Exploration & Colonization

UNIT ICHAPTERS 1-5

Chronology

• Place the following in time sequence from first to last……….– Jamestown– Columbus– Mayflower– Arrival of the first African slaves– End of the Mayans– Salem witch trials

Exploration – Pages 13-15, 16-17, 20-23

• Conquistadores– Motives– Legacy

• Columbus– Hero or Villain?– Columbian exchange

• Spanish America– “Black Legend” vs. Spanish goals

Reading Notes • Conquistadores

– Motives – Cash, Conversion, Adventure (what order?)– 3Gs (Gold, God, Glory)– Legacy – mestizos

• Columbus – Why now?– Renaissance creates spirit of adventure– Combination of improvements in ship building and navigation– Desire for discovery, conquest, and colonization for the nation-

state• Columbus – Why him?

– Low risk / high reward for Spain• Columbus – Hero

– Discovers new continents– Establishes foundations for Global economy – demonstrate

Columbian exchange– Transfer of living things

• Columbus – Villain– Exploits native kindness– Spreads European diseases– Expands need for slaves

• Spanish America– Black Legend – Christianize them or kill them– Goals – expand the Spanish empire (Spanish influence declining

in Europe) Expand, enslave, enrich, and incorporate Indians– **Major difference between Spain and English colonists

• Spanish – Indian cultures converge vs. elimination or isolation of Indians

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus – Hero or Villain?

• Washington Irving (1800’s) – biography of Columbus as an American hero

• Samuel Morrison (1900’s) – biography of Columbus not as a saint but as a master seamen who changed the course of history

• Kirkpatrick Sale (1990’s) – biography of Columbus as a ruthless fortune hunter that set in motion a history of exploitation and environmental destruction

Columbian Exchange

• Produce– Americas to Europe / Africa

• Potato, Peanut, Cocoa Bean, Tobacco, Tomato, Pumpkin, Corn, Beans, etc.

– Europe / Africa to Americas• Citrus fruits, Livestock, Grains,

Bananas, Sugar Cane, Coffee, etc.

• Disease– Smallpox, Influenza, Measles, etc

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

English America – Pages 25-31

• Conditions for colonization– Why now?– What is primogeniture and its impact?– Joint stock companies

• Virginia Company – Purpose, structure, lasting importance– Jamestown– Relations with the Indians

Reading Notes Part I

• Conditions– Defeat of the Spanish Armada

• Ensures England’s naval dominance• Ends Catholic threat

– Expanding population vs. job opportunities

• High unemployment, bad urban conditions, etc.• Unstable economy – agricultural based

– Primogeniture• Only first born son gets inheritance

– Joint stock companies• Reduced risk vs. expanded opportunity• Creation of markets

– Religious freedom?

Reading Notes Part II

• Virginia Company– Purpose – find gold and passage to the Indies– Structure – short term investment as a joint

stock company– Importance – provided colonists with the

rights of Citizens (discuss English Bill of Rights 1688) foundation of Revolution and American liberties

– Jamestown – ill prepared, survives by surplus of colonists only

– Relations – Indians initially hospitable but changed after harsh treatment by colonists

– Superior forces and disease drive Indians away

• Land, ideology, religion, and lack of economic necessity of Indians to colonists ultimately doom native Americans

Settlement of the Southern Colonies I –

Pages 31-34• Virginia

– King Nicotine’s role– Irony of 1619

• Maryland– Comparison to Virginia– Act of Toleration

Reading Notes (Last Time)

• Virginia – – Tobacco – savior of the colony– John Rolfe improves production and processing – Creates dependency on single crop– Economic issues – price and crop volatility, reliance

on imports– Creates plantation system with huge need for labor

• 1619 – First 20 African slaves sold by the Dutch– Discuss economic difference between indentured

servants and slaves – House of Burgesses – direct election of

representatives to determine laws and policies for Virginia – disbanded (briefly) when Virginia Company lost charter – converts to Royal Colony 1624

Reading Notes – Really the Last Time

• Maryland – Lord Baltimore – catholic refuge (aristocrats)– Hoped to create a feudal system– Tobacco dependent – issues

between Catholics and Protestants– Act of Toleration – religious

tolerance for ‘Christians’ everybody else could be punished by death

Tobacco viewpoints

• “Tobacco that outlandish weede It spends the braine and spoiles the seede It dulls the spirite, it dims the sight It robs a woman of her right”

Dr. William Vaughn -1617

Tomacco – Seeds of the Future

Tobacco Timeline

• • 1619: JAMESTOWN: First Africans brought into Virginia. John Rolfe writes in his diary, About the last of August came in a dutch man of warre that sold us twenty negars. • 1619: JAMESTOWN: First shipment of wives for settlers arrives. Future husbands had to pay for his prospective mate's passage (120 lbs. of tobacco). • 1620: ENGLAND: 40,000 lbs of tobacco imported from Virginia. (LB) • 1620: Trade agreement between the Crown & Virginia Company bans commercial tobacco growing in England, in return for a 1 shilling/lb. duty on Virginia tobacco. • 1621: Sixty future wives arrive in Virginia and sell for 150 pounds of tobacco each. Price up since 1619.(TSW)

Settlement of the Southern Colonies II –

Pages 35-40• Carolinas– South Carolina – economy &

issues– North Carolina – why separate?

• Georgia– Dual purpose

• Common features of plantation colonies

Barbados Slave Code

• The Barbados Slave Code of 1661 was the English legal code set up to provide a legal base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados. It required that slave owners dress their slaves. However, it also denied slaves even basic rights guaranteed under English common law such as the right to life. It allowed the slaves' owners to do entirely as they wished to their slaves, including mutilating them and burning them alive, without fear of reprisal.

• This code was adopted by South Carolina in 1696, and formed the basic outline for slavery in the British North American colonies.

***By the early 1700’s slavery was legal in all the colonies!!!

Puritans and Pilgrims - Pages 42-46

• Protestants, Calvinism, Puritans, Separatists, and Pilgrims– What, Who, Why– Significance of the Mayflower

• Massachusetts Bay Company– John Winthrop– Issues

City on a Hill?

• "As Ronald Reagan said in his farewell address to the nation, 'I've spoken of the Shining City all my political life. …In my mind it was a tall, proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, windswept, God-blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace; a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity. And if there had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here. That's how I saw it, and see it still.”

City on a Hill?

• “Politicians as diverse in their ideology as John Adams, Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, Michael Dukakis, Walter Mondale, Bill Clinton, John Kerry, Howard Dean and George Bush have all borrowed Winthrop's vision, each of them giving it his own spin"

Puritan Values and Beliefs

1. Egalitarian Society2. “City on a Hill”3. Harsh Punishments4. Emphasis on Education5. Puritan work ethic6. Repression of Sexuality7. God is active in all aspects of life8. Intolerance of dissent9. Recognition of good and evil

Egalitarianism• “All men are created equal”

Egalitarianism in Education

Germany has 3 types of high schoolsGymnasium – college bound studentsRealschule – intermediate studentsHauptschule – trade school

United StatesAll children attend the same school with the same curriculumExpectation = all students will be college bound

City upon a Hill

For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken...we shall be made a story and a by-word throughout the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God...We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us til we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going.

John Winthrop 1630

City Upon a Hill?

• American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States and the American people hold a special place in the world, by offering opportunity and hope for humanity, derived from a unique balance of public and private interests governed by constitutional ideals that are focused on personal and economic freedom.

Harsh Punishments

The United States is one of only nine countries to execute juveniles since 1990Supreme Court ruled against executing people with mental retardation in 2002Supreme Court ruled against executing juveniles in 2005

Harsh Punishments7 million Americans are in prison, on parole, or on probationThe United States has 5% of the world’s population and 25% of the world’s prisoners

Harsh Punishments

Most Executions carried out in 2006

1. China (at least 1,010 but sources suggest the real tally is between 7,500 and 8,000)

2. Iran (177) 3. Pakistan (82) 4. Iraq (at least 65) 5. Sudan (at least 65) 6. United States (53)

Executions since 1976

Texas 400

Executions since 1976

Virginia 98 Oklahoma 86 Missouri 66 Florida 64

Executions since 1976

North Carolina 43 Georgia 40 Alabama 38 South Carolina 37 Arkansas 27 Louisiana 27 Ohio 26 Arizona 23

Executions since 1976

Indiana 19 Delaware 14 California 13 Illinois 12 Nevada 12

Executions since 1976

Mississippi 8 Colorado 1 Utah 6 Connecticut 1Maryland 5 Idaho 1 Washington 4 New Mexico 1 Nebraska 3 South Dakota 1 Pennsylvania 3 Wyoming 1Montana 3 Kansas 0Tennessee 3 New Hampshire 0 Kentucky 2 New Jersey 0 Oregon 2 New York 0

No current death penalty statute

Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands.

Work Ethic

Repression of Sexuality

2004 Super Bowl half-time show

United States540,000 complaints with the

F.C.C.

Canada50 complaints with the

Canadian Broadcast Standards Council

Repression of Sexuality

• Consider the rating system for movies, television, etc.

• European rating system harsher on violence – softer on sex

God is active in all aspects of

life

“By choosing an avowed lesbian for this national event [The Oscars], these Hollywood elites have clearly invited God’s wrath. Is it any surprise that the Almighty chose to strike at Miss Degeneres’ hometown?”

Hurricane Katrina

God is active in all aspects of life

Religious Dissent – Pages 46-47, 50-51

• Quakers• Role of Anne Hutchinson

– Antinomianism?• Roger Williams

– Rhode Island• Different from other colonies

• King Philip’s War– Role of English expansionism– Causes– Consequences

Antinomianism

• One who holds that under the gospel dispensation of grace the moral law is of no use or obligation because faith alone is necessary to salvation.

• Heresy – any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position

Big Question

• Are moral laws relative in meaning or fixed?

• Huh?

Confederation vs. Dominion – Pages 52-61

• New England Confederation– Purpose– Structure– Significance

• Dominion of New England– Purposes– Role of Sir Edmund Andros– Impact of the Glorious Revolution

• Settlement of the Middle Colonies (next slide)

Settlement of the Middle Colonies

• Creation and end of New Netherland

• Pennsylvania– Quakers – beliefs– Growth factors

• New Jersey & Delaware• Common features of the

Middle Colonies– Industry, population mix, social

liberties

English Bill of Rights

• That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;

• That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;

English Bill of Rights

• That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;

• That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;

• Also free elections, no cruel or unusual punishment, right to jury trial, and free speech and debate

King Nicotine & Indentured Servants

Pages 64-66• Chesapeake Region– Bad for?– Good for?

• Indentured Servants– Pros/Cons– Headright system– Bacon’s Rebellion

• Significance

Chesapeake Bay

Chesapeake Bay vs. New England

• Most New England immigrants arrived as members of a nuclear family in which the father exerted strong authority.  They therefore found it easier to cope with the wilderness and to preserve English ways.  It was even possible to reproduce an English family structure in New England because the sex ratio was about even.

• Most Chesapeake immigrants arrived as single men – reduced rate of natural population increase

• New England families differed from the English pattern in only one important aspect—people lived longer in New England.  This meant that parents could expect to see their children grow up, marry, and have their own children.  New England may have “invented” grandparents, who gave an additional measure of stability to society.

• Life expectancy was apparently much longer in New England than in the Chesapeake colonies because climatic and economic conditions were more favorable there.

Only the Good Die Young?

• What was the life expectancyof a typical colonial resident?

• The life expectancy of a colonial was short.  As many as 50% of all women died in childbirth or from childbed disease. The infant mortality rate was also high.  If a child could reach the age of eleven, they stood a better chance at survival.  Individuals in their forties and fifties during the 17th century were considered "old."  Statistics peering back to the 18th century indicate the average life expectancy was the age of 45!

Factors Leading to Rebellion

• Declining tobacco prices• Growing competition

(Maryland and the Carolinas)• Indian issues• Discontent farmers• Government corruption and

oppression

Combatants

Governor Berkeley

Bacon’s Soldier

Effects of Bacon’s Rebellion

• Search for a new source of labor w/o issues

• Dangerous precedent of revolt vs. adherence to the law

• Right to bear arms strengthened

Bacon’s Rebellion

• On October 26th, 1676, Bacon abruptly died of the "Bloodie Flux" and "Lousey Disease" (body lice). It is possible his soldiers burned his contaminated body because it was never found. (His death inspired this little ditty; Bacon is Dead I am sorry at my hart That lice and flux should take the hangman's part".)

Colonial Slavery and Southern Society Pages 67-

79

• Origins• Triangular Trade

– Middle Passage

• Early slave life• Southern social stratification

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

4. 650,000 – 800,000 Africans shipped to North America

Distribution of African Slaves

Destination/Percentage

• Brazil 35.4% • Spanish Empire 22.1%• British West Indies 17.7%• French West Indies 14.1% • British North America and future

United States 4.4%• Dutch West Indies4.4% • Danish West Indies0.2%

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

New England Life Pages 82-92

• Life in New England– Health, family structure, women’s rights

and roles– Development and role of towns– Basis of economy– Relations with Indians

• Challenges to Puritan faith and practices– Half-Way Covenant– Salem witch trials

Covenant

• Although they considered themselves part of the Church of England, the Puritans disapproved of that Church's open communion for all worshippers. They chose instead to allow only people who made a public profession of faith and formally joined a church to share the Lord's Supper.

Salem Witch Trials

• Will You Confess?

• The Grave Stones

Will You Confess?

• What would you have done? Why?

• What fears or uncertainties create an atmosphere like Salem?

• If you consider the timeframe and value system, why did most of the accused not confess?

Colonial Economy Pages 92-95

• Demographics of Colonial Society– Impact of population growth– Impact of ethnic diversity

• Social Structure– South vs. North

• Colonial Industries– Balance of trade issues

US Population

Colonial Religion

• Dominant Denominations– Congregationalists vs. Anglicans

• Great Awakening– Causes– Jonathan Edwards / George

Whitefield– Impacts