalt
granite
mica
quartz
feldspar
Magma
16 ■ Activity 7
Concept map
Time for another concept map and this one’s about what can happen to magma as it cools. Your old friend Spooks has listed all the keywords from Workshop 2 and he has even put a couple of them on his tree diagram for you.
volcanic igneous rocks
cools
basalt
slowly to formquickly to form
plutonic igneous rocks
andesite
quartz
feldspar
mica
examples examples
granite
made of
17
Answer: No, because larva is the name of a freshly-hatched, wormy-like form of an insect before it goes through metamorphosis. So don’t confuse larva with lava!
■ Mind Stretcher: Word Tiles
Instructions: Unscramble these mixed up word tiles and reveal a message. If the message is a question, correctly answer it to solve the puzzle. Each word tile contains 4 letters. Blank spaces in the tiles are spaces between words in the message.
L A R F R O M A M A G
L L E D I S I L O W S T C A
W H E N
F R O
I S I
V A ?
V O L C
L L E D
M A
T C A
A N O
L A R
Word tiles :
Solution :
A N O V A ? M A F V O L C
W H E N M A F M A G L O W S
19
Student workbook
Glossary of terms in Workshop 3
bed : a layer of sediment of the same type such as sand or clay; deposited at the same time in layers from centimetres to metres thick, it will become a bed of sedimentary rock.
clay : a sediment composed of very tiny particles that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
erosion : the movement of materials by the action of rivers and streams, glaciers and gravity.
expand : the increase in volume (size) of a liquid or solid when it is heated.
sandstone : a sedimentary rock formed by burying a sediment consisting mostly of quartz grains, which become cemented together due to squeezing.
sediment : particles like sand or gravel that are transported by rivers, streams or wind and are then dropped (deposited).
sedimentary rock : forms when the grains of minerals and bits of other rocks accumulate as sediments and then get cemented together to form a hard rock.
weathering : the breaking of a solid rock into smaller and smaller pieces due the action of heat, rain, cold, and gravity.
Student name(s)
Workshop 3:Incredible Adventures of a piece of quartz
20 ■ Activity 5
Sandy sediment
■ Multiple choice questions
Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct .
Question Nº1What happens to the cracks as water dissolves minerals on either side ?
a. ( ) They get smaller. b. ( X ) They get bigger.
Question Nº2What happens to the bits of granite as the cracks get bigger ?
a. ( X ) Gravity causes them to break off and slide into the valley. b. ( ) They just stay where they are.
Grains in sand A Grains in sand B
Box 1: The shape of sand grains in beach sands
21Question Nº3What happens to the granite bits as they slide into the valley ?
a. ( ) They are going to stick together on the side of the mountain. b. ( X ) They crash into each other and break into smaller and smaller chips.
Question Nº4What happens to quartz and feldspar when a big boulder of granite drops on them ?
a. ( ) Quartz breaks into irregular fragments. b. ( ) Feldspar breaks into lots of tiny bricks. c. ( X ) Both a. and b.
Question Nº5What happens to mica when a big boulder drops on it ?
a. ( X ) It breaks into lots of flat flakes. b. ( ) It breaks into irregular fragments.
Question Nº6Which is the tough guy, quartz or feldspar ?
a. ( X ) Quartz. b. ( ) Feldspar.
Question Nº7As the minerals in our trio bounce together while the river carries them along, one of the minerals will become separated and ground up. Which one is it ?
a. ( X ) Mica. b. ( ) Feldspar. c. ( ) Quartz. Feldspar will break into tiny blocks before it gets ground to small particles.
Question Nº8Why is quartz the most resistant of the minerals carried by the river ?
a. ( ) Because it is the hardest. b. ( ) Because it has no cleavage weaknesses.c. ( X ) Both a. and b. Quartz is a real tough guy!
Question Nº9What shape will the quartz fragments be after they get bashed and chipped ?
a. ( ) All sorts of irregular shapes. b. ( X ) Smooth pebbles. A river moves material by either carrying it (grains) or bouncing and sliding it (pebbles or blocks) along the bottom.
22Question Nº10As the river continues to move our quartz pebble towards the sea, what do you think will happen to it ?
a. ( X ) It will get smaller and smaller until it becomes a round grain of quartz. b. ( ) It will get rougher and rougher until it becomes a jagged piece of quartz.
Question Nº11Does the shape of the grains in the sand support you answer to Question Nº10 ?
a. ( X ) Yes, they are all like tiny balls (spheres). b. ( ) No, they are all irregular, angular shapes.
Question Nº12Are there any black mica grains in the beach sand ?
a. ( ) Yes. b. ( X ) No.
Question Nº13Are there any pink feldspar grains in the beach sand ?
a. ( X ) Yes but not a lot. b. ( ) None at all.
Question Nº14Your mom wants to take you to a beach you have never seen next summer. What can you tell here about it ?
a. ( X ) It's mostly made of smooth quartz grains Mom. b. ( ) Mom bring your boots those grains will be sharp! Congratulations, you have just made a scientific prediction based on your observations.
Question Nº15Which of the following best describes your sandstone sample ?
a. ( ) It looks like grains of sugar cemented together.b. ( ) It’s a rock made of quartz grains which scratch glass. c. ( X ) Both a. and b. Sandstone is the first sedimentary rock you have studied. However the clay you studied in Kit 1 (Workshop 3) was an example of a very fine-grained sediment.
Concept words:
quartz bits
mica bits
feldspar bits
round grains
sandy sediment
sediment made of tiny particles
sandstone
clay
From granite to sandstone
quartz bits
weathering (freeze and thaw)
transport by river
mica bits feldsparbits
sediment madeof tiny particles
transport by river
sandy sediment
clayround grainssandstone
burial called
23 ■ Activity 7
Concept map
Spooks is relaxed and ready to help you do a tricky concept map about how a granite is transformed to sandstone, a sedimentary rock. Luckily Spooks has made a list of all the keywords and has put some of them in their proper balloons so that you don’t make any mistakes.
24 ■ Mind stretcher: Crossword
Instructions: Solve each word clue to find the crossword and print it in the puzzle. If you need help solving the clue, look at the words in the Glossary for this workshop.
Across
1. What water will do when it freezes2. Sedimentary rock made of sand grains3. What a river drops when it slows4. What causes bits of granite to slide downhill5. Found as flakes
Down
1.Toughest mineral in granite2. Sediment deposited on the seashore3. Removal of materials by rivers 4. Sediment deposited in deep water
2A N D
2T O N E
AN
1 3E D I M
3N T
U RA O
4
4R A V I T Y S LT
5I C A
Z O Y1
X P A N D
S S
S EQ
GM
C
E
27
Student workbook
Glossary of terms in Workshop 10:
bed: a layer of sediment formed by the settling of bits of rocks, minerals or fossils; will eventually become a bed of sedimentary rock.
Davy Jones’ Locker: pirate’s word for the deep ocean, the resting-place of drowned pirates.
ledger: old-fashioned name for a thick book with thick pages.
ledger rock: a sedimentary rock with clear bedding that looks like pages in a book.
fossils: any evidence of a plant or animal that has been preserved in a rock.
limestone: a sedimentary rock made by the accumulation of organic material in the sea.
paleontology: the study of ancient life through fossils preserved in rocks.
sediment: the soft material formed by the settling of rock or mineral bits or the hard parts made by organisms; examples are clay, mud or sand.
Student name(s):
Workshop 4:Down among the dead beds
28 ■ Activity 1
Ledger rock
Box 1: Drawing of ledger rock, a limestone
■ Activities 1 to 4
The rock table
Name Description Will it scratch glass? (yes or no)
Will it scratch a coin? (yes or no)
Ledger rock
grey rock with lots of thin beds no yes
Massive limestone whitish rock with no bedding no yes
Fossiliferous limestone
grey rock with many fossil bits no yes
29 ■ Activity 7
Rebuilding the fossils
■ Multiple choice questions
Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct.
Question Nº1What feature makes these rocks stand out ?
a. ( X ) Thin, straight, grey and beige lines on the surface.b. ( ) Thin, wavy, grey and beige lines on the surface.
Box 2: Pieces of fossils on a complete example from the fossiliferous limestone
30Question Nº2Are these lines just on the surface or do they go right through the rock ?
a. ( ) Just on the surface. b. ( X ) Right through the rock.
Question Nº3From your observation, what is the correct name for these lines ?
a. ( ) Parallel scratches. b. ( X ) Thin beds.
Question Nº4Why did you think ledger rock got its name ?
a. ( X ) Because the lines on the surface look like pages in a book. b. ( ) Because the lines on the surface look like writing.
Question Nº5Ledger rock is popular for landscaping. Why ?
a. ( ) Because it forms flat pieces that would be good for garden paths. b. ( ) Because it would make a great, flat patio for a garden table. c. ( X ) Both a. and b.
Question Nº6Which of the following best describes the massive limestone ?
a. ( X ) Smooth rock with no mineral grains visible. b. ( ) Rough rock with lots of mineral grains visible.
Question Nº7In what way is the massive limestone different from ledger rock ?
a. ( ) It shows no bedding. b. ( ) It is very uniform. c. ( X ) Both a. and b. It is an easy rock to cut into large building blocks and slabs
Question Nº8In what way is fossiliferous limestone different from the massive limestone and ledger rock ?
a. ( ) There are lots of small, sparkly mineral grains. b. ( ) It contains fossils. c. ( X ) Both a. and b.
31Question Nº9Are the three limestones harder or softer than glass ?
a. ( ) Harder. b. ( X ) Softer.
Question Nº10Are the three limestones harder or softer than the copper coin ?
a. ( X ) Harder. a. ( ) Softer. You now know that the mineral making these rocks has a hardness between a copper coin and glass.
Question Nº11The quartz grains in sandstone are harder than glass. What does this tell you about the mineral in the limestones ?
a. ( ) They are not made of quartz. b. ( ) They are made of a mineral that is softer than quartz. c. ( X ) Both a. and b.
Question Nº12Which of the following is the best description for the fossils in your rock ?
a. ( ) Complete shells. b. ( X ) Only pieces of broken shells.
Question Nº13Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for your answer to question Nº12 ?
a. ( ) Fish chewed up the shells and spat out the bits. b. ( X ) Waves breaking on the ancient seashore broke the shells to pieces.
Question Nº14Are there enough pieces of shell fossils to build a complete fossil shell ?
a. ( X ) No. b. ( ) Yes.
Question Nº15Which of the following is the best summary of your observations of fossils ?
a. ( ) Fossils are not common even in rocks made entirely of the remains of living organisms. b. ( ) Even when fossils are preserved they are rarely complete.c. ( X ) Both a. and b.
Concept words:
marine organisms
hard parts
skeletons
shells
limestone
ledger rock
fossiliferous limestone
massive limestone
organic sediment
coral
32 ■ Activity 8
Concept map
Spooks has a new concept map for you all about how limestone is formed by organisms in the sea. Your list of keywords is at the bottom of the page and Spooks has put some of them in their proper balloons to help you out.
How limestone forms:
marine organisms
that contain
It is made by:
fossiliferous limestone
hard parts
exam
ples
coral
shells
skeletons
which accumulate
as organic sediment
that changes to
limestone
examplesledger rock
massive limestone
NON
NE
S
EO
SESO
33 ■ Mind stretcher: hidden words
Instructions: Find the following words in the word grid. One of these words is pointing to the north east (NE). Use the compass to find out which one it is.
D K J C X S N Z I D M Y L L Z
B F Q D Q E P S V N G U M W S
R W B B E D I K F O L V J X M
X B L E M I R C L I N D G O S
S F E D D M A O Z W G O Z H Z
T V D H Z E T R E L Y V E L J
H L G Q U N E H F L M L D R U
S U E N O T S E M I L V G X Q
L L R E M A X W K S Y S K X K
D X L W K R E T T S X P X C M
E A L Y Y Y D Z I O Z U V O I
P R V A X M A S J F U M C Y P
Mots cachés:
Hidden Words:BEDFOSSILLEDGERLIMESTONE
PALEONTOLOGYPIRATES ROCKSEDIMENTARY
SHELLS
Solution: The northeast pointing word is: Paleontology
35
Student Workbook
Glossary of terms in Workshop 12:
crust: the surface layer of Spaceship Earth.
gneiss (nice): a metamorphic rock with distinct bands of different colour an composition.
metamorphic rock: a rock made by changing a parent rock due to high temperature and pressure (squeezing)
parent rock: the rock before it was metamorphosed.
recrystallize: a physical change which takes place when the atoms in a mineral rearrange themselves.
texture: the size, shape and arrangement of crystals in a rock. The arrangement of crystals where they all merge together is called igneous texture.
Workshop 5:From nice granite to granite gneiss
Student name(s):
36Mots cachés:
Box 1: Drawing of the red gneiss
■ Activity 7
Gneiss and granite comparison table
Property Red granite Red gneiss
Arrangement of crystals no pattern or banding banded pattern
Grain size coarse grained finer grained than red granite
Minerals feldspar, quartz and mica same minerals as the red granite
■ Activity 5 How are the crystals arranged?
white bands
pink bands
1 cm
37 ■ Multiple choice questions
Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct.
Question Nº1What happens to the mountains as they get more and more scrunched up ?
a. ( X ) They get pushed higher and higher. b. ( ) They get pushed lower and lower.
Question Nº2As the mountains scrunch up, what happens to the rocks under the mountains ?
a. ( ) They get buried under the weight of more and more rock. b. ( ) They get squeezed under the weight of more and more rock. c. ( X ) Both a. and b.
Question Nº3What else happens to these poor squished rocks ?
a. ( ) They get heated up a bit. b. ( X ) They get heated up a lot. Even although the rocks get heated up a lot they don’t get heated up so much that the minerals melt
Question Nº4How do these rocks react to being heated and squished like this ?
a. ( X ) They change to metamorphic rocks. b. ( ) They change their mind.
Question Nº5What is the grain size of the red granite ?
a. ( X ) Coarse-grained. b. ( ) Fine-grained.
Question Nº6Are the crystals in the red granite arranged in a special pattern ?
a. ( X ) No. b. ( ) Yes. This coarse-grained arrangement of crystals where they all mesh together is called igneous texture.
38Question Nº7What are the minerals making up the granite ?
a. ( ) Quartz and feldspar. b. ( X ) Quartz, feldspar and mica.
Question Nº8Which minerals make up the gneiss ?
a. ( X ) Quartz, feldspar and mica. b. ( ) Feldspar and mica.
Question Nº9How are the crystals in the red gneiss arranged ?
a. ( X ) In different-coloured bands. b. ( ) In different-coloured stripes. The stripes don’t go right through the zebra either!
Question Nº10What is the grain size of the gneiss ?
a. ( X ) Coarse-grained.b. ( ) Fine-grained. Because you can easily see the grains, the gneiss is coarse grained.
Question Nº11How does the grain size of the gneiss differ from the granite ?
a. ( ) Coarse-grained.b. ( X ) Fine-grained.
Question Nº12In what ways are the red granite and red gneiss similar ?
a. ( X ) Colour and mineral composition. b. ( ) Colour and grain size.
39Question Nº13In what ways are the red granite and red gneiss different ?
a. ( ) Colour and grain size. b. ( X ) Grain size and how the minerals are arranged.
Question Nº14Which of the following best describes what happened to the red granite as it was metamorphosed to gneiss ?
a. ( ) Its colour changed and new minerals were formed. b. ( X ) The minerals recrystallized to smaller grains which were arranged in bands. The minerals in some gneisses will recrystallize to very large grains.
Question Nº15From your observations of what happens as the red granite changes to gneiss, what sort of change do you think recrystallization is ?
a. ( X ) Physical change. b. ( ) Chemical change. Even although the rocks look quite different, the differences are just physical.
40 ■ Activity 8
Concept map: The rock cycle puzzle
The igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks you have studied in Workshops 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are linked together in a ‘Rock Cycle’. In this cycle, geological processes change one rock type to another. To understand this cycle and complete the puzzle, just complete the following steps :
➤ Step 1: Read the content in each numbered box on this page. ➤ Step 2: Decide where each box fits in the Rock Cycle shown on pages 40 and 41 of your
Workbook and write its number in the empty box at that point in the cycle. ➤ Step 3: When you have finished, can you find any other links in the Rock Cycle? There
are three of them and if you can find them, show the links with dashed arrows.
Box 1:Erupting volcanoes make IGNEOUS ROCK like andesite.
Box 2: Even more heat and pressure will melt metamorphic rocks and form new magma.
Box 3:
Rocks buried deep under mountains are changed by heat and pressure to METAMORPHIC ROCKS like gneiss.
Box 4:Deep inside Spaceship Earth, heat and pressure melts solid rock and forms magma.
Box 5:As sediments get buried under more sediment they get squeezed and the water in them is forced out and they become compacted to form beds of hard SEDIMENTARY ROCK like sandstone.
Box 6:Erosion by gravity, streams and rivers moves bits and pieces of minerals and rock and deposits them as layers of soft, wet SEDIMENT like sand.
Box 7:Weathering in mountains (like freeze and thaw) makes igneous rocks crumble and fall to pieces.
Box:
1
Box:
6
Box:
7Box:
5
Box:
4
Box:
3
Box:
2
41 ■ The Rock Cycle Puzzle
3. Igneous rocks can be changed to metamorphic rocks by heat and pressure
1. Sedimentary rocks can also be weathered to pieces
2. Metamorphic rocks
can be weathered to
pieces too!
43
Student workbook
Glossary of terms in Workshop 6
vinegar : a weak acid which has a distinct sour taste that makes it popular in salad dressing.
Workshop 6:The quest for calcite
Student name (s):
44 ■ Activities 1 and 2
Detecting calcite
Properties table
Mineral Reacts with vinegar (yes or no)
Scratches glass (yes or no)
Calcite yes no
Quartz no yes
■ Activities 3 to 9
Quest for calcite
Calcite detection Table
Rock name Reacts with vinegar(yes or no)
Softer than glass(yes or no)
Igneous rocksBasalt no no
Andesite no no
Red granite no no
Metamorphic rocks
Red gneiss no no
Garnet gneiss no no
Sedimentary rocks
Sandstone no no
Ledger rock yes yes
Massive limestone yes yes
Fossiliferous limestone yes yes
45 ■ Multiple choice questions
Use an X to mark the choice you think is correct.
Question Nº1Does quartz react with vinegar ?
a. ( ) Yes. b. ( X ) No.
Question Nº2Does calcite react with vinegar and if so how does it react ?
a. ( X ) Yes, it bubbles.b. ( ) No, it does not react. The bubbles are carbon dioxide, the infamous greenhouse gas.
Question Nº3How does quartz differ from calcite in hardness ?
a. ( ) Quartz is softer than glass, calcite is harder. b. ( X ) Quartz is harder than glass, calcite is softer. If calcite grains were in beach sand the quartz would grind them away.
Question Nº4What is the best way to detect the presence of calcite ?
a. ( ) Test for hardness.b. ( X ) Test for both hardness and reaction with vinegar.
Question Nº5Based on their reaction to vinegar, can you detect calcite in any of the igneous rocks ?
a. ( X ) No. b. ( ) Yes.
Question Nº6Does the hardness of the igneous rocks agree with their reaction to vinegar ?
a. ( ) No. b. ( X ) Yes.
Question Nº7Based on their reaction to vinegar, can you detect calcite in the metamorphic rocks?
a. ( X ) No. b. ( ) Yes.
46Question Nº8Does the hardness of the metamorphic rocks agree with their reaction to vinegar ?
a. ( ) No. b. ( X ) Yes.
Question Nº9Based on their reaction to vinegar, can you detect calcite in any of the sedimentary rocks ?
a. ( ) No, not in any of them. b. ( X ) Yes, in all of them except sandstone.
Question Nº10For those sedimentary rocks that react with vinegar, does their hardness confirm the presence of calcite ?
a. ( ) No they are all harder than a glass plate. b. ( X ) Yes they are softer than glass as they should be.
Question Nº11In the case of sandstone does its hardness confirm the absence of calcite?
a. ( ) No it is softer than a glass plate.b. ( X ) Yes it’s harder than a glass plate as it should be.
Question Nº12Which type of rock is most likely to contain calcite ?
a. ( X ) Sedimentary rocks. b. ( ) Igneous rocks. c. ( ) Metamorphic rocks.
Question Nº13Which type of sedimentary rock is most likely to contain calcite?
a. ( ) Sedimentary rocks like sandstone. b. ( X ) Sedimentary rocks made by life. These rocks are called biogenic, which means ‘made by life’.
Concept word:
Reaction with vinegar
Minerals
example
colour
hardness
density
opacityfracture
lustre
reactionwith vinegar
cleavage
opaque
translucenttransparentglassymetallicdull
faces
edges
vertices
crystalshape
streak
quartzcrystal
whi
ch h
ave
types
types
The properties are:
47 ■ Activity 10
Concept Map
You are now ready to finish the last concept map for the properties of minerals in Kit 1. There is one branch left on old Spooks and he has drawn an oval at the end of it. Write in the last keyword and this concept map is complete. Well done, Spooks is very pleased.
NON
NE
S
EO
SESO
48
■ Mind stretcher: hidden words
Instructions: Find the following words in the word grid. Mark the direction each word is pointing and then answer the question at the bottom of the puzzle.
I A W A B P D K L T S O R J F
J K U O Z Y I U C T Y C T C C
H M C U H C L V E W Y U X W I
R J M W Q G A M V A P H J T A
O T X Q U L B L F A E A Y N E
R S J Z A N I R C C A R B O N
K E T H R A G E N I V D E G G
Q T Q E T A L P O D T N V L X
L Y O H Z D I O X I D E A S V
C K J G W L S F J C Z S S J M
P I Y A O M X E F S S S N T Z
P X Q W M V M U R V B P Z R C
Question: Which is the only word pointing in a southwest direction?
Answer: The GLASS in GLASS PLATE
Hidden Words:CALCITE
QUARTZ
GLASS PLATE
VINEGAR
HARDNESS
ACID TEST
CARBON DIOXIDE
51
Student workbook
Workshop 7:Itsi-bitsy explores Spaceship Earth
Student name (s):
■ Activity 1
Getting your spider diagram organized
Metamorphic rocks
Minerals
Elements
Compounds
Feldspath Mica
Calcite
Galene
Pyrite
Quartz
Gneiss
Sulphur
Graphite
The ingredients of Spaceship Earth
52
Volcanic rocks
Plutonic rocks
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary
rocks
Organic sediments
Sandy sediments
Basalt Andesite
Fossils LimestoneSandstone
Granite
53