expert topic 1306- carp

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November | December 2013EXPERT TOPIC - CARP

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth lookat a particular species and how its feed is managed.

CARP

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China

Overview of thepresent situation ofcarp farming in China

by Wang Xin, Song Zhigang, YangYong, Guangzhou Hinter Biotechnology,Guangdong, China

Carp is one of the main species

of China's aquaculture industry,

forming 13 percent of its farmed

fish output. Because of their wide

adaptability, carp can be farmed in an extensive

variety of regions. However, in recent years their

quality in China has declined. With the blind

pursuit of production volumes and backward

steps in breeding management technology, many

problems have appeared in carp aquaculture.

Biological characteristicsCommon carp belongs to the taxonomic

group Osteichthyes of the animal kingdom,

in the Cyprinidae family of the Cypriniformes

subclass. Carp live at the bottom of water

bodies, and tend to stir them up in foraging

activity. Common carp can quickly adapt to

the temperature and quality of water, and

grow quickly at the same time (1 kg or morein a single year). Their breeding season is early

April to early June, and reach sexual maturity

after two years.

Carp is a typically omnivorous fish, although

they can be carnivorous. Their feeding mode

is deglutition. Carp fry mainly eat zooplankton,

and later begin to eat benthos. When their

body length reaches 7-17 cm, under natural

conditions carp eat crustaceans, insect larvae,

algae, plant tissue and so on. In the aquacul-

ture industry farmers use compound feeds to

provide their nutrition.

DistributionCommon carp grow quickly, have highoutput and a strong tolerance for envi-

ronmental conditions, which means they

can be cultivated widely from the north-

ern provinces Heilongjiang, Liaoning,

Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi, to the southern

provinces Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou.

As mentioned above, carp is one of the

main species for Chinese aquaculture,

making up 13 percent of total production

volume.

Common speciesThe most common carp species in China

are Jian carp, Yellow River carp, red carp

and German mirror carp. All have similar

nutritional requirements although fish farmers

must bear certain differences in mind. German

mirror carp typically exhibit higher feed con-

versation ratios than the Yellow River or Jian

varities, and consequently tend to enjoy a

faster growth rate (reaching 1.25 kg after a

year, rather than 1 kg).

However, the disease resistance of German

mirror carp is poor, and require higherwater quality to be successfully farmed. For

these reasons, all three are viable aquacul-

ture species, although German mirror carp

enjoy higher and more stable prices in the

marketplace.

USA

Aquaculture carp threatto Great Lakes wildlife

Though a popular species for farming intheir own right, carps bottom-dwelling

behaviour, tolerance of a wide range of

environmental conditions and omnivo-

rous feeding habits also makes them an attractive

candidate for integrated aquaculture systems.

Authorities in the Great Lakes region of the

United States are now having to deal with the

drawbacks of this hardiness, as Asian carp spe-

cies originally imported to the southern states

to control vegetation in aquaculture and waste-

water treatment have been found spawning as

far north as the Sandusky River in Ohio.

It is a well-established fact that the Mississippi

River is infested with Asian carp, and one of those

species, the grass carp, has made the jump to the

tributary river of Lake Erie. Although vegetation-

eating grass carp do significant damage to aquatic

habitats, scientists are particularly worried about

the prospect of bighead carp and silver carp joining

them. They require similar spawning conditions to

the species already in place, but as plankton feeders

will out-compete and out-breed native fish.

US environmental official John Goss has called

for the renewal of the administrations US$200 mil-lion aggressive strategy to keep the Great Lakes

free of the invasive species. Given the threat to the

US$7 billion sports fishing industry and US$234

million commercial fishery in both the USA and

Canada, its time to cut the carp.

November-December 2013 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED| 43

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Optimumproteinand lipidbalance forC. auratus

by Patrick Haughton, Hampshire CarpHatcheries, UK

The growing season for first year

cyprinids is short in the UK.

Typically the fish are spawned in

late April and May and the fry

are stocked out into ongrowing ponds in

late May to early June. For the first two

or three weeks their diet is predominantly

zooplankton before they are weaned onto acommercial dry diet.

The fish farmer then has 16 weeks of

temperatures above 15 C (average 20 C)

to grow the stock to a market size of 5 to 50

g (5-14 cm) for the following spring's market

demand. It is vitally important to maximise

weight gain over this period. Protein efficiencyratios (PER) are less important as the ponds

have a high capacity to process ammonia, with

the long day lengths resulting in dense algae

blooms and supersaturation of oxygen.

Most of the diets available to the freshwa-

ter fish farmer in the UK are sold as optimal

for carp or trout. By using a range of protein

and lipid combinations, this trial intended to

extend the understanding of the

optimum balance for the intensive

ongrowing of first year goldfish.

In collaboration with Coppens

International, Hampshire Carp

Hatcheries carried out an eight-

week feed trial on goldfish (C.

auratus) at Sparsholt College's

National Aquatics Training Centre.

The goldfish were fed four com-

mercial diets in triplicate so that their com-

mercial performance could be measured.

The key parameters that were measured

were growth, feed utilisation, economic per-

formance and condition factor (shape).

Experimental materialsand procedure

The trial was conducted in twelve aquari-

ums (dimensions 90 x 30 x 30 cm) in a

recirculation unit. Each aquarium maintained a

Table 1:

Protien % Lipid %Price

Euro/kg

Standard (S) 33% 6% 0.95

Basic select (BS) 34% 15% 1

Supreme 16 (S16) 46% 16% 1.19

Prime 18 (P18) 42% 18% 1.13

Table 2:

Grossenergy(MJ/kg)

Metabolisableenergy (MJ/

kg)

Relativemetabolisable

eneergy

Relativefeed rate

Daily feedrate

Standard (S) 18.09 14.12 82.0% 1.22 3.66%

Basic select (BS) 20.26 16.57 96.2% 1.04 3.12%

Supreme 16 (S16) 21.14 17.01 98.7% 1.01 3.04%

Prime 18 (P18) 21.37 17.23 100% 1.00 3%

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flow of one litre per minute

at 20 C.

Each morning the

aquariums were cleaned by

siphoning any suspended

solids and faeces. Water

was replenished from a res-

ervoir of standing dechlo-

rinated water. Ammonia

levels were routinely moni-

tored throughout the trial.

Prior to the start of

the trial, the goldfish were

acclimatised to the aquari-

ums for two weeks whilst

being fed on a mainte-

nance ration. At the start

of the trial each aquarium

was randomly stocked

with 20 15 g (0.5 g)

goldfish. The mean values

of the bulk weights of the fish on each diet

were tested for differences using a one-wayanalysis of variance. There was no signifi-

cant difference in bulk weights (p>0.05,f =

0.56,d.f.3,8).

The fish receiving the most energy-rich

diet, Prime 18, were fed at 3 percent body

weight a day. The other diets were fed iso-

calorifically, so that all fish in the trial would

have the same energy available (see Table 2).

The daily ration for each tank was pre-

weighed and divided into two roughly equal

feeds, which were given at 8.30 a.m. and4.30 p.m. The fish were fed just six days each

week. On the seventh day the fish were bulk

weighed and counted. New rations were

calculated each week based on the new bulk

weights.

At the start of the trial a random sample of

20 fish were weighed and measured for total

length to calculate their condition factor. At

the end of the trial a random sample of 20 fish

from each diet were weighed and measured

for total length.

Results: diet utilisationand growth

During the course of the trial all of the

feed was observed to be eaten. There were

no mortalities and the water parameters were

recorded the same for all aquariums.

The tanks ate between 650 g and 744 g

of food over the trial. Feed conversion ratios

Table 3:

DietProtein,lipid%

Foof fed (gr) FCR PER % Weight gain SGR %

Standard 33 & 6 744 (+/=56) 2.47 (+/-0.12) 1.23 (+/-0.06) 100%(+/-4.4) 1.24% (+/-0.04)

Basic select 34&15 662 (+/-58) 1.95 (+/-0.13) 1.21 (+/-0.09) 113%(+/-7) 1.41% (+/-0.06)

Supreme 16 46&16 650 (+/-13) 1.8 (+/-0.13) 1.21 (+/-0.07) 121%(+/-11.8) 1.41% (+/-0.09)

Prime 18 42&18 650 (+/-74) 1.72 (+/-0.09 1.39 (+/-0.07) 126%(+/-10.2) 1.46% (+/-0.08)

November-December 2013 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED| 45

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(FCRs) varied from 1.72 to 2.47, PERs varied

from 1.21 to 1.51, percentage weight gains var-

ied from 100 % to 126 % and specific growth

rates (SGRs) varied from 1.24 % to 1.46 %.

There were highly significant differences

in the diets FCRs (p>0.001,f = 203,d.f.3,8).

P18 had a very highly significantly lower FCR

than the S diet (p


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expert topic 1306- carp

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