EXPLORING PARTICIPATORY PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS: A COLLABORATIVE, SCENARIO-BASED APPROACH FOR ANALYZING

AND ANTICIPATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF TENURE REFORM IMPLEMENTATION

Author:Nining Liswanti, Esther Mwangi, Tuti Herawati, Mani Ram Banjade

Session: 04-02: Approaches to Securing Common Land in Different Regions

21/Mar/2017, 4:00pm - 5:30pmin room: MC 13-121

OUTLINE

• Introduction

• Key Issues

• Objectives

• Research Sites

• Output PPA (Process, Implementation,

Action Plan)

• Reccomendations

INTRODUCTION 50-70 million indigenous population in large part of Indonesia Large part under concession Conflict between communities and private companies

and government In 2014, new government allocating 12.7 million hectares of state-owned forestry

land under community management

INTRODUCTION

COLLABORATION

Collaboration, dialog and consensus building among stakeholders is important in addressing complex issues on public policy

The collaborative approaches to public decision making is increased in Indonesia

Visible at national level but less visible at sub-national and community levels

CUSTOMARY vs FORMAL SYSTEM

Constitutional Court Ruling decision in 2012 (MK’35) but not fully recognized in forestry Law in1999, e.g. customary forest rights can be obtained through MoEF decree

The Law 1999 introduced Social Forestry scheme providing community access rights to utilize the forest through HKm, HD, HTR, and Partnership

KEY ISSUES ON REFORM IMPLEMENTATION

• Long customary system practices

• Limited coordination and participation among stakeholders

• Lack of involvement and the role of various agencies at local, provincial and national levels

• Overlapping claims between communities, companies and government that create negative implications on how rights can be exercised and affect to tenure security of communities

Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA), a foresight approach used as an entry point for engaging stakeholders to ensure local voices are accommodated and

to learn how various stakeholders perceived community rights and tenure security over land and forestry.

OBJECTIVES

• Identify the drivers of tenure security and options for securing tenure rights

• Future scenarios in securing forest and land tenure including threats to tenure security

• Develop an action plan for obtaining tenure security through reform implementation, levels at which such actions can be taken, actors responsible for actions and sequencing of those actions in the tenure reform implementation

RESEARCH SITES

Tenure system Province District Reform Type Villages

State land designated to / Use by communities Lampung

Lampung Barat

HKMTribudi Sukur, Sukapura, Puramekar

Pesisir Barat

HTR Gunung KemalaKDTI Pahmongan

State land used by private companies

Way Kanan PartnershipKarya Agung, Bandar Dalam

Unrecognized customary lands - respected

Maluku West Seram CustomaryKamariang, Hunitetu, Mornaten, Uwen, Lokki

Tenure system and reform type on two sites of PPA study in Indonesia

PROCESS PPA

Identification Stakeholders & SC

Experts meeting

Public consultation

Desirable scenario Action plan

Agreed visionImplementation

Participatory monitoring and evaluation

Source: COLUPSIA 2013

Literature study (biophysics, socio economy, governance, etc.)

Training PPA

District workshop

Province workshop

IMPLEMENTATION PPA

What output and What next?

Who are the stakeholders?

What topic and Where?

Maluku: PPA 1 (Nov’15), PPA 2 (Des’15), PPA 3 (Jan’16) Lampung: PPA 1 (Nov’15), PPA 2 (Feb’16)

Key forces of change: 8 in Maluku and 6 in Lampung Scenarios: 5 in Maluku and Lampung Public consultation PPA at sub-national and national level Scenario agreement on future tenure security Integrated action plan to sub-national and national

program

When and How?

What will be the future of forest tenure security in Maluku in 2029?How will be the future of Forest Tenure Reform in Lampung in 2025?

Maluku (19): Communities/farmer group (1), Local government (12), University (2), NGO 2, Private company (1)Lampung (19): Farmer group (1), Local government (12), University (1), NG) (1), Forum HKm (1), State Owned Enterprise (1), Practitioner (2)

DRIVERS TENURE SECURITYSimilarities: policy/government:

regional governance and local regulations are important in Maluku and regulations on SF schemes is important in Lampung

regional budget and financial resources community/customary tenure rights: customary system used for long time in

managing the customary forest. In formal system, the community rights is important for securing their forest.

Economic options: created by communities and/or by other actors (e.g. tourism potential)

Differences: Maluku: 1) Strengthening the rights and voice of indigenous women; 2) Land

conversion and spatial planning; 3) Knowledge and awareness and community empowerment.

Lampung: 1) Human resources capacities of implementing agents; 2) The clarity of stakeholder roles including community awareness.

COLLABORATION -DESIRED

EMPOWERED WOMEN

GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY COMMUNITY

DEPENDENCYCOMPANY

AUTHORITY

Scenario 2: The desirable forest tenure security.Revolves around good land and resource governance issues, such as transparency, accountability, cooperation and coordination. It is also emphasizing the recognition of customary rights, and acknowledges the importance of allocating funds for forest tenure reform implementation.

Scenario 1: Empowered Indigenous women.The empowerment and promotion of indigenous communities, focusing on women, by recognizing their customary tenure system and strengthening and supporting it to perform its tenure functions of resource allocation and guaranteeing rights in a fair, inclusive and effective way.

Scenario 4: Gloomy sun shine at noon.Revolves around a powerful government that does not prioritize reform implementation, does not allocate budgets for reform implementation, has no clear spatial planning and land allocation, ignores the customary community, has full, exclusive control over forests and is generally ineffective in implementing reforms.

Scenario 5: Lost sovereignty.The community dependency to the government, the community lose the opportunity for managing the forest due to change of policy and nomenclature; insufficient budget allocation; government control the forests including customary territory; applied government policy for community empowerment; complex policy and regulation.

Scenario 3: The storm that never endedThis scenario involves the empowerment of the private sector to lead reform implementation. Forests are controlled by the state but used for business. Indigenous groups (including women) are not recognized and there is need to establish local regulations for the certain groups.

COLLABORATION CONFLICT COMMUNITY AUTHORITY FMU - DESIRED FMU AUTHORITY

Scenario 1: Striving to Tenure Security for better hope.focused on implementing the SF

program by involving all relevant stakeholders. The key themes include policy stability, continued rights to forest communities, multiple actors support implementation, adequate budget allocation, improved capacities of implementers and support for community-based enterprises

Scenario 3: No Access for Community.focuses on restricted rights to communities, conflict escalation, economic interests being more important than environmental concerns, increasing conversion of forests to agriculture and low capacity in government for tenure reform implementation.

Scenario 5: Uncontrolled Forest Tenure Reform.based on full ownership right to communities who have total authority and decision making over forests. The main themes include full community control over forest resources, increased pressure on forest resources, inadequate budgets and poor human resource capacities, lack of resource sustainability and sectoral silos.

Scenario 2: FMU facing globalization.Focuses on the FMU as the main locus for implementing SF programs. Key themes include: budgetary support, community empowerment and stakeholder commitment.

Scenario 4: FMU take over community right.Focuses on a strong, functional FMU. The key themes are the termination of community rights, adequate budgets allocated to KPH, full authority of the FUM over forest management and conflict.

MAL

UKU

LAM

PUN

GSCENARIOS: SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES

FROM SCENARIO TO ACTION

Agreed vision• Preferred scenario• Proposed action plan

• Strategy Implementation

Sub-national public consultation involving 17 communities, government, NGO, University, private sectors, farmer group, practitioners (83 people; 24 women and 59 men)

Feedback from SC (forestry agencies)

National public consultation involving MoEF, NGO, University, practitioner (27 people = 12 women and 15 men)

to Recommendations• Priority action plan from

national and sub-national

• Key issues addressing constraints reforms implementation

SUB-NATIONAL ACTION PLAN

Governance and SF policy:• Establishing FMU, Develop WG, Raising awareness on existing SF

regulation, Avocation at province level• Improve community forestry policy, Organizing face-to-face

deliberation with MoEF, Integration of development program with other sectors

Regional budgetary support:• Integrating SF at regional level, Maintaining eagle wood for

communities, Open easier access to the forest with village funds• Supporting Governor Regulation for conservation, Propose

adequate budget for forest development program

Community/customary inst. and rights:• Establish local regulations, village regulations, Increased capacity

for village officer • Enhance community rights by disseminating SF law and program,

Increase coordination among various sectors

Revise land allocation and district spatial planning

Enhance FMU by establishing FMU with independent financial organization and capacity building for FMU’s staff

Knowledge, awareness, and community empowerment:

• Create a champion of forest extension personnel to develop management and working plan

• Awareness SF and regulation at the community level; Capacity building for businesses or entrepreneurship

Strengthening indigenous women: Involving of indigenous women in forest reform implementation and strengthening program for women

Enhancing local economy• Economy creative created by community group• Potential for tourist attraction by integrated with SF,

collaboration with related agency and providing infrastructure

Establish Local regulation

Similarities: Differences:

Maluku Lampung

NATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS – ADDRESSING ACTION PLAN

Governance and policy related to SF:• Improve coordination, partnership and permit process for SF• Develop FMU and SF policy

Customary institution and rights: • Establishing local regulation for community and used as an initial basis for the

recognition of customary communities and for proposing customary forests

Regional budgetary support: • Mapping partner to support the implementation of SF• Depend on leadership and local politic

Community empowerment: • The central government is supporting the community assistance• Improve community development program

Thank You …

http://www.cifor.org/gcs-tenure/