exploring patents & citations using gis 2008indiana gis conference indiana geographic...
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Exploring Patents & Citations Using GISExploring Patents & Citations Using GIS20082008 Indiana GIS ConferenceIndiana GIS Conference
Indiana Geographic Information CouncilIndiana Geographic Information Council
Presented byPresented byIndraneel Kumar, AICPIndraneel Kumar, AICP
Eda UnalEda UnalPurdue Center for Regional DevelopmentPurdue Center for Regional Development
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
WhyWhy Study Patents & Citations?Study Patents & Citations?
• Patents are considered “output indicators” Patents are considered “output indicators”
of innovationof innovation
• Inventors are part of human capitalInventors are part of human capital
• Citations are used to study “knowledge flows”; Citations are used to study “knowledge flows”;
spillovers; feedback effectsspillovers; feedback effects
• Knowledge-based assetsKnowledge-based assets
• Innovation & inventors are essential for the Innovation & inventors are essential for the
knowledge economyknowledge economy
OutlineOutline
• National trendsNational trends
• Indiana trendsIndiana trends
• Citations databaseCitations database
• Next steps Next steps
• AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Top Ten Patents From U.S.Top Ten Patents From U.S.
Patents 1991-1994Patents 1991-1994
Patents 1995-1998Patents 1995-1998
Patents 1999-2002Patents 1999-2002
Patents, 2002Percentile
Distribution
Patents, 2000Percentile
Distribution
Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis
• Percentile distribution of number of patents by states
does not change significantly year-by-year
• From 2000-2002, Illinois lost, Michigan gained
• From 1996-2000, distribution remained almost identical
Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis
Patents per 100,000
population, 2000
Patents per 100,000
population, 2002
• Percentile distribution of number of patents per
100,000 population by states shows a different pattern
• Idaho is leading followed by Minnesota, Vermont, &
Massachusetts during 2000-2002
Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis
Patents per 100,000
Employment, 2000
Patents per 100,000
Employment, 2002
• Percentile distribution of number of patents per
100,000 employment similar to population
• Idaho, Minnesota, Vermont, Massachusetts, &
California
Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis
• Scatter plots between patents,
total employment, professional
and technical services, and
health care and social
assistance employment
• BEA, data suppression issues
Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis
• Does a state with high/low patent counts affect its neighbors?
• Spatial clustering exists or not?
• Do other economic variables affect patents or not?
• Spatial autocorrelation improves after removing
the outliers
Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis
• Patents vs. Spatial Lag variables of Total
Employment and Professional and Technical
Employment in 2002
• Excluding a few outliers, the direction of slope
does change
Patents From IndianaPatents From Indiana
• From Year 1963-2002; 43,485 Utility Patents were
granted
• First Inventor’s home address is Indiana
• At a state level, home and work place address
usually is the same
• Exception is the counties at the “Edge”
neighboring major metropolitan areas (Northeast
Indiana & Chicago; Dearborn County & Cincinnati)
• At a metropolitan level, home and work place
address might match
• At a county level, home and work place address
might not match
• Inter-county commuting is prevalent in Indiana,
particularly within metropolitan areas
• Selection of spatial scale is important !!!
• Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) reveals
that a sub-state geography might be a useful scale
for study
Patents From IndianaPatents From Indiana
Top Ten Patents From Indiana by ClassTop Ten Patents From Indiana by Class
Determining Patent Citations: Class 514Determining Patent Citations: Class 514
• Class 514 Indiana Patents in 2002
• 102 Patents Cited 917 Patents
• 25 Different States including Indiana
• 30% Cited Patents are from other
countries
Citing-Cited Database (22 million records)
Patents Database(3.4 million records)
Determining Patent Citations: Class 514Determining Patent Citations: Class 514
Determining Patent Citations: Class 514Determining Patent Citations: Class 514
Determining InventorsDetermining Inventors
in progress….
Determining InventorsDetermining Inventors
in progress….
Next StepsNext Steps
• Tests of significance
• County level mapping by different patent
classes
• County level distribution of inventors
• Relationships to regional growth, if any!
AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
• In this presentation, the data was taken from “The
NBER Patent Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights
and Methodological Tools” by Brownyn H. Hall, Adam
B. Jaffe, and Manuel Trajtenberg; University of
California at Berkeley
• Florida International University
•Spatial Analysis Laboratory, GeoDa, UIUC
• ET GeoWizards; Hawths Tools
• ESRI ArcGIS Spatial Statistics Toolbox
