experimental study on water permeability and chloride permeability of concrete with ggbs as a...

7/30/2019 Experimental Study on Water Permeability and Chloride Permeability of Concrete With Ggbs as a Replacement M

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308

(Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

25

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WATER PERMEABILITY AND

CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE WITH GGBS AS

A REPLACEMENT MATERIAL FOR CEMENT

V.S.TAMILARASAN*, Dr.P.PERUMAL# and Dr.J.Maheswaran$

* Research Scholar & Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur - 628 215. (E mail:

[email protected], [email protected])

# Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College ofEngineering, Salem 636011. (E mail: [email protected])

$ Principal, Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur - 628 215.(Email: [email protected])

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, global warming and environmental destruction have

become manifest problems, resulting in increasing attention to pollution and wastemanagement control. The use of recycled waste cementitious materials is becoming ofincreasing importance in construction practice.

In India, we produce about 7.8 million tonnes of blast furnace slag, which is aby-product of steel. The disposal of GGBS as a landfill is a problem, which leads toserious environmental hazards. GGBS can be incorporated in cementitious materialsto modify and improve certain properties for specific uses.

An attempt has been made to replace cement using GGBS in concrete ofgradesM20& M25 and studying its permeability characteristics. GGBS was used toreplace the cement partially from 0 to 100% at increments of 5%. The experimentalresults showed that, with the partial replacement of cement by GGBS till 60%, thepermeability of concrete is decreased and the resistance to chemical attack isincreased.

Key Words: Admixture, Chloride, Concrete, Hydration, Permeability, Slag.

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years there is an increasing awareness regarding environmental

pollution due to domestic and industrial wastes. The development and use of blended

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ISSN 0976 6308 (Print)ISSN 0976 6316(Online)Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 25-40

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cement is growing in Asia, mainly due to considerations of cost saving, energy

saving, environmental protection and conservation of resources.

Mineral Admixtures such as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS),

Fly ash and Silica fume are commonly used in concrete because they improve

durability, reduce Porosity and improve the interface with the aggregate. Ground

Granulated Blast furnace Slag is a by-product obtained in the manufacturing of pig

iron in the blast furnace. It is a non-metallic product consisting essentially of silicates

and aluminates of calcium and other bases. The molten slag is rapidly chilled by

quenching in water to form a glassy sand like granulated material. GGBS is

recognized as a desirable cementitious ingredient of concrete and as a valuable

cement replacement material that imparts some specific qualities to composite cement

concrete [1].

The lower cement requirement also leads to a reduction of CO2 generated by

the production of cement. The hydration of the Portland cement results from the

production of Portlandite crystal [Ca(0H)2] and amorphous calcium silicate hydrate gel

[C3S2H3] (CSH) in large amounts. Hydrated cement paste in volves

approximately70% CSH, 20% Ca(0H)2; 7% sulpho-aluminates and 3% secondary

phases. The Ca(0H)2 which appears as the result of the chemical reactions affect the

quality of the concrete adversely by forming cavities as it is partly soluble in water and

lacks enough strength. The use of ground granulated blast-furnace slag has a positive

effect on binding the Ca(0H)2 compound, which decreases the quality of the concrete.

At the end of the reaction of the slag and Ca(0H)2

, hydration products, such as C

SH gel, are formed [2].

It is seen that high volume eco-friendly replacement by such slag leads to the

development of concrete, which not only utilises the industrial wastes but also saves a

lot of natural resources of energy. While using the GGBS in concrete, it reduces heat

of hydration, refinement of pore structure, permeability and increase the resistance to

chemical attack.

2. WATER PERMEABILITY

Permeability of concrete is the relative ease with which water can penetrate

into the pores of concrete. The study of permeability in concrete is important when

concrete is subjected to hydrostatic pressure in concrete dams, offshore structures,

nuclear power plants etc. The penetration of weathering agents into concrete may lead

to the corrosion of reinforcement and hence weaken the structures. Penetration of

concrete by materials in solution may adversely affect its durability. Therefore a

detailed study has been required to find the permeability of concrete.


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3. CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY

High quality and durable concrete is required to reduce the rapid deterioration

of concrete in severe conditions. Among the factors related to declining concrete

durability such as carbonation, corrosion, alkalisilica reaction, freezing/thawing, and

soon, the penetration of chloride-ions into concrete has been regarded as the major

deterioration problem. Ingress of chloride-ions destroys the natural passivity of the

surface of reinforcing steel, and often leads to the corrosion of steel in concrete

structures. Thus, insufficient concrete cover or poor quality concrete accelerates

reinforcement corrosion. Particularly, environmental conditions in offshore or coastal

region reduce useful service-life of concrete structures due to chloride-ion attacks.

Previous studies [4-9] have shown that use of cement replacement materials such as

fly ash, silica fume, blast-furnace slag, etc. may reduce greatly the probability of steel

corrosion as well as the permeability of concrete.

4. MATERIALS USED

4.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used, which has the fineness

modulus 1.5, Specific gravity 3.08, Consistency 37%, Initial setting time 2hrs 30min

and Final setting time 3hrs 30min.

4.2 Coarse aggregate

Angular shape aggregate of size of 20 mm was used and it has the following

properties: Specific gravity 2.94, Fineness modulus 7.72, Flakiness index100%,Abrasion value 20.4%, Crushing value 30.02%, Impact value 23.6%, Bulk

density1.42 x 103 Kg/m3 and Water absorption 1.01%.

4.3 Fine aggregate

River sand conforming to zone III of IS: 383 1970 was used and its

properties are found as follows: Specific gravity 2.68, Moisture content 0.71 and

Fineness modulus 2.75.

4.4 GGBS

Physical properties of GGBS are: Specific gravity 3.44 and Fineness

modulus3.36, and the chemical composition of GGBS is Carbon (C) 0.23%, Sulphur

(S) 0.05%, Phosphorous (P) 0.05%, Manganese (Mn) 0.58%, Free silica 5.27% and

Iron (Fe) 93.82%.

5. METHODOLOGY


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0 to 100% at intervals 5% of cement was replaced by GGBS and the mix

grades M20 (1:1.6:3.559:0.50) and M25 (1:1.326:3.11:0.44) were used [10 & 11]. For

each level of replacement, 3 cubes were cast by thoroughly mixing cement, fine

aggregate, coarse aggregate and water in the mixer machine. All the cubes were cured

in water for a period of 28 days and cubes were arranged in permeability testingmachine and test was carried out for 100 hrs. Afterwards, using formulae, co-efficient

of permeability was found out.

6. WATER PERMEABILITY TESTING

6.1 Methods

There are two common methods for the evaluation of the permeability of

concrete,

i) Steady flow method

ii) Depth of Penetration method

Steady flow method suits concrete with relatively high permeability, while the

depth of penetration method is most appropriate for concrete with very low

permeability.

The co-efficient of permeability was measured using concrete permeability

apparatus. Compressed air at 7kg/cm2 was supplied to the permeability cell assembly

using an air compressor. The water reservoir of the apparatus was filled with clean

water. With the reservoir completely filled with water, the air pressure was applied to

the water reservoir. A clean collection bottle was weighed and placed to collect the

permeated water. The quantity of percolate was measured at fixed intervals

continuously after a steady state was reached. In steady flow method; the coefficient

of permeability can be calculated using the formula,

K=QL

ATH

Where, K Coefficient of permeability in m/sec

Q Quantity of percolated water in m3

L Length of the specimen in m

A Area of cross section of the specimen in m2

T Total duration in sec

H Head of water in m


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In certain cases, no discharge was obtained even after a period of 100hrs. In

such cases, co efficient of permeability was calculated by using the Depth of

penetration method. The specimens were removed from the test cell and were split

open to determine the depth up to which water had penetrated. In Depth of penetration

method, the co-efficient of permeability can be calculated using the formula,

K=D2

2TH

Where,

D Depth of penetration in m

P Porosity of concrete

T Total duration in sec

H Head of water in m

6.2 Principle

Permeability cell consists of a metal cylinder with a ledge at the bottom for

retaining the specimen and an integral funnel below to collect the permeated water. It

has a flange at the top and removable cover plate, which can be securely bolted to the

cell. The flange is provided with a circular groove to fit a sealing ring to render the

assembly watertight. A rubber gasket is placed between the cell and the cover plate to

render the joint watertight.

The water reservoir consists of a metal cube of size 150mm. The reservoir has valvesfor admitting water, compressed air and for draining. It is fitted with two pressure

gauges to show the pressure inside the water cylinder (test pressure 7kg /cm2) and

admitted air pressure. It is provided with an adjustable valve to maintain the test

pressure at a constant value. The water reservoir is connected to the permeability cell

by a shielded pressure hose as shown in fig. 1 and the enlarged section as shown in

fig. 2. Clean de-aired water is used in the reservoir.


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Figure 1 - Permeability Testing Apparatus

Parts of Permeability Testing Apparatus

1. From air compressor 7. Flexible hose

2. Water reservoir 8. Stand

3. Valve for admitting water 9. Permeability cell

4. Pressure regulator 10. Cover plate

5. Pressure gauges 11. Butterfly nuts6. Valve for admitting water into permeability cell

Figure 2 Enlarged Section of Permeability Cell


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6.3 Procedure

A rubber sheet of 8mm thick and 150mm x 150mm size was taken with hole

of 100mm x 100mm made in the center. This sheet was placed above and below the

cube admitting the water through the surface area only. After that the cover plate was

closed and all the bolts were tightened. With the completely filling the water the

desired test pressure 7kg /cm2 was applied to the water reservoir. At the same time a

clean collection bottle was weighed and placed in position to collect the water

percolating through the specimen. The quantity of percolation was recorded at

periodic intervals. In the beginning, the rate of water intake was larger than the rate of

outflow. As the steady state of flow is approached, the two rates tend to become equal

and the outflow reaches a maximum and stabilizes. With further passage of time, both

the inflow and outflow generally register a gradual drop. Permeability test is to be

continued for about 100 hours after the steady state of flow has reached and the

outflow will be considered as the average of all the outflows measured during this

period of 100 hours [12 & 13].

If any permeation of water was there, then the quantity of permeated water

measured and value calculated using the steady flow method. And if there was no

permeation, the cubes were split and depth of penetration measured and value

calculated using the depth of penetration method. The measure of water penetration is

achieved by measuring the average depth of discoloration, due to wetting.

6.4 Test Results of Water Permeability

No permeation was found. Hence the depth of penetration method was used.

The observations and results showing the values of k are presented in table 1 and 2

for M20 grade and M25 grade GGBS added concrete without and with Superplasticiser

respectively. Graphs were plotted by taking % of replacement of cement using GGBS

in X-axis and Coefficient of permeability in Y-axis. Figure 3 and Figure 4 Show the

Coefficient of Permeability for M20 grade and M25 grade GGBS added Concrete with

and without Superplasticiser respectively.

Table 1 - Coefficient of Permeability for M20 grade GGBS added Concrete without

and with Superplasticiser


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Idmark

ReplacementLevel

Co efficient of permeabilityx 10-13 (m / sec)

Without Superplasticiser With Superplasticiser

0020 0 16.04 14.18

0520 5 14.89 13.09

1020 10 13.74 11.201520 15 11.60 9.41

2020 20 9.68 7.56

2520 25 7.78 6.36

3020 30 6.32 5.16

3520 35 5.50 4.49

4020 40 4.65 3.66

4520 45 3.98 2.49

5020 50 3.44 1.74

5520 55 2.72 1.21

6020 60 1.90 1.04

6520 65 2.33 1.207020 70 2.64 1.46

7520 75 3.06 1.61

8020 80 4.11 1.73

8520 85 4.76 2.07

9020 90 5.58 2.52

9520 95 6.42 3.46

10020 100 7.48 4.64

Table 2 Coefficient of Permeability for M25 grade GGBS added Concrete without and

with Superplasticiser

Id markReplacement

Level

Co efficient of permeabilityx 10-13 (m / sec)


0025 0 13.23 10.41

0525 5 12.33 9.45

1025 10 10.79 7.60

1525 15 8.96 6.69

2025 20 7.62 5.81

2525 25 6.45 4.58

3025 30 5.25 3.533525 35 3.79 2.91

4025 40 3.53 2.33

4525 45 2.63 1.85

5025 50 2.16 1.38

5525 55 1.63 1.08

6025 60 1.25 0.68

6525 65 1.54 1.06


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7025 70 2.17 1.29

7525 75 3.03 1.53

8025 80 3.79 1.80

8525 85 4.59 2.01

9025 90 5.59 2.54

9525 95 6.31 2.8710025 100 7.39 3.54

Figure 3 Coefficient of Permeability for M20 grade GGBS added Concrete without


Figure 4: Coefficient of Permeability for M25 grade GGBS added Concrete with and

without Superplasticiser

7 CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY TESTING7.1General

For reinforced concrete bridges, one of the major forms of environmental

attack is chloride ingress, which leads to corrosion of the reinforcing steel and a

subsequent reduction in the strength, serviceability and aesthetics the structure. This

16.0

4

14.8

9

13.7

4

11.6

0

9.6

8

7.7

8

6.3

2

5.5

0

4.6

5

3.9

8

3.4

4

2

.72

1.90

2.3

3

2

.64

3.0

64.1

14.7

65.5

86.4

27.4

814.1

8

13.0

9

11.2

0

9.4

1

7

.56

6.3

6

5.1

6

4.4

9

3.6

6

2.4

9

1.7

4

1.2

1

1.0

4

1.2

01.4

6

1.6

1

1.7

32.0

72.5

23.4

64.6

4

0.0

4.0

8.0

12.0

16.0

20.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Co-efficientof

Perm

eability10-13m/sec

Replacement Level

Without Super Plasticiser

With Super Plasticiser

13.2

3

12.3

3

10.7

9

8.9

6

7.6

2

6.4

5

5.2

5

3.7

9

3.5

3

2.6

3

2.1

6

1.6

3

1.2

51.5

42.1

73.0

33.7

94.5

9 5.5

96.3

1 7.3

9

10.4

1

9.4

5

7.6

0

6.6

9

5.8

1

4.5

8

3.5

3

2.9

1

2.3

3

1.8

5

1.3

8

1.0

80.68

1.0

6

1.2

91.5

31.8

0

2.0

12.5

42.8

73.5

4

0.0

4.0

8.0

12.0

16.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Co-efficiento

f

Permeability10-13

m/sec

Replacement Level




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may lead to early repair or premature replacement of the structure. A common method

of preventing such deterioration is to prevent chlorides from penetrating in to the

structure up to the level of the reinforcing steel bar by using relatively impermeable

concrete. The ability of chloride ions to penetrate the concrete must then be known for

design as well as quality control purposes. The penetration of the concrete by chlorideions, however, is a slow process. It cannot be determined directly in a time frame that

would be useful as a quality control measure. Therefore, in order to assess chloride

penetration, a test method that accelerates the process is needed, to allow the

determination of diffusion values in a reasonable time [6].

7.2 Principle

This test method consists of measuring the amount of electrical current passed

through 2-inches (51-mm) thick slices of 4-inches (102-mm) nominal diameter cores

or cylinders during a 6-hours period. A potential difference of 60-voltage dc was

maintained across the ends of the specimen. In which one of the surface of specimen

was immersed in a sodium chloride solution, the other in a sodium hydroxide

solution. The total charge passed, in coulombs were found and related with the

resistance of the specimen to chloride ion penetration.

7.3 Significance and use

This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance

of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion

penetration. The test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material

proportions for design purposes and research development.

7.4 Procedure

The specimen was cylindrical shape, size of 105mm diameter, 50mm length.

Three cylindrical specimens were used for each percentage of replacement of slag for

determining chloride ion penetration.

The apparatus consists of two cells. The specimen is mounted as shown in

figure 7 and fixed between the cells in such a way that the round edge surface should

be in touch with the solution. After fixing the specimen, the negative of the cell was

filled with 3% NaCl solution. The positive side of the cell was filled with 0.3M NaOH

solution till the top surface of the concrete immerses in the solutions. Leakage was

checked. Copper rods were used as electrodes. The wires, electrodes, power supply

were connected.


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International Journal of Civil

(Print), ISSN 0976 6316(On

Figu

A D.C supplier was

of D.C.S is connected with

connected with electrode of

to the applied voltage, the

positive terminal i.e. NaOH

concrete specimen. Also th

NaCl reservoir through the c

Due to the movemen

current is shown in D.C sup

at every 30 minutes. This pr

passed values indicates th

penetration [9].

The total charge pa

concrete during the period o

following formula, based o

calculator to perform the inte

Q=900(I0+2

Where, Q = charge pa

I0 = current (

It = Current (

Correction:

Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 09

line) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012),

e 5 Chloride Permeability Test Setup

sed to give electrical potential of 12v. The v

lectrode of NaCl solution. The +ve terminal o

NaOH solution. As per electro - chemistry prin

negative ion i.e. the chloride ion is attracte

reservoir. Therefore the chloride ion moves t

positive ion passes towards the negative ter

ncrete specimen

t of positive and negative ions current is prod

lier. Reading is taken immediately after voltag

ocedure is done for 6 hours duration. Decrease

at the concrete has more resistance to chl

sed is a measure of the electrical conductan

the test. If the current is recorded at 30 min in

n the trapezoidal rule, can be used with an

gration:

I30+2I60+. +2I300+2I330+I360)

sed (Coulombs)

mperes) immediately after voltage is applied, a

mperes) at t min after voltage is applied.

76 6308

IAEME

terminal

D.C.S is

ciple, due

towards

rough the

minal i.e.

ced. This

supplied

in charge

oride ion

ce of the

terval, the

electronic

nd


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36

If the specimen diameter is other than 3.75 inch (95 mm) the value for total charge

passed must be adjusted. The adjustment is made by multiplying the value by the ratio

of the cross-sectional areas of the standard and the actual specimens. That is:

Qs = Qx x (3.75/X)2

Where, Qs = charge passed (coulombs) through a 3.75-inch (95-mm) diameter

Specimen.

Qx = charge passed (coulombs) through X in diameter specimen and

X = Diameter (inch) of the nonstandard specimen.

7.5 Test results of Chloride Permeability

The experiment was conducted on various types of mix containing partial

replacement of cement by GGBS. The values of charge passed are tabulated as shown

in table 3 & 4. Graphs are plotted by taking % of replacement of GGBS in X-axis and

charge passed in Y-axis. Fig 6 and Fig 7 show the Values of charge passed through

M20 grade without and with Superplasticiser added GGBS concrete and Values of

charge passed through M25 grade without and with Superplasticiser added GGBS

concrete respectively.

Table 3 -Values of charge passed through M20 grade GGBS added concrete withoutand with Superplasticiser

Id markReplacement

Level

Charge Passed (Coulombs)


0020 0 553 407

0520 5 545 388

1020 10 533 358

1520 15 473 353

2020 20 437 351

2520 25 429 346

3020 30 423 337

3520 35 409 330

4020 40 407 318

4520 45 397 309

5020 50 387 308

5520 55 369 281

6020 60 346 292

6520 65 372 287

7020 70 414 320

7520 75 434 367

8020 80 458 410

8520 85 487 435

9020 90 522 463

9520 95 530 491

10020 100 553 514


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Figure 6: Values of charge passed through M20 grade GGBS added concrete without


Table 4 - Values of charge passed through M25 grade GGBS added concrete withoutand with Superplasticiser

Idmark

ReplacementLevel

Charge Passed (Coulombs)


0025 0 378 318

0525 5 368 308

1025 10 353 298

1525 15 297 272

2025 20 259 244

2525 25 243 239

3025 30 227 2213525 35 224 217

4025 40 220 200

4525 45 215 200

5025 50 205 193

5525 55 194 178

6025 60 185 171

6525 65 229 185

7025 70 257 217

7525 75 295 243

8025 80 333 261

8525 85 367 2799025 90 393 294

9525 95 420 323

10025 100 442 347

553

545

533

473

437

429

423

409

407

397

387

369

346 3

72 4

14

434

458 4

87 5

22

530

553

407

388

358 353 351 346

337

330

318

309

308

281

292

287 3

20 36

7 410

435 4

63 4

91

514

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ChargePassed(C

oulombs)

Replacement Level




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38

Figure 7: Values of charge passed through M25 grade GGBS added concrete without


8 TEST RESULTS & DISCUSSIONWater Permeability:

The permeability tests in M20 & M25 grades of GGBS added concrete without

and with Superplasticiser were conducted by depth of penetration method.

For conventional concrete, the Co-efficient of permeability for M20 and M25

grade concrete are 16.04 x 10-13 m/sec and 13.23 x 10-13 m/sec respectively.

For M20grade GGBS added concrete, the Co-efficient of permeability varies

decreases from 14.89 x 10-13 m/sec to 1.90 x 10-13 m/sec for the replacement of

cement by 5% to 60% at interval of 5% and then the value increases upto 100%. And

for M25 grade GGBS added concrete, the Co-efficient of permeability varies from

12.33 x 10-13 to 1.25 x 10-13 m/sec for the replacement of cement by 5% to 60% at

interval of 5% and the value increases upto 100%.

For Superplasticiser added GGBS concrete, the Co-efficient of permeability of

conventional concrete for M20 and M25 grade are 14.18x10-13 m/sec and 10.41x10-13

m/sec respectively.

For Superplasticiser added GGBS concrete, the Co-efficient of permeability

for M20 grade values decreases from 13.09 x 10

-13

m/sec to 1.04 x 10

-13

m/sec for thereplacement of cement by 5% to 60% at interval of 5% and then the value increases

up to 100%. And the Co-efficient of permeability for M25 grade varies from 9.45 x 10-

13 to 0.68 x 10-13 m/sec upto 60% at interval of 5% and the value increases upto 100%.

378

368

353

297

259

243

2

27

2

24

220

215

20

5

194

185 2

29 2

57 2

95 3

33 3

67 3

93 4

20

442

318 308

298

272

244

239

221

217

200

200

193

178

171

185 2

17 2

43

261

279

294 32

3347

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ChargePassed(Coulombs)

Replacement Level




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39

Chloride Permeability:

The Chloride diffusion tests in M20 & M25 grade concrete were conducted

using RCPT testing machine.

For conventional concrete, the Charge passed for M20 and M25 grade concrete

are 553 Coulombs and 378 Coulombs respectively.

For M20 grade GGBS concrete, the Charge passed values varies from 545

Coulombs to 346 Coulombs for 5% to 60% at interval of 5% and the value increases

up to 100% and for M25 grade GGBS concrete, the Charge passed values varies from

368 Coulombs to 185 Coulombs for 5% to 60% at interval of 5% and the value

increases upto 100%.

For M20 grade Superplasticiser added GGBS concrete, the Charge passed

values varies from 388 Coulombs to 287 Coulombs for 5% to 65% at interval of 5%

and the value increases up to 100%. And for M25 grade Superplasticiser added GGBS

concrete, the Charge passed values varies from 308 Coulombs to 171 Coulombs for

5% to 60% at interval of 5% and the value increases up to 100%.

9 CONCLUSIONFor both the grades of GGBS concrete and Superplasticiser added GGBS

concrete, as the replacement level increases, the chloride permeability value decreases

which improves the chloride penetration resistance of the concrete and durability of

concrete.

By using GGBS as a replacement material for cement, the cost of construction

will be reduced. Use of GGBS in concrete also prevents the environment from

degradation.

10 REFERENCE1. Rajamane N.P., et.al (2003) Improvement in Properties of High Performance

Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Ground Granulated BlastFurnace Slag, IE (I) Journal-CV, 84pp38-41.

2. Oner A, & Akyuz S. (2007) An experimental study on optimum usage ofGGBS for the compressive strength of concrete, Cement & Concrete

Composites 29pp505514.

3. Adakhar (2001) Compatibility of super plasticizer slag added concrete insulphate resistance and chloride penetration, Advances in Civil EngineeringMaterials and construction technology, 33pp.

4. Alexander M.G & Milne T.I., Influence of cement Blend and aggregate typeof stress strain behaviour and elastic modulus of concrete, AC1 MaterialsJournal, 92, no.3, pp227-235.


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5. Annie peter & Rajamane N.P. (1997) Bond strength of reinforcement in Highperformance concrete: The role of GGBS, casting position and superplasticizer dosage, Indian concrete Journal, August pp.

6. Kyong Yun Yeau & EunyumKi (2005) An experimental study on corrosionresistance of concrete with ground granulate blast - furnace slag, Cement and

Concrete Research 35pp1391 1399.

7. Balamurugan P & Perumal P. (2003) Behaviour of High PerformanceConcrete under elevated temperature and chloride penetration, Proceedingsof the National seminar on Futuristic in concrete and constructionEngineering, SRM Engineering College, Kattankulathur, pp. 8.1-8.11.

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experimental study on water permeability and chloride permeability of concrete with ggbs as a...

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