exploiting unmanned aircraft systems
TRANSCRIPT
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 1/27
1
AIAA Infotech@Aerospace 2010
Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Dr. Werner J.A. Dahm
USAF Chief ScientistAir Force Pentagon
Headquarters U.S. Air Force 21 April 2010
Their Role in Future Military Operations
and the Emergent Technologies that will Shape Their Development
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 2/27
2
Current Unmanned Aircraft Systems of the U.S. Air Force and DoD
U.S. Army
MQ-1C WarriorRQ-7 Shadow
RQ-11 Raven
Wasp III BATMAV
U.S. Navy / Marines
RQ-2 Pioneer
RQ-11 Raven Scan Eagle
RQ-8 Fire Scout
U.S. Air Force RQ-4 Global Hawk
MQ-1 PredatorMQ-9 Reaper
RQ-11 Raven
Wasp III BATMAV
RQ-170Sentinel
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 3/27
3
Rapid Growth in UAS Use by USAF
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 4/27
USAF Need for RPA Pilots, Operators,and Ground Crews is Growing Quickly
2004 2009 2011
RQ-4 Global Hawk MQ-1 Predator MQ-9 Reaper
4
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 5/27
5
Emerging Roles and New Concepts for Large and Medium Size UAVs
UAS moving beyond traditionalsurveillance and kinetic strike roles
Longer-endurance missions requirehigh-efficiency engine technologies
In-flight automated refueling will bekey for expanding UAS capabilities
May include ISR functions beyondtraditional electro-optic surveillance
LO may allow ops in contested ordenied (non-permissive) areas
Electronic warfare (EW) by stand-injamming is a possible future role
Wide-area airborne surveillance(WAAS) is increasingly important
Directed energy strike capability islikely to grow (laser and HPM)
Civil uses include border patrol and
interdiction, and humanitarian relief
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 6/27
6
Ultra-Long Endurance Unmanned Aircraft
New unmanned aircraft systems (VULTURE)and airships (ISIS) can remain aloft for years
Delicate lightweight structures can survivelow-altitude winds if launch can be chosen
Enabled by solar cells powering lightweightbatteries or regenerative fuel cell systems
Large airships containing football field sizeradars give extreme resolution/persistence
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 7/277
New Multi-Spot EO/IR Sensors for UAVs
Multi-spot EO/IR cameras allow individuallysteered low frame rate spots; augment FMV
Gorgon Stare now; ARGUS-IS will allow 65spots using a 1.8 giga-pixel sensor at 15 Hz
Individually controllable spot coverage goesdirectly to ROVER terminals on ground
Autonomous Real-Time Ground UbiquitousSurveillance - Imaging System (ARGUS-IS)
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 8/27
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 9/27
UAS Automated Aerial Refueling (AAR)
Aerial refueling of UAVs from USAF tanker fleet isessential for increasing range and endurance
Requires location sensing and relative navigationto approach, hold, and move into fueling position
Precision GPS can be employed to obtain neededpositional information
Once UAV has autonomously flown into contactposition, boom operator engages as normal
Key issues include position-keeping with possibleGPS obscuration by tanker and gust/wake stability
9
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 10/2710
Flight Testing of UAS AAR Algorithms
August 2006 initial flight tests of AFRL-developedcontrol algorithms for automated aerial refueling
KC-135 with Learjet-surrogate UAS platform gavefirst “hands-off” approach to contact position
Subsequent positions and pathways flight testand four-ship CONOPS simulations successful
120 mins continuous “hands-off” station keeping
in contact position; approach from ½-mile away
12 hrs of “hands-off” formation flight with tanker
including autonomous position-holding in turns
Position-holding matched human-piloted flight
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 11/2711
Increased Autonomy in UAS Missions
Autonomous mission optimization underdynamic circumstances is a key capability
Must address UAV platform degradation aswell as changes in operating environment
Operator only declares mission intent andconstraints; UAV finds best execution path
Vigilent Spirit is current implementation
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 12/2712
Distributed/Cooperative Control of UAVs
Optimized scalable solution methodsfor multiple heterogeneous UAVs
Allows multiple UAVs to act as singlecoordinated unit to meet mission need
Scalability of methods is essential toallow future application to larger sets
np -hard problem; exponential growth
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 13/27
13
Distributed/Cooperative Control of UAVs
Task coupling of multiple UAVs is key incomplex environments; e.g. urban areas
Must include variable autonomy to allowflexible operator interaction with UAVs
Allow dynamic task re-assignment while
reducing overall operator workload Demonstrated in Talisman Saber 2009
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 14/27
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 15/27
15
Growing DoD Need to Improve Process for Integrating UAS in National Airspace
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 16/27
16
Integration of UAS Operations in National,International, and Military Airspace
Authority :
Federal Aviation Authority (FAA)
Separation :
Cooperative : TCAS / ADS-BNon-Cooperative : Visual
Airfields :
Friendly and well known
International AirspaceNational Airspace Military Airspace
CollisionAvoidance ConflictAvoidance
Authority :
Int’l. Civil Aviation Org. (ICAO)
Separation :
Cooperative : TCASNon-Cooperative : Visual
Airfields :
Limited access, not well known
Authority :
Department of Defense (DoD)
Separation :
Cooperative : IFFNon-Cooperative : Radar, Visual
Airfields :
Limited, austere, security
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 17/27
17
UAS Autonomous Collision Avoidance and Terminal Airspace Operations
Must address all aspects of UAV situationalawareness and control
Airspace deconfliction, air-ground collisionavoidance, terminal area operations
Must be immune to UAS “lost-link” cases;
“remotely-piloted” becomes “unmanned”
Surface avoidance (vehicles, obstructions)
U-270K
60K
Global Hawk
Heron 1
Predator A
50K
40K
30K
20K
10K
A l t i t u d e
1020
30Endurance (hours)
Hermes, Aerostar,Eagle Eye, FireScout, Hunter
Heron 2
Predator B
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 18/27
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 19/27
19
Developing Increased Trust in Autonomy: Verification & Validation of UAS Control
Flight Control Requirements
Control Design
Control Analysis
Software Requirements
Software Design
Software Implementation
Software Test & Integration
System Requirements
System Architecture Design
System Verification & Validation
System Architecture Analysis
Systems and software V&V is amajor cost and schedule driver
High level of autonomy in UAVswill require new V&V methods
IVHM for mission survivability
Complex adaptive systems withautonomous reconfigurability
Approach infinite-state systemeven for moderate autonomy
Data/communication drop-outsand latencies make even harder
Traditional methods based onrequirements traceability fail
Extremely challenging problem;must overcome for UAS “trust”
Requires entirely new approach
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 20/27
20
“Formal Methods” vs “Run- Time Method”
for V&V of UAS Control Systems
Formal methods for finite-state systemsbased on abstraction and model-basedchecking do not extend to such systems
Probabilistic or statistical tests do notprovide the needed levels of assurance;set of possible inputs is far too large
Classical problem of “proving that failure
will not occur” is the central challenge
Run-time approach circumvents usuallimitation by inserting monitor/checkerand simpler verifiable back-up controller
Monitor system state during run-time andcheck against acceptable limits
Switch to simpler back-up controller ifstate exceeds limits
Simple back-up controller is verifiable bytraditional finite-state methods
Run-time V&V system
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 21/27
21
Batteries & Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Cells Will Be Needed to Power Small UAVs
Small UAVs need suitable power sourcefor propulsion and on-board systems
Desired endurance times (> 8 hrs) causebattery weight to exceed lift capacity; ICengine fuel efficiencies are too low
Fuel cells give lightweight power system
but must operate on logistical LHC fuel JP kerosene fuels ideal, liquid propane is
usable; need on-board fuel processor
Solid-oxide fuel cells are best to date;current record held by U. Michigan team> 9 hrs aloft with propane in small UAV
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 22/27
22
MAVs: New Aerodynamic Regimes and Microelectromechanical Components
Micro UAVs open up new opportunitiesfor close-in sensing in urban areas
Low-speed, high-maneuverability, andhovering not suited even to small UAVs
Size and speed regime creates low-Reaerodynamic effects; fixed-wing UAVsbecome impractical as size decreases
Rotary-wing and biomimetic flapping-wing configurations are best at this size
Requires lightweight flexible structuresand unsteady aero-structural coupling
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 23/27
23
Low Reynolds Number Flow Associated with Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicles
Unsteady aerodynamics w/ strong couplingto flexible structures is poorly understood
AFRL water tunnel with large pitch-plungemechanism allows groundbreaking studies
Advanced diagnostics (SPIV) combined withCFD are giving insights on effective designs
MAV aerodynamics, structures, and controlare accessible to university-scale studies
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 24/27
24
AMASE: Air Force Research Laboratory’s
AVTAS Multi-Agent Simulation Environment
Desktop simulation environment developedat AFRL for UAV cooperative control studies
Used within AFRL to develop and optimizemultiple-UAV engagement approaches
Public-released by AFRL to universities; nolicense restrictions and no acquisition cost
Self-contained simulation environment thataccelerates iterative development/analysis
AMASE User Interface
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 25/27
25
AMASE Can Be Used to Develop/Assess
New Collaborative Control Algorithms
Example shows comparison of control laws formission with multiple areas and no-enter zones
Heterogeneous UAVs make intuitive approachtoo complex; results show performance differs
Allows effectiveness of control algorithms tobe quantitatively assessed and compared
Enabled maturation of process algebra laws forUAVs flown in Talisman Saber 2009
AMASE modeling details are documented andpublicly available in AIAA-2009-6139
Comparison of two cooperative
UAS control systems
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 26/27
26
Concluding Remarks
We are still at the very early stages ofUAS evolution, roughly where aircraftwere after WWI; much is changing
Developments over next decade willspan from large UAVs to MAVs as key
technologies and missions evolve: Advanced platforms and sensors
Operations in non-permissive areas
Automated aerial refueling
Coordinated control of multiple UAVs
UAS integration across airspace V&V to provide trust in autonomy
Creative approaches and technologyadvances will be needed to exploit thefull potential that UAVs can offer
8/6/2019 Exploiting Unmanned Aircraft Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/exploiting-unmanned-aircraft-systems 27/27