expert meeting on test accounts for mediterranean wetlands 21st, 22 june 2007 etclusi the...
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Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
The Implementation of Integrated Land and Ecosystem Accounts in Europe
Assets and Services
Jean-Louis WeberEEA
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Why accounting for ecosystems is important?
• Key policy issues– Biodiversity conservation– Sustainable use of living/ cycling resource (natural and managed systems)
and land– Adaptability to climate change– Cost of inaction
• Recent developments & research: – SEEA2003 – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
• “Natural Assets and Human Well-being”• “ecosystem services”: provisioning (goods), regulating, support, cultural
– IUCN / VALUE project (“Counting ecosystems as water infrastructure”…)
– Ecological economics in general (ISEE…)– GEOSS – Global Earth Observation System of System– Europe's project of Ecosystem Assessment 2012 (Eureca!)– G8-German “Stern-like” assessment of costs of non-conservation of
biodiversity– National ecosystem assessments, accounts (France, UK, India…)– and more...(Ecological Footprint, HANPP...)
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
SEEA: expansion of the System of National Accounts (UN1993) in order to include more environmental aspects
Natural resources EcosystemsEconomic
assets (SNA)Non-economic
assets
Openingstocks
Openingstocks
OpeningState
SNAtransactions
and otherflows
Changes instocks
Changesin stocks
Economicactivities,
naturalprocesses,
etc.
Changesin state
Closingstocks
Closingstocks
Closingstate
Described in SNA
RM HASSAN - UN The System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (UN 2003) - RANESA Workshop June 12-16, 2005 Maputo
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Accounting for Ecosystems
Land cover changes matrix Land cover x land use matrix
Land cover (initial state)
Land cover (final state)
Land cover core account
Land use x activities matrix
economic decisions
natural causes
multiple causes
Lan
d c
ov
er
Activitie
s/ secto
rs
Land cover flows due to Final
state
Land cover (final state)
Land use functions
Land use functions
Lan
d c
ov
er
(i
nit
ial
sta
te)
Lan
d c
ov
er
flo
ws
Initial state
Land use accounts and
Ecosystem accounts
Land use accounts and
Ecosystem accounts
The story so far….The story so far…. The next steps….The next steps….
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Accounting for ecosystems: Conceptual Model
Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods
S
C
A
L
E
S
Distribution Patterns Neighbourhoods
S
C
A
L
E
S
Spatial analysisSpatial analysis
DP S IRDriving forces (production, consumption)
Pressures
State of environment
Impacts of state on society, economy and ecosystems
Responses
CausationCausation
FrameworkFrameworkStocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Indicators Indicators
& &
Aggregates Aggregates
€&
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Economic system and ecosystem
EGSGDPE
cono
mic
ass
ets E
cosystem assets
GDP: Gross domestic Product
EGS: Ecosystem Goods and Services
Inte
rme
dia
te
us
e o
f E
GS
Fin
al u
se
of
no
n-m
ark
et E
GS
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Inclusive Domestic Product
FinalEGS
IDP
GDPF
ina
l us
e o
f n
on
-ma
rke
t EG
S
Inclusive Domestic Product
GDP: Gross domestic Product
EGS: Ecosystem Goods and Services
IDP: Inclusive Domestic Product
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
GDP: Gross domestic Product
EGS: Ecosystem Goods and Services
IDP: Inclusive Domestic Product
LEP: Land Ecological Potential
€: Monetary units
: Physical units EGS
IDP
GDPE
cono
mic
ass
ets E
cosystem assets
Inte
rme
dia
te
us
e o
f E
GS
Fin
al u
se
of
no
n-m
ark
et E
GS
€&
€€€&€€&&
Physical and monetary assessments
€
LEP
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Renewable resource (goods & services) from ecosystems
Ecoproduct (of cycling and reproductive systems/ capital) are produced by means of other ecoproducts. The ecosystem production function includes a surplus ecoproduct that can be used by the economy. (from Anthony Friend 2004)
Sources:
Kling/U Michigan_2005
& Friend/ISEE_2004
Economy
Basic eco-product
Non-basic eco-product
Input necessary for ecosystem reproduction (conservation of ecosystem health, integrity, functions & services)
Surplus available for harvesting/extraction
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Depletion/ degradation of ecosystem goods & services and ecosystem assets
Basic eco-product
Non-basic eco-product
Input necessary for ecosystem reproduction (conservation of ecosystem health, integrity, functions & services)
Sources:
Kling/U Michigan_2005
& Friend/ISEE_2004
Economy
Possible compensation = artificial input (irrigation, energy, nutrients, infrastructures…)
Trade-off = increased yields against losses of natural functions and biodiversity
Surplus available for harvesting/extraction
Non-sustainable harvesting/extraction
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Su
sta
ina
ble
inte
rmed
iate
us
e o
f E
GS
No
n-S
us
tain
ab
le
inte
rmed
iate
us
e o
f E
GS
Eco
nom
ic a
sset
s Ecosystem
assetsEGS
IDP
GDP
Fin
al u
se
of
no
n-m
ark
et E
GS
Sustainable and non sustainable economic use
LEP
GDP: Gross domestic Product
EGS: Ecosystem Goods and Services
IDP: Inclusive Domestic Product
LEP: Land Ecological Potential
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Drivers PressureDriving forces Anthropogenic Stress
Surface, length, number of wetlands; distribution by
region; change
Agriculture
Physical restructuring (Drainage of wetlands, Cultivation of marginal land, Soil sealing, Development of transport infrastructure…)
Impact on economic activity of change in wetlands condition
Protection of biotopes & species
Wetlands health (distress indicators)
Ecosystem management
Urban developmentOverharvesting/overuse (Management of dams, Seasonnal over-use of water, Hunting)
Nutrient cycling (Change in primary/secondary productivity/
Exceedance of nutrient loads/ Eutrophication)
Transport Impacts on associated habitats & species of change in wetlands condition
Agri-environmental measures
Industrial/ storage and landfilling of toxics
Introduction of plant and animal species (Intentional and non-intentional)
Species composition (Endemic, Migratory, Introduced or invasive)
Fiscal policies, subsidies
Tourism Impact on amenities and wellbeing of change in wetlands condition Land planning
Discharge of waste & residuals (Polluting emissions from river basins, Use of pesticides, Emissions to air and deposition)
(In)stability of substrate (Partitionning/connectivity, Internal
fragmentation, Accumulation of toxic substances, Instability of Water Systems)
Valuation of amenitiesSedimentation
Climatic events Droughts
Floods
Composite index: Wetlands vulnerabilitySurface of wetlands (km²), each of them weighted by the other state indicators;
breakdown by river basins, ecological and administrative regions and by type
Natural disturbance
State Impacts Responses
Causation: DPSIR within the ecosystem accounting framework: e.g. Wetlands
*
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
CORE LAND COVER ACCOUNT
Soil
Flora & Fauna
Water system
Atmosphere/ Climate
Land use economic &
social functions
Artificiality of land
Intensityof use
LAND & ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS
Ecosystem services
Ecosystempotentials
Integrity, health & viability
Vulnerability
Production & Consumption
Natural Assets
Population
Infrastructures & Technologies
Spatial analysis
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Spatial analysis: Land cover accounts
CORINE Land Cover 1990 and 2000CORINE Land Cover 1990 and 2000
Enables us to map stock and change…Enables us to map stock and change…
… and to construct stock and flow accounts
… and to construct stock and flow accounts
…and to report them using a range of different geographical frameworks
…and to report them using a range of different geographical frameworks
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Data infrastructure of land cover accounts
Smallest mapping unit for stock 25ha
Change mapped at 5ha
Smallest mapping unit for stock 25ha
Change mapped at 5ha
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
The approach used to generate the LEAC record for stock
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
From changes to flows
LCF3
LCF1
LCF2
LCF5
LCF4
LCF7
LCF6
LCF8
Change Matrix(44x43=1932
possible changes)summarized into
flows
LCF9
Corine land cover types 1 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4 5
Land cover flows
Art
ific
ial a
reas
Fo
rest
ed la
nd
Wet
lan
ds
Wat
er b
od
ies
LCF1 Urban land management 737 15 19 0 8 0 0 780LCF2 Urban residential sprawl 1924 1867 200 145 8 3 2 4149LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures 77 2728 1595 665 451 35 22 53 5627LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions 17252 10062 27314LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture 273 935 1796 1734 155 96 50 5039LCF6 Withdrawal of farming 2393 2860 5253LCF7 Forests creation and management 254 35803 5166 1048 1063 3 43337LCF8 Water bodies creation and management 191 252 253 117 190 17 21 1042LCF9 Changes due to natural & multiple causes 311 44 15 1317 1323 1041 229 252 4534
No Change 160016 1149717 802502 990736 255914 50289 45502 45473 3500149
LCF1 Urban land management 780 780LCF2 Urban residential sprawl 4149 4149LCF3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures 5627 5627LCF4 Agriculture internal conversions 15695 11619 27314LCF5 Conversion from other land cover to agriculture 2450 2590 5039LCF6 Withdrawal of farming 1124 2792 1244 23 70 0 5253LCF7 Forests creation and management 42547 766 24 43337LCF8 Water bodies creation and management 21 1021 1042
No Change 160016 1149717 802502 990736 255914 50289 45502 45473 3500149
199
0
2000
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Scales: individual ecosystems v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting
WETLANDS 1990 OF N-W EUROPE EEA/ETCTE
To ta l a re a : 5 .8 0 0 sq .km
Legend
Restoration areas: 15,025 ha
Agriculture: 39,974 haFishculture: 35,967 ha
Forestry: 6,442 ha
POLDERS: 97,408 haNATURAL AREAS: 482,592 ha
TULCEA
Ukraine
(courtesy Danube Delta National Institute)
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Stocks/ flows
Assets & Values
Goods & Services
System Interactions,
resilience
Ecosystem Accounting Framework
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Ecosystem Accounting Framework
• Stocks & flows– Spatial systems:
• land cover (units, zones, landscape types)• river reaches, rivers, catchments• coastal systems
– Biomass, Productivity (NPP/NEP), Carbon Storage
– Nutrients (N,P)– Water– Species – Other…
• System interactions• Goods & Services• Assets & Values
Basic ecosystem stock accounts
Basic ecosystem stock accounts
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
LEAC
• There is a growing demand for spatially explicit indicators for to support policies for
– nature, – regional development,– agriculture, – transport, – coastal management …
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Land Accounts and Sustainability
Do gains compensate for losses?
Loss of stocke.g. by deforestation
Gain in stocke.g. by afforestation
Has the quality of the stock been maintained?
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Mapping flows: urban sprawl, by grid
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Land cover: Small Landscape Units Accounts
• Distribution of SLU by land use
Expert meeting on Land Use and Ecosystem accounting, 18-19 May 2006, EEA
SLU location by landuse
between fields and
grasslands 13%
within arable areas15%
within grasslands
72%
within grassland
within arable land
between
arable &
grassland
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Biomass & NPP
• Anomalies, distress symptom• Direct Material Consumption – Total Material Requirement
(Material Flows Accounts) • HANPP• ‘Supporting service’
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Example of indicator based on NPP
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Example of indicator based on NPP
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
HANPP
OUR CHANGING PLANETThe U.S. Climate Change Science Program for Fiscal Year 2006
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Example of asset account for Biomass/C (draft)Asset account of biomass (dry matter or C)
clc1 Urban
clc2 Agriculture
clc3 Forest & natural dry land
clc4 Wetlands
clc5 Water bodies
Rivers class 1
Rivers class 2
Rivers class 3
Coastal type 1
Coastal type 2
1 Opening stock of biomass (T0)1.1 Aboveground1.2 Belowground1.3 Soils
1.4 Water
2 Net Primary Production (Effective= GPP-Plants respiration)3 Soil respiration (-)4 Net Ecosystem Production (=2-3)5 Imports (+)6 Extraction/harvesting (-)
6.1 Sustainable use6.2 Depletion6A from annual crops6B from natural increase of inventories6C from wild harvest
X Consumption in trophic chains (-)Y Net secondary production
7 Residuals (+)7.1 harvesting residues
animal excreta7.2 land filled7.3 to water
to the amosphere
8 Exports (-)9 Other change in volume of biomass (+ or -)
9.1 due to land use change9.2 due to eutrophication9.3 due to soil alteration
9.3.1 soil formation9.3.2 change in C storage
9.4 fires9.5 climatic events
other change n.c.a.
10 Net accumulation (storage) (+ or -)10.1 Aboveground10.2 Belowground10.3 Soils10.4 Water
11 Closing stock of biomass (T1)11.1 Aboveground11.2 Belowground11.3 Soils11.4 Water
Indicator calculation2 Effective NPP12 + or - Alteration of NPP by land use (historical)13 = Potential NPP (+)
HANPP = 13-6+5-8
Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems
TOTAL
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Example of resource use and supply account (draft)
Resource Use and Supply to the economy
clc1 Urban
clc2 Agriculture
clc3 Forest & natural dry land
clc4 Wetlands
clc5 Water bodies
Rivers class 1
Rivers class 2
Rivers class 3
Coastal type 1
Coastal type 2
U1 Total extraction/harvesting
Agriculture
Fisheries
Forestry
Energy
Mining
Manufacturing
Distribution water
Sewerage/ waste management
Government
Household
Resource from sectors for use
Residuals received
U3 Resource received from outside (ROW or other regions)
Gross resource used = U1+U2+U3S1 Supply to branches/sectors & ROW
Resource supplied to other users
Residuals sent to waste management
S2 Supply to outside (ROW or other regions)S3 Residuals & returnsHarvesting residuesAnimal excretaLand filled wastesResiduals to waterS4 Final consumptionHuman foodAnimal foodEnergy production
Total supply = S1+S2+S3
from
the
eniro
nmen
tw
ithin
the
econ
omy
U2 Resource received from branches/sectors
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t
Geographical system (administrative regions, functional areas, river catchment…) ATerrestrial ecosystems Inland water ecosystems Marine ecosystems
TOTAL
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Ecosystem Accounting Framework
• Stocks & flows• System interactions, integrity &
health– Spatial interactions (ecotones,
distributions, composition / scales) – Components interactions
• Spatial & temporal interactions (water stress, species dynamics…)
• Bio-chemical-physical cycles – Human interactions
• Re-structuring, over-harvesting/over-extraction, deposition of residuals and force-feeding, introduction of species – use of land and the natural capital
– Health – Ecosystem Distress Syndrome• Goods & Services• Assets & Values
Functioning, health, resilience
Functioning, health, resilience
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Ecosystem health: counts of diversity/integrity
• Specific diagnosisFrom selection of markers and threshold values according to habitat types, region, context1. Homeostasis state (no alteration foreseen).2. Resilience state (the disturbance that ecosystems are still able to absorb or compensate,
keeping the same functions, identity and feedbacks (Walker, 2005).3. Reversible process without compensation (degradation).4. Irreversible change (death).
• Ecosystem Distress Syndrome model:– Disruptions of nutrients cycling (loss or excess)– Degradation of substrates (fragmentation, water stress, chemical stress)– Change in species composition (invasive…)– Dependence of systems from artificial input (energy, water, subsidies …)– Capacity of supporting healthy communities
• Focussed research of stressors– overharvesting, overuse– land/rivers restructuring– deposition of residuals– introduction of species
• Physical wealth as stocks*coefficients (potential, resilience)
Source: David J. Rapport
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Ecosystem accounting framework
• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Ecosystem Goods &
Services– Ecosystem input to production
(intermediate consumption or indirect use)
– Final services to population (non-market, collective or individual)
– Land use functions
• Values
Sustainability assessment
Sustainability assessment
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Ecosystem services
Ref to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx
http://www.greenfacts.org/ecosystems/index.htm
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Land Use Functions – nomenclatureCommon nomenclature with different LUF intensity
Expert meeting on Land Use and Ecosystem accounting, 18-19 May 2006, EEA
...allowing to address cross-cutting issues e.g.:
• Urban - Rural interaction• Agro - Environment
assessment
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Land Use Functions – e.g. Rural area
Farming & food production but also other functions with raising importance
Expert meeting on Land Use and Ecosystem accounting, 18-19 May 2006, EEA
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Source: Roy Haines-Young
Ecosystem regulation service: Account of new housing in flood risk zones
Low
High
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
1.2181,8241,540110,996BERKSHIRE AND MARLBOROUGH DOWNS
3.8741,2701,95927,350BEDFORDSHIRE GREENSAND RIDGE
4.21,03827,38424,467260,549BEDFORDSHIRE AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE CLAYLANDS
1.5905,2056,06964,282AVON VALE
4.11,0266,54825,212143,429ARDEN
% new units in high risk flood zone
Number of new residential units in high risk flood zone
Area of high risk flood zone (ha)
Number of new residential units 98-03
Area(ha)JCA
Proportion of new residential housing in high risk flood zones, by landscape type (1999-2003) in south east England
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Ecosystem accounting framework• Stocks & flows• System interactions• Goods & Services• Values
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Stocks & flows
Values
Goods & Services
System interactions
Source: Roy Haines-Young
Value of ecosystem goods and services, IDP, wealth, natural capital
Value of ecosystem goods and services, IDP, wealth, natural capital
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Framework of Ecosystem Accounts
Natural assets accounts • Natural capital structure, resilience & wealth (physical
units, by sectors)• Capital consumption & accumulation (physical units, €)• Ecosystem assets wealth (€)
Natural Capital Accounts/ living & cycling natural capital
Functions & Services• Land use function• Natural function
Supply & use of ecosystem goods and services(Use of resource by sectors, supply to consumption &
residuals, accumulation, I-O analysis)
Material/energy flows(focus on biomass, water,
nutrients, residuals)
Accounts of flows of ecosystem goods and services
Counts of stocks diversity / integrity(by ecosystem types,
focus on quality)
Ecosystem Stocks & State Accounts
Ecosystem State (health diagnosis and
wealth calculation)
Core accounts of stocks & flows
(by ecosystem types, raw quantities)
Eco
syst
em t
ypes
Economic sectorsSpatial integration
Economic integration
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Differences in accounting for economic and ecological systems
• In economy: + > – = gains = increase in wealth – > + = losses = decrease in wealth aggregated results are defined as the sum of elementary flows over a
fixed period (year or quarter) at the national or regional levels economic factors are generally substitutable average values make sense in most cases
• In ecology: specific ecosystem dimensions need to be reflected…
multiple scales and interactions variability, time scales resilience, health of ecosystems, thresholds
no need to account for everything, ‘just’ the key markers (variables) necessary for making the diagnosis (assessment)
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Integration of scales:Environmental & Socio-Economic Data
Land cover maps
Area sampling (crops,
habitats…)
Socio-economicstatistics (e.g. by
regions, municipalities, sectors, farm holdings, household groups...)
Monitoring of individual sites or stations
(e.g. nature, water…)
Earth observation:multi-scales land cover
+ vegetation + NPP +…
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Time frame: e.g. water resource/demand
Mean annual values may tell the wrong story (i.e. no water shortage in the river)…
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 3 6 9 12
Ressource
Demande
Moy. Ressource
Moy. Demande
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 3 6 9 12
Ressource
Demande
Moy. Ressource
Moy. Demande
Variability matters…
Expert meeting on test accounts for Mediterranean wetlands21st, 22 June 2007 ETCLUSI
Conclusions
“By examining all uses of land in an integrated manner, it makes it possible to minimize conflicts, to make the most efficient trade-offs and to link social and economic development with environmental protection and enhancement, thus helping to achieve the objectives of sustainable development.” Agenda 21, Chapter 10