experimental perform ance analysis ng pad made by … · 2017-07-25 · : amrat kumar dhamneya, s p...

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at ISSN Print: 0976 © IAEME

EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMOF ALTERNATIVE COOLI

Research Scholar, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,

Assistant Professor, Maulana Azad National Institu

ABSTRACTThis research paper presents an experimental study of

from analysis, which are as khus fibers and honeycomb paper.the samepad has been cut with the same dimensionangle is 90namely appropriate test set up with varying afibers Honeycomb Sugarcane fiberhoneycomb cooling pads and cooling padfiberresearcher to enhance conventional cooling Key words:pressure dropCite this ArticleExperimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural Waste for Direct EvaporaEngineering and Technologyhttp://www.i


International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMEISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication


AGRICULTURAL WASTEEVAPORATIVE COOLING


Professor, Maulana Azad National Institute of


ABSTRACT This research paper presents an experimental study of

from agricultural waste materialanalysis, which are as khus fibers and honeycomb paper.the same packing densitypad has been cut with the same dimensionangle is 90°. Coconut fibers, Khus fibers and honeycombnamely bananaappropriate test set up with varying afibers 73.44%, banana fibersHoneycomb 40.29Sugarcane fiberhoneycomb cooling pads and cooling pad is less efficient than thefibers works well than the Khus researcher to enhance conventional cooling Key words: alternative cooling pads, direct evaporative cooling, saturation efficiency, pressure drop. Cite this ArticleExperimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural Waste for Direct EvaporaEngineering and Technologyhttp://www.iaeme.com/IJME

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJME6340 and ISSN Online: 0976

Publication




Professor, Maulana Azad National Institute of


This research paper presents an experimental study of agricultural waste material

analysis, which are as namely khus fibers and honeycomb paper.

packing density pad has been cut with the same dimension

Coconut fibers, Khus fibers and honeycombbanana fibers and

appropriate test set up with varying a, banana fibers

40.29% are Sugarcane fibers cooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to honeycomb cooling pads and

is less efficient than thes works well than the Khus

researcher to enhance conventional cooling alternative cooling pads, direct evaporative cooling, saturation efficiency,

Cite this Article: Amrat Kumar Dhamneya, S P S Rajput and Alok SinghExperimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural Waste for Direct EvaporaEngineering and Technology

aeme.com/IJME

IJMET/index.asp

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)2017, pp. 199–212, Article ID: IJM

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Scopus Indexed



Amrat Kumar DhamneyaResearch Scholar, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,

S P S RajputProfessor, Maulana Azad National Institute of


This research paper presents an experimental study of agricultural waste material. There are five types of

namely banana tree fibers, sugar cane fibers, coconut fibers, khus fibers and honeycomb paper. The four

of 44.44kg/mpad has been cut with the same dimension

Coconut fibers, Khus fibers and honeycomband sugarcane

appropriate test set up with varying a, banana fibers 67.73%,

achieve saturation efficiencycooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to

honeycomb cooling pads and furthermore, resultsis less efficient than the Khus

s works well than the Khus cooling pads.researcher to enhance conventional cooling

alternative cooling pads, direct evaporative cooling, saturation efficiency,

Amrat Kumar Dhamneya, S P S Rajput and Alok SinghExperimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural Waste for Direct Evaporative Cooling SystemEngineering and Technology, 8(7), 2017, pp. 1

aeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=7

asp 199

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Article ID: IJM

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJME6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

Indexed



Amrat Kumar DhamneyaResearch Scholar, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,

S P S RajputProfessor, Maulana Azad National Institute of

Alok SinghAssistant Professor, Maulana Azad National Institu

This research paper presents an experimental study of There are five types of

banana tree fibers, sugar cane fibers, coconut fibers, The four cooling pads are experimentally tested on

of 44.44kg/m3. For use in the tespad has been cut with the same dimension of other developed cooling pad

Coconut fibers, Khus fibers and honeycomb fibers, have been

appropriate test set up with varying air flow rate.67.73%, Khus fibers

saturation efficiencycooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to

furthermore, resultsKhus cooling pad.

cooling pads. Nowresearcher to enhance conventional cooling with DEC


Amrat Kumar Dhamneya, S P S Rajput and Alok SinghExperimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural

tive Cooling System. , 8(7), 2017, pp. 199

asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=7

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Article ID: IJMET_08_07_024

asp?JType=IJME

EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE COOLING PAD

AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR DIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Amrat Kumar Dhamneya


S P S Rajput Professor, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Alok Singh Assistant Professor, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

This research paper presents an experimental study of different There are five types of

banana tree fibers, sugar cane fibers, coconut fibers, cooling pads are experimentally tested on

For use in the tesof other developed cooling pad

Coconut fibers, Khus fibers and honeycomb , have been tested

ir flow rate. Results shows that the cKhus fibers 67%, Sugarcane fibers

saturation efficiency at 1.3m/s cooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to

furthermore, results indicates that cooling pad. The c

Now-a-days, with DEC.



International Journal of Mechanical 99–212.


[email protected]

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) 07_024


ANCE ANALYSIS NG PAD MADE BY

FOR DIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM


echnology, Bhopal, India

te of Technology, Bhopal, India

different cooling pads made There are five types of material used in this


For use in the test section, the honeycomb of other developed cooling pad

along with newtested in the laboratory for the

Results shows that the c, Sugarcane fibers

at 1.3m/s inlet air velocity.cooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to

indicates that sugarcane fibers The coconut fiber

, this research can help the



International Journal of Mechanical


[email protected]

T&VType=8&IType=7

ANCE ANALYSIS MADE BY

FOR DIRECT SYSTEM

Research Scholar, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

echnology, Bhopal, India


cooling pads made material used in this


t section, the honeycomb of other developed cooling pad, whose flute

along with new materials, in the laboratory for the

Results shows that the coconut , Sugarcane fibers 65.65%

inlet air velocity.cooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to

sugarcane fibers oconut fibers and banana this research can help the





[email protected]

T&VType=8&IType=7

ANCE ANALYSIS MADE BY

FOR DIRECT

India


cooling pads made material used in this


t section, the honeycomb , whose flute

materials, in the laboratory for the

oconut 65.65% and

inlet air velocity. cooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to

sugarcane fibers and banana

this research can help the


Amrat Kumar Dhamneya, S P S Rajput and Alok Singh. Experimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural


Experimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural Waste for Direct Evaporative Cooling System

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 200 [email protected]

NOMENCLATURE ma- Mass flow rate of air in Kg/s mwv1- Mass flow rate of water vapour at inlet in Kg/s mwv2- Mass flow rate of water vapour at outlet in Kg/s me- Mass of evaporated water in Kg/s RH1-Relative humidity of inlet air in % RH2- Relative humidity of outlet air % T1- Inlet dry bulb temperature of air in °C T2- Outlet dry bulb temperature of air in °C Twbt- Wet bulb temperature of ambient air in °C V1- Inlet velocity of air in m/s

ω- Specific humidity in Kg of water vapour per Kg of dry air Cpa– Specific heat of dry air in (J/KgK), ρ – Density of air in (Kg/m3), η– Efficiency of cooling pad, ωa– Humidity ratio in (kg of vapour/kg of dry air), ma– Mass flow rate of air in (kg/s), L – Thickness of cooling media in (m), T1 – inlet dry bulb temperature of air in (˚C), T2 – supply air temperature of air in (˚C), Twbt– wet bulb temperature of outside air (˚C).

ACRONYMS DEC – Direct Evaporative Cooling DBT–Dry Bulb Temperature WBT– Wet Bulb Temperature RH–Relative Humidity

1. INTRODUCTION Air-conditioning plays an essential role in ensuring occupants’ thermal comfort. However, buildings’ electricity bills have become unaffordable. Yet the commercially dominant cooling systems are intensively power-consuming ones, i.e. vapour compression systems. Furthermore, these systems are also responsible for releasing certain chemicals into the atmosphere, which cause global warming and ozone layer depletion. It investigates the performance analysis for a new sustainable application to reuse agricultural waste materials in evaporative cooling pads in hot and arid environment of Bhopal Madhya Pradesh, India. Materials are fabricated and tested on low cost setup in this region. Evaporative cooling is environment friendly and more efficient air cooling method. In the direct evaporative cooling system, the water is directly sprayed on the cooling pad, so that the hot air passing through the cooling pad transfers its sensible heat to the water and the latent heat takes the form of moisture. The efficiency of direct evaporative cooling systems increases with an increase in temperature and decrease in humidity. The direct evaporative cooling system is an old cooling method that has been used for centuries. Nowadays, direct evaporative cooling system is being used with conventional air conditioners to reduce power consumption and the system's

Amrat Kumar Dhamneya, S P S Rajput and Alok Singh


C.O.P. can be increased. In accordance with the Power Save Scheme, the direct evaporative cooling system uses 0.2% of the conventional air conditioners power consumption for same cooling load for hot and arid area [24]. In order to prevent pollution and energy crisis, most of researchers have promoted direct evaporative cooling method and have done quite a few races in it. They introduced their research to the performance enhancement of direct evaporative cooling systems.

Watt [19] introduced the saturation efficiency does not achieved 100% of direct evaporative systems. El-dessouky et al. [6] were proposed which combined membrane air-drying and an indirect-direct evaporative cooling system. This cooling technique enhances the operating range of the evaporative cooler for little differences of dry and wet bulb temperatures. Dai et al. [4] was developed and investigated cross-flow direct evaporative cooler, in which the wet durable honeycomb paper constitutes as the packing material. Camargo et al. [3] was presented the principles of operation for direct evaporative cooling systems including the mathematical development of thermal exchanges between cooling media and air. Heidarinejad et al. [9] presented a general mathematical model using heat and mass transfer principles for evaporative cooling system. Wu et al. [20] developed simplified mathematical model is to describe the heat and moisture transfer between water and air in a direct evaporative cooler. Wu et al. [21] provided a theoretically analysis for the description of the water-drip cross-flow direct evaporative cooler, in which the wet special durable papers with different wave angles form the air channel. Kachhwaha et al. [10] predicted performance of evaporative cooling pad and evaluated pad thickness and height for achieving maximum cooling efficiency. Fouda et al. [7] was developed simplified mathematical model to describe the heat and mass transfer between air and water in a direct evaporative cooler. Malli et al. [13] was experimentally investigated of two types of cellulosic pads (5090 and 7090). They show the influences of inlet velocities of air and thickness of pads on pressure drop, humidity variation, evaporated water and effectiveness of cellulosic pads. Barzegar et al. [1] was experimentally evaluated the performances of cellulosic pads made out of Kraft and NSSC corrugated papers in three flute sizes. Lekwuwa et al. [12] was developed a mathematical model of cooling pad using sintered Nigerian clay. Manuwa et al. [14] was investigated jute, latex foam, charcoal and wood shavings as cooling pad material with hexagonal and square cross-sections of DECs. Sheng et al. [17] presented correlation between system parameters and cooling efficiency. They also show the effects of frontal velocity of air, the dry-bulb temperature of frontal air, and the temperature of the incoming water on cooling performance. Gilani et al. [8] was numerically studied DECs at various outdoor and indoor air conditions, with different geometrical and physical significances. Prasad [15] has show that desert cooler efficiency above 80% is not desirable as per Indian standard institution provides guideline through its bulletin IS: 3315, 1974. 11. Kovačević, I., et al. [11] presented numerical model for a compact direct-contact cross-flow air/water heat exchanger where evaporating water-cools down an air stream, and where an innovatively designed metallic direct evaporative pad enhances air-water interaction.

The purpose of this paper is to find alternate pad materials related to evaporative cooling technologies, which may be possible enough to work well with the cooling comfort as compared to traditional cooling pads in buildings.

2. THERMODYNAMIC MODEL In the direct evaporative cooling process inlet air temperature is decreased without change of its wet bulb temperature and in other words “eliminate sensible heat of inlet air and added an equivalent amount of water vapour in the form of latent heat”. This is also called adiabatic saturation process. Accornding to direct evaporative cooling process wet bulb temperature of

Experimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agri


air (Twbtacross the cooling pad and its temperature profile diagram as shown in figure1.ϴ2 are tempera

The schematic of system blower/fan, water circulation pump and water sump/water storage tank. sprayed from the topaccumalate iatmosphere and supply to the conditioning space.

Water evaporation can be written as follows:

Both the sides divided by

Specific humidity: it is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of the mixture. It is represented by humidity and humidity ratio.

Rearranging equati



wbt) is constant and decearse air temperature from Tacross the cooling pad and its temperature profile diagram as shown in figure1.

are temperature difference at hot side and cold side respectively.

Figure 1

The schematic of is shown in Figure 1. Main component of desert cooler/DEC is cooling pad,

blower/fan, water circulation pump and water sump/water storage tank. sprayed from the topaccumalate in the water storage tank. Fan/blower is sucked the atmosphuric air form atmosphere and supply to the conditioning space.

Water evaporation can be written as follows:



Rearranging equati



) is constant and decearse air temperature from Tacross the cooling pad and its temperature profile diagram as shown in figure1.

ture difference at hot side and cold side respectively.

Figure 1 Temperature profile diagram for direct evaporative cooling process

The schematic of water and air flowshown in Figure 1. Main component of desert cooler/DEC is cooling pad,

blower/fan, water circulation pump and water sump/water storage tank. sprayed from the top of cooling pad with the help of water circulation pump and water

n the water storage tank. Fan/blower is sucked the atmosphuric air form atmosphere and supply to the conditioning space.

Figure 2

Water evaporation can be written as follows:=


=


=

Rearranging equation no (3), we get

Experimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by AgriDirect Evaporative Cooling System

IJMET/index.asp



Temperature profile diagram for direct evaporative cooling process

water and air flowshown in Figure 1. Main component of desert cooler/DEC is cooling pad,

blower/fan, water circulation pump and water sump/water storage tank. of cooling pad with the help of water circulation pump and water


Water and air flow arrangement in cooling pad

Water evaporation can be written as follows:= −

, becomes equation no. (2), we get

= −

Specific humidity: it is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of the mixture. It is represented by

=

… …

on no (3), we get


asp 202




water and air flow arrangement shown in Figure 1. Main component of desert cooler/DEC is cooling pad,




Water evaporation can be written as follows: … … …

, becomes equation no. (2), we get

… … …

Specific humidity: it is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of the mixture. It is represented by

… … ….


) is constant and decearse air temperature from T1 to Tacross the cooling pad and its temperature profile diagram as shown in figure1.



arrangement in direct evaporative cooling (DEC) shown in Figure 1. Main component of desert cooler/DEC is cooling pad,


n the water storage tank. Fan/blower is sucked the atmosphuric air form


… … … … … ., becomes equation no. (2), we get

… … … … … .

Specific humidity: it is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air in a given volume of the mixture. It is represented by ω


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to T2, when atmosphric air passes across the cooling pad and its temperature profile diagram as shown in figure1.



in direct evaporative cooling (DEC) shown in Figure 1. Main component of desert cooler/DEC is cooling pad,




. . (1) , becomes equation no. (2), we get

. . (2)

Specific humidity: it is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry and it is also called absolute

(3)

Experimental Performance Analysis of Alternative Cooling Pad Made by Agricultural Waste for

[email protected]

, when atmosphric air passes across the cooling pad and its temperature profile diagram as shown in figure1.where



blower/fan, water circulation pump and water sump/water storage tank. Cooling water is of cooling pad with the help of water circulation pump and water



cultural Waste for

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, when atmosphric air passes where ϴ1 and


Cooling water is of cooling pad with the help of water circulation pump and water




The general expression for cooling capacity of DEC system is as follows.

The effectiveness of direct evaporative cooling

3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUPAn experimental setup has been prepared for testing the five cooling pad, which are described in the davailable material which is thrown after use.

Figure

Figure




EXPERIMENTAL SETUPAn experimental setup has been prepared for testing the five cooling pad, which are described

description of available in India in adequate material which is thrown after use.

Figure 3 Banana fibers cooling pad photograph

Figure 5 Sugarcane fibers cooling pad photograph





=

EXPERIMENTAL SETUPAn experimental setup has been prepared for testing the five cooling pad, which are described

escription of experimental sin India in adequate

material which is thrown after use.

Banana fibers cooling pad photograph

Sugarcane fibers cooling pad photograph


IJMET/index.asp

= −

The general expression for cooling capacity of DEC system is as follows.= (


=–

–

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP An experimental setup has been prepared for testing the five cooling pad, which are described

experimental setupin India in adequate quantities throughout the year, as it is an agricultural waste

material which is thrown after use. All cooling pad photographs are shown below.

Banana fibers cooling pad photograph

Sugarcane fibers cooling pad photograph


asp 203

… … … …

The general expression for cooling capacity of DEC system is as follows.( − ) …

The effectiveness of direct evaporative cooling system

… … … … …

An experimental setup has been prepared for testing the five cooling pad, which are described etup. Banana,

quantities throughout the year, as it is an agricultural waste All cooling pad photographs are shown below.

Banana fibers cooling pad photograph..Figure

Sugarcane fibers cooling pad photograph Figure


… … … … . . (

The general expression for cooling capacity of DEC system is as follows.) … … … … … . (

system is generally expressed

… … … … … . .

An experimental setup has been prepared for testing the five cooling pad, which are described Banana, sugarcane and coconut fibers are easily


Figure 4 Coconut fibers cooling pad photograph

Figure 7 Khus fibers


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(4)

The general expression for cooling capacity of DEC system is as follows.(5)

generally expressed

. (6)

An experimental setup has been prepared for testing the five cooling pad, which are described cane and coconut fibers are easily


Coconut fibers cooling pad photograph

Khus fibers cooling pad photograph

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generally expressed as




cooling pad photograph

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quantities throughout the year, as it is an agricultural waste


cooling pad photograph



Description of Cooling Pads: mild steel wire mesh in the form of a cuboid of dimensions 0.30 m x 0.15 m x cuboids shaped packets were then filled with exactly 100 g of each of the coolmaterial namely, Banana Fibers, Coconut Fibers, Sugarcane Fibers and Khus Fibers. This was done to ensure same density and hence uniform characteristics of all the cooling pads. Along with these a Honeycomb Paper Pad of the same dimensions was al






Figure


Figure 8

Figure 9


IJMET/index.asp

Figure 6 Honeycomb

Description of Cooling Pads: - The outer covers for the cooling pads were made using a mild steel wire mesh in the form of a cuboid of dimensions 0.30 m x 0.15 m x cuboids shaped packets were then filled with exactly 100 g of each of the coolmaterial namely, Banana Fibers, Coconut Fibers, Sugarcane Fibers and Khus Fibers. This was done to ensure same density and hence uniform characteristics of all the cooling pads. Along with these a Honeycomb Paper Pad of the same dimensions was al

Figure 8 Schematic diagram for experimental setup

Figure 9 Mechanism of adiabatic saturation


asp 204

Honeycomb paper cooling pad

The outer covers for the cooling pads were made using a mild steel wire mesh in the form of a cuboid of dimensions 0.30 m x 0.15 m x cuboids shaped packets were then filled with exactly 100 g of each of the coolmaterial namely, Banana Fibers, Coconut Fibers, Sugarcane Fibers and Khus Fibers. This was done to ensure same density and hence uniform characteristics of all the cooling pads. Along with these a Honeycomb Paper Pad of the same dimensions was al

Schematic diagram for experimental setup

Mechanism of adiabatic saturation


paper cooling pad photograp

The outer covers for the cooling pads were made using a mild steel wire mesh in the form of a cuboid of dimensions 0.30 m x 0.15 m x cuboids shaped packets were then filled with exactly 100 g of each of the coolmaterial namely, Banana Fibers, Coconut Fibers, Sugarcane Fibers and Khus Fibers. This was done to ensure same density and hence uniform characteristics of all the cooling pads. Along with these a Honeycomb Paper Pad of the same dimensions was al




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photograph The outer covers for the cooling pads were made using a

mild steel wire mesh in the form of a cuboid of dimensions 0.30 m x 0.15 m x cuboids shaped packets were then filled with exactly 100 g of each of the coolmaterial namely, Banana Fibers, Coconut Fibers, Sugarcane Fibers and Khus Fibers. This was done to ensure same density and hence uniform characteristics of all the cooling pads. Along with these a Honeycomb Paper Pad of the same dimensions was also prepared.




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The outer covers for the cooling pads were made using a mild steel wire mesh in the form of a cuboid of dimensions 0.30 m x 0.15 m x 0.05 m. These cuboids shaped packets were then filled with exactly 100 g of each of the cooling media material namely, Banana Fibers, Coconut Fibers, Sugarcane Fibers and Khus Fibers. This was done to ensure same density and hence uniform characteristics of all the cooling pads. Along

so prepared.

cultural Waste for

[email protected]

The outer covers for the cooling pads were made using a 5 m. These ing media

material namely, Banana Fibers, Coconut Fibers, Sugarcane Fibers and Khus Fibers. This was done to ensure same density and hence uniform characteristics of all the cooling pads. Along


3.1. Descr High Speed Blower:

steps ranging from 1 m/s to 4.7 m/s.

Connecting Duct:end has cross0.15

fabricates the test section duct and insulated with thermocol sheets. The joints are sealed airtight.

Outlet Duct:fabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation. All t

Water Sump: 0.16

Water Pump and Dripping Arrangement: a flow rate of 0.0005 m3/s and mass flow rate of water is 0.5 Kg/s. It is coupled with a PVC pipwater drenches through the bottom of the pad and collects back in the tank.


Description of Experimental SetupHigh Speed Blower: steps ranging from 1 m/s to 4.7 m/s.

Connecting Duct:end has cross0.15m.

Inlet duct: it has 0.3 m x 0.15m rectangular crossfabricates the test section duct and insulated with thermocol sheets. The joints are sealed airtight.

Outlet Duct:fabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation. All the joints are sealed air

Water Sump: 0.16 m.

Water Pump and Dripping Arrangement: a flow rate of 0.0005 m3/s and mass flow rate of water is 0.5 Kg/s. It is coupled with a PVC pipe with holes along its body which allow for water to drip on the cooling pads. The excess water drenches through the bottom of the pad and collects back in the tank.



iption of Experimental SetupHigh Speed Blower: It is a high speedsteps ranging from 1 m/s to 4.7 m/s.

Connecting Duct: It is a end has cross-section of

it has 0.3 m x 0.15m rectangular crossfabricates the test section duct and insulated with thermocol sheets. The joints are sealed

Outlet Duct: It has 0.3 m x 0.15m fabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation.

he joints are sealed air

Water Sump: It is a galvanised i

Water Pump and Dripping Arrangement: a flow rate of 0.0005 m3/s and mass flow rate of water is 0.5 Kg/s. It is coupled with a PVC

e with holes along its body which allow for water to drip on the cooling pads. The excess water drenches through the bottom of the pad and collects back in the tank.

Figure


IJMET/index.asp

iption of Experimental SetupIt is a high speed

steps ranging from 1 m/s to 4.7 m/s.

It is a trapezoidalsection of 0.3m x 0.25


0.3 m x 0.15m fabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation.

he joints are sealed airtight.

It is a galvanised iron tank of

Water Pump and Dripping Arrangement: a flow rate of 0.0005 m3/s and mass flow rate of water is 0.5 Kg/s. It is coupled with a PVC


Figure 10 Photograph of experimental setup


asp 205

iption of Experimental Setup It is a high speed fan with effective diameter of 25 cm and has 7 speed

trapezoidal duct connecting the blower with the inlet duct. The 0.3m x 0.25 m and the inlet duct end has a cross section of


0.3 m x 0.15m rectangular crossfabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation.

ron tank of 0.6 m x 0.6

Water Pump and Dripping Arrangement: - The water pump is a centrifugal pump of 10 W and a flow rate of 0.0005 m3/s and mass flow rate of water is 0.5 Kg/s. It is coupled with a PVC


Photograph of experimental setup


with effective diameter of 25 cm and has 7 speed

duct connecting the blower with the inlet duct. The m and the inlet duct end has a cross section of

it has 0.3 m x 0.15m rectangular cross-section and a length of fabricates the test section duct and insulated with thermocol sheets. The joints are sealed

rectangular cross-section and a length of fabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation.

0.6 m x 0.6 m square cross section

The water pump is a centrifugal pump of 10 W and a flow rate of 0.0005 m3/s and mass flow rate of water is 0.5 Kg/s. It is coupled with a PVC




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section and a length of fabricates the test section duct and insulated with thermocol sheets. The joints are sealed

section and a length of fabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation.

m square cross section




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section and a length of 1m. Ply board fabricates the test section duct and insulated with thermocol sheets. The joints are sealed

section and a length of 0.8mfabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation.

m square cross section with a height of



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duct connecting the blower with the inlet duct. The fan m and the inlet duct end has a cross section of 0.3 m x

. Ply board fabricates the test section duct and insulated with thermocol sheets. The joints are sealed

0.8m. It is fabricated by ply board and covered with thermocol sheets on all sides for further insulation.

with a height of


e with holes along its body which allow for water to drip on the cooling pads. The excess



3.2. Description Anemometer

gas.

Fluke Air Flow Meter any cross

Thermocouple Assembly aluminium wire. figure. Two junctions were formed at the two ends of the wire by connecting copper and aluminium and fusing them together. The copper wire was then fused and a multiconnected between the alumidifference between two junctions and the voltage induced was obtained.required length of thermocouple wires were cut and setup at different locations to measure the following

T

T

T

TThe free end of these wires were connected with 5 points of a 12 point selector switch

which is used to select the desired temperature to be measured. The selector switch was connected with multithermocouple wire. This voltage was converted to temperature using their relation.



Description of Measuring Instruments UsedAnemometer gas.

Fluke Air Flow Meter any cross-section as well the pressure drop between any two points in the flow path.

Thermocouple Assembly aluminium wire. figure. Two junctions were formed at the two ends of the wire by connecting copper and aluminium and fusing them together. The copper wire was then fused and a multiconnected between the alumidifference between two junctions and the voltage induced was obtained.required length of thermocouple wires were cut and setup at different locations to measure the following temperatures

T1 = Inlet dry bulb temperature

T2 = Outlet dry

Twbt1 = Inlet wet bulb temperature

Twbt2 = Outlet wet bulb temperatureThe free end of these wires were connected with 5 points of a 12 point selector switch h is used to select the desired temperature to be measured. The selector switch was

connected with multithermocouple wire. This voltage was converted to temperature using their relation.



of Measuring Instruments UsedAnemometer – It is a device which is used to measure the speed of wind or of any current of

Fluke Air Flow Meter – section as well the pressure drop between any two points in the flow path.

Figure 12

Thermocouple Assembly aluminium wire. This wire was first figure. Two junctions were formed at the two ends of the wire by connecting copper and aluminium and fusing them together. The copper wire was then fused and a multiconnected between the alumidifference between two junctions and the voltage induced was obtained.required length of thermocouple wires were cut and setup at different locations to measure the

temperatures –

= Inlet dry bulb temperature

= Outlet dry bulb temperature

= Inlet wet bulb temperature

= Outlet wet bulb temperatureThe free end of these wires were connected with 5 points of a 12 point selector switch h is used to select the desired temperature to be measured. The selector switch was

connected with multi-meter which shows potential difference between two ends of the thermocouple wire. This voltage was converted to temperature using their relation.


IJMET/index.asp

of Measuring Instruments UsedIt is a device which is used to measure the speed of wind or of any current of

Figure 11 Anemometer photograph

It is an instrument used to measure the mass flow rate of airsection as well the pressure drop between any two points in the flow path.

Figure 12 Air flow meter photograph

Thermocouple Assembly – It consists of a thermocouple wire consisting of a copper and This wire was first

figure. Two junctions were formed at the two ends of the wire by connecting copper and aluminium and fusing them together. The copper wire was then fused and a multiconnected between the aluminium wires. During calibration a relation between temperature difference between two junctions and the voltage induced was obtained.required length of thermocouple wires were cut and setup at different locations to measure the

–

= Inlet dry bulb temperature

bulb temperature

= Inlet wet bulb temperature= T

= Outlet wet bulb temperature=The free end of these wires were connected with 5 points of a 12 point selector switch h is used to select the desired temperature to be measured. The selector switch was

meter which shows potential difference between two ends of the thermocouple wire. This voltage was converted to temperature using their relation.


asp 206

of Measuring Instruments UsedIt is a device which is used to measure the speed of wind or of any current of

Anemometer photograph


Air flow meter photograph

It consists of a thermocouple wire consisting of a copper and This wire was first calibrated using the setup as shown in the following

figure. Two junctions were formed at the two ends of the wire by connecting copper and aluminium and fusing them together. The copper wire was then fused and a multi

nium wires. During calibration a relation between temperature difference between two junctions and the voltage induced was obtained.required length of thermocouple wires were cut and setup at different locations to measure the

Twbt

= Twbt The free end of these wires were connected with 5 points of a 12 point selector switch h is used to select the desired temperature to be measured. The selector switch was



of Measuring Instruments Used It is a device which is used to measure the speed of wind or of any current of




It consists of a thermocouple wire consisting of a copper and calibrated using the setup as shown in the following



The free end of these wires were connected with 5 points of a 12 point selector switch h is used to select the desired temperature to be measured. The selector switch was



[email protected]

It is a device which is used to measure the speed of wind or of any current of










[email protected]




figure. Two junctions were formed at the two ends of the wire by connecting copper and aluminium and fusing them together. The copper wire was then fused and a multi-meter was

nium wires. During calibration a relation between temperature difference between two junctions and the voltage induced was obtained. After calibration, required length of thermocouple wires were cut and setup at different locations to measure the



cultural Waste for

[email protected]


It is an instrument used to measure the mass flow rate of air through


figure. Two junctions were formed at the two ends of the wire by connecting copper and meter was

nium wires. During calibration a relation between temperature After calibration,

required length of thermocouple wires were cut and setup at different locations to measure the


meter which shows potential difference between two ends of the


4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIOThe experimentalbeen studied in 2017. The comparison of saturation pads is presented in Tables 1.cooling is found to be higher than that ofgenerallythe performance of coconut fibercooling pad.banana tree than khus, sugarcane and honeycomb cooling pads67.73%4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling case of lower than rest of other developed cooling pad.was found to be 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling coconutpads. Its saturation 61.52% for air respectively.cooling pads and an arrangement was made to measure the constant pressure difference of the entire cooling pad.

Figure 17It showscooling pad


RESULT AND DISCUSSIOexperimental investigation of the

been studied in MANIT BhopalThe comparison of saturation

pads is presented in Tables 1.cooling pads having is found to be higher than that ofgenerally used as coolingthe performance of coconut fibercooling pad. The kbanana tree fibres cooling padsthan khus, sugarcane and honeycomb cooling pads

%, 67.73%, 65.574.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling case of sugarcane cooling padlower than rest of other developed cooling pad.was found to be 65.652.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling coconut-cooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other

Its saturation % for 1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling

respectively. An air flow meter was used to measure the cooling pads and an arrangement was made to measure the constant pressure difference of the entire cooling pad.

Figure 17 illustrates the shows that the honeycomb

cooling pad offers highest



Figure 13

RESULT AND DISCUSSIOinvestigation of the

MANIT BhopalThe comparison of saturation

pads is presented in Tables 1.pads having five different m

is found to be higher than that ofcooling media for

the performance of coconut fiberThe khus cooling

fibres cooling padsthan khus, sugarcane and honeycomb cooling pads

65.57%, 65.574.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling pads

sugarcane cooling pad, lower than rest of other developed cooling pad.

5.65%, 65.65%, 57.62%,2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling

cooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other Its saturation efficiency

1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling An air flow meter was used to measure the

cooling pads and an arrangement was made to measure the constant pressure difference of the

illustrates the valuehoneycomb-

ffers highest-pressure drop.


IJMET/index.asp

Figure 13 Thermocouple

Figure 14

RESULT AND DISCUSSION investigation of the different cooling pads for

MANIT Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh,The comparison of saturation efficiency and pressure drop

pads is presented in Tables 1. Fig. 15, 16, 17 and 18different materials. The saturation

is found to be higher than that of other media for direct

the performance of coconut fibers, banana tree fibercooling pad was found to be less effective than

fibres cooling pads. Banana than khus, sugarcane and honeycomb cooling pads

65.57%, 65.57pads inlet velocity of air

, saturation efficiency is higher than honeycomb cooling pad but lower than rest of other developed cooling pad.

, 65.65%, 57.62%,2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling

cooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other was found to be



value of pressure drop in different pads for different airflow rates.-cooling pad offers lowest pressure drop whereas

pressure drop.


asp 207

Thermocouple wire calibration

4 Voltmeter photograph

different cooling pads for

Madhya Pradesh,efficiency and pressure drop

Fig. 15, 16, 17 and 18aterials. The saturation other investigated direct evaporative coolers.

, banana tree fiberpad was found to be less effective than

(new material) showed highest saturation than khus, sugarcane and honeycomb cooling pads. Its saturation

65.57% and 56.44inlet velocity of air

saturation efficiency is higher than honeycomb cooling pad but lower than rest of other developed cooling pad. Sugarcane cooling pad

, 65.65%, 57.62%, 55.15%, 49.53%2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling pads

cooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other was found to be 73.44%



of pressure drop in different pads for different airflow rates.pad offers lowest pressure drop whereas

pressure drop. The honeycomb


wire calibration arrangement

Voltmeter photograph

different cooling pads for Madhya Pradesh, India 462003

efficiency and pressure dropFig. 15, 16, 17 and 18 shows comparative

aterials. The saturation efficiency investigated cooling pads.evaporative coolers.

, banana tree fibers cooling pads is equally good with a pad was found to be less effective than

(new material) showed highest saturation . Its saturation

56.44% for 1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, respectively. It may also be noted that in

saturation efficiency is higher than honeycomb cooling pad but Sugarcane cooling pad

55.15%, 49.53% and inlet velocity of air

cooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other %, 71.02%, 68.69%,

1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling An air flow meter was used to measure the pressure drop of different types of



honeycomb-cooling pad showed the


[email protected]

arrangement

different cooling pads for direct evaporative cooling has India 462003 during month of March

efficiency and pressure drop for fivecomparative analysis

efficiency of coconut cooling pads. In India

evaporative coolers. The presentcooling pads is equally good with a

pad was found to be less effective than (new material) showed highest saturation

. Its saturation efficiency1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s,

respectively. It may also be noted that in saturation efficiency is higher than honeycomb cooling pad but

Sugarcane cooling pad saturation and 49.53% for

inlet velocity of aircooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other

, 71.02%, 68.69%, 63.94%, 61.52%1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s, 4.2m/s and 4.6m/s cooling pads

pressure drop of different types of cooling pads and an arrangement was made to measure the constant pressure difference of the


cooling pad showed the

[email protected]

direct evaporative cooling has during month of March

five different analysis of different

coconut cooling pads In India khus fibers

present study shows that cooling pads is equally good with a

coconut fibers and (new material) showed highest saturation efficiency

efficiency was found to be 1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s,


saturation efficiency% for 1.3m/s, 1.8m/s,

inlet velocity of air respectively.cooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other

63.94%, 61.52%pads inlet velocity of


of pressure drop in different pads for different airflow rates.pad offers lowest pressure drop whereas all rest of four

cooling pad showed the minimum

[email protected]

direct evaporative cooling has during month of March

different cooling different

cooling pads khus fibers is

study shows that cooling pads is equally good with a

coconut fibers and efficiency

was found to be 1.3m/s, 1.8m/s, 2.7m/s, 3.8m/s,


efficiency 1.3m/s, 1.8m/s,

respectively. The cooling pad showed the highest saturation efficiency compared to all other cooling

63.94%, 61.52% and inlet velocity of


of pressure drop in different pads for different airflow rates. all rest of four

minimum



pressure drop compared to all other cooling pads. In the context of the Honeycomb cooling pad at the inlet velocity of the air, less pressure drop was detected than the Khus cooling pad in percentage, which are as follows 16.13%, 15.38%, 19.15%, 21.82%, 26.23%, 26.87% for 1.3 m/s, 1.8 m/s, 2.7 m/s, 3.8 m/s, 4.2 m/s and 4.6 m/s respectively. The pressure drop of the cooling pads made from coconut fibers has been found to be lower than the Khus cooling pads, which are as follows 3.23%, 7.69%, 4.26%, 0%, 1.64%, 0% for 1.3 m/s, 1.8 m/s, 2.7 m/s, 3.8 m/s, 4.2 m/s and 4.6 m/s at inlet velocity of air respectively. The pressure drop of the sugarcane cooling pads has been found to be lower than the khus cooling pads, which are as follows 0%, 2.6%, 0%, 3.64%, 3.28%, 2.99% for 1.3 m/s, 1.8 m/s, 2.7 m/s, 3.8 m/s, 4.2 m/s and 4.6 m/s at inlet velocity of air respectively. The pressure drop of the banana cooling pads has been found to be lower than the Khus cooling pads, which are as follows 3.23%, 2.56%, 0%, 1.82%, 1.64%, 1.49% for 1.3 m/s, 1.8 m/s, 2.7 m/s, 3.8 m/s, 4.2 m/s and 4.6 m/s at inlet velocity of air respectively.

Table 1 Performance characteristics of different cooling pads

S. No. Inlet

Velocity of Air (m/s)

Pressure Drop

(N/m2)

Mass Flow Rate

of Air (kg/s)

Inlet DBT (°C)

Outlet DBT (°C)

WBT (°C)

Temperature Drop (°C)

Saturation Efficiency

(%)

Average saturation efficiency variation

with Khus pad (%)

Sugarcane Fibers 1 1.3 30.40 0.067 40.9 30.27 24.71 10.63 65.65

3.68

2 1.8 37.26 0.093 40.9 30.27 24.71 10.63 65.65 3 2.7 46.09 0.139 40.9 31.57 24.71 9.33 57.62 4 3.8 51.97 0.196 40.9 31.97 24.71 8.93 55.15 5 4.2 57.86 0.217 40.9 32.88 24.71 8.02 49.53 6 4.6 63.74 0.237 40.9 32.88 24.71 8.02 49.53

Coconut Fibers 1 1.3 29.42 0.067 40.61 31.18 27.77 9.43 73.44

-5.82

2 1.8 35.30 0.093 40.61 31.49 27.77 9.12 71.02 3 2.7 44.13 0.139 40.61 31.79 27.77 8.82 68.69 4 3.8 53.94 0.196 40.61 32.4 27.77 8.21 63.94 5 4.2 58.84 0.217 40.61 32.71 27.77 7.9 61.52 6 4.6 65.70 0.237 40.61 32.71 27.77 7.9 61.52

Banana Fibers 1 1.3 29.42 0.067 39.98 30.26 25.63 9.72 67.73

-3.9

2 1.8 37.26 0.093 39.98 30.26 25.63 9.72 67.73 3 2.7 46.09 0.139 39.98 30.57 25.63 9.41 65.57 4 3.8 52.95 0.196 39.98 30.57 25.63 9.41 65.57 5 4.2 58.84 0.217 39.98 30.57 25.63 9.41 65.57 6 4.6 64.72 0.237 39.98 31.88 25.63 8.1 56.44

Khus Fibers 1 1.3 30.40 0.067 39.07 29.04 24.1 10.03 67.00

Nil

2 1.8 38.24 0.093 39.07 29.35 24.1 9.72 64.92 3 2.7 46.09 0.139 39.07 29.96 24.1 9.11 60.85 4 3.8 53.94 0.196 39.07 30.26 24.1 8.81 58.85 5 4.2 59.82 0.217 39.07 30.26 24.1 8.81 58.85 6 4.6 65.70 0.237 39.07 30.87 24.1 8.2 54.77

Honeycomb Paper 1 1.3 25.50 0.067 41.15 34.53 24.72 6.62 40.29

26.05

2 1.8 32.36 0.093 41.15 34.93 24.72 6.22 37.85 3 2.7 37.26 0.139 41.15 35.32 24.72 5.83 35.48 4 3.8 42.17 0.196 41.15 35.89 24.72 5.26 32.01 5 4.2 44.13 0.217 41.15 35.91 24.72 5.24 31.89 6 4.6 48.05 0.237 41.15 35.99 24.72 5.16 31.40



4.1. Graphical Representation

Figure 15 Saturation efficiency vs. inlet velocity of air for different cooling pads

Figure 16 Variation of (%) average saturation efficiency of different cooling pad as compared to the Khus cooling pad saturation efficiency

Figure 16 shows, in terms of saturation efficiency, Sugarcane fibers and honeycomb paper cooling pad are 3.68% and 26.05% less effective than Khus fibers cooling pads respectively. And coconut fibers cooling pads is 5.82% and banana cooling pads is 3.90% more efficient than Khus fibers cooling pads. Coconut fibers 73.44%, banana fibers 67.73%, Khus fibers 67.00%, Sugarcane fibers 65.65% and Honeycomb 40.29%, cooling pads are arranged according to their saturation efficiency at 1.3m/s inlet air velocity in descending order respectively.

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

0 2 4 6

Satu

ratio

n Ef

ficie

ncy

(%)

Inlet Velocity of Air (m/s)

Sugarcane Saturation Eff.

Coconut Saturation Eff.

Banana Saturation Eff.

Khus Saturation Eff.

Honeycomb SaturationEff.

-3.68%

5.82%3.90%

-26.05%-30.00%

-25.00%

-20.00%

-15.00%

-10.00%

-5.00%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

sugarcane fibers coconut fibers banana fibers honeycombpaper

Avg.

Sat

urat

ion

effic

ienc

y va

riatio

n w

ith

Khus

coo

ling

pad

(%)



Figure 17 Pressure drop across the cooling pad vs. inlet velocity of air for different cooling pads

Figure 18 Comparison of pressure drop in different cooling pad at 1.8m/s inlet air velocity

Pressure drop of Honeycomb 25.50 N/m2, Coconut fibers 35.30 N/m2, banana fibers 37.26 N/m2, Sugarcane fibers 37.26 N/m2 and Khus fibers 38.24 N/m2 are investigated at inlet air velocity of 1.8m/s as shown in figure 18. Depending on the saturation efficiency and pressure drop, coconut fibers and banana fibers works better than the Khus cooling pads.

5. CONCLUSIONS In this experimental study, different cooling pads have been developed from five types of material, in which Banana tree fibers, sugar cane fibers and coconut fibers are made from agriculture waste material, the rest are both conventional cooling pad material. It may be concluded that from this study coconut fibers and banana fibres cooling pads gives higher

20.0022.0024.0026.0028.0030.0032.0034.0036.0038.0040.0042.0044.0046.0048.0050.0052.0054.0056.0058.0060.0062.0064.0066.0068.00

0 1 2 3 4 5

Pres

sure

Dro

p (N

/m2)

Inlet Velocity of Air (m/s)

Pressure Drop-Sugarcane

Pressure Drop-Coconut

Pressure Drop-Banana

Pressure Drop-Khus

Pressure Drop-Honeycomb

37.26 35.30 37.26 38.24

25.50

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

sugarcanefibers

coconut fibers banana fibers Khus honeycomb

Pres

sure

Dro

p (N

/m2 )



saturation efficiency than conventional cooling pads. Sugarcane fibers cooling pads provide high saturation efficiency compared to honeycomb cooling pads and results indicates that sugarcane fibers cooling pad is less efficient than the Khus cooling pad. Coconut fibers 73.44%, banana fibers 67.73%, Khus fibers 67%, Sugarcane fibers 65.65% and Honeycomb 40.29%, are achieved saturation efficiency at 1.3m/s inlet air velocity. Coconut fibers and banana fibers works well than the Khus cooling pads. In Morden existence, this research can help the researcher to enhance conventional cooling with evaporative cooling technique such as evaporative cooled condenser used in conventional air conditioning system.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research work was carried out thanks to the support of the MANIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India-462003, given financial support and encouragement and therefore we are grateful to MANIT.

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