«experiences of industrial...

«Experiences of Industrial Ecology»

Product

Process

Supply

chain

Industrial

District

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Pollution

control

Pollution

prevention

LCA

e

DFE

Environmental

conscious

Industrial

Networking

Evolution of Industrial Ecology concept

Industrial Metabolism

• There is a compelling analogy between organic organisms andindustrial activities or the whole economic system;

• Industrial metabolism is the entire integrated collection of physicalprocesses that convert raw materials and energy into finished productsand waste;

• A firm is therefore the economic analogue of a living organism inbiology.

Industrial Eco-system

• In line with this vision of industrial world, two General Motorsindustrial researchers, R.A. Frosch and N. Gallopoulos, publishedfor the Scientific American Magazine what is now considered one ofthe scientific documents “fathers” of Industrial Ecology: "Strategiesfor Manufacturing".

• In it the two researchers strengthened analogy to a second level ofanalysis by introducing the term Industrial Eco-system.

Industrial Eco-system

• In natural ecosystems, organisms operate through a network ofconnections with other organisms that allows them to live andconsume not only the organisms but also their waste.

• Similarly, in an industrial eco-system, each process and networkof processes must be seen as a dependent and interrelated part of alarger system. Of course, the analogy between eco-industrialsystems and natural ecological systems is not perfect.

Historical evolution of Industrial Ecology: different approaches to cleaner production

• In the face of complex human-environment interactions, what was theattitude of civil society and especially the industrial world?

• The first response was to "accumulate and modify the waste generated bythe production process in a manner consistent with the currentregulations, transforming certain forms of pollution into different formsconsidered to be of lesser impact".

• This is the end-of-pipe philosophy. This approach involves the "toutcourt" treatment of the final discharge at the "end of the pipe", i.e. at theend of the production process, in compliance with the regulatory limitsfor emissions for each environmental compartment.


• Examples of end-of-pipe technologies: Waste incinerators. Primarytreatment of wastewater. Electrostatic precipitator, used inthermoelectric pumps. Claus process (sulfur recovery). Catalyticconverters. Desulfurization of combustion gases.

• This approach does not solve the environmental problem: it is simplya physical transformation of the pollutant.


• In a first phase, the industry has decided to divert or remove waste, but not toreduce the quantities or turn them into useful substances.

• Next approach: CLEANER PRODUCTION. It inverts the end of the pipeapproach thanks to the new principles of international policy on combatingpollution: sustainability (and equity) of development. “Polluter pays” principle.

• Pollution Prevention is at the top of the environmental

protection hierarchy.

•The Pollution Prevention Act focused industry, government,

and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution

through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and

raw materials use. Opportunities for source reduction are often

not realized because of existing regulations, and the industrial

resources required for compliance, focus on treatment and

disposal (EPA, 1990).

Historical evolution of Industrial Ecology:

different approaches to cleaner production


• Pollution Prevention = Maximum protection of the environment andhuman health and substantial economic savings for industry andsociety.

• Pollution Prevention is implemented at single firm level (with theinvolvement of suppliers network) through planning protocols: toxicsubstances identification, definition of the underlying goals, analysis,application and evaluation of possible solutions.


• Firms try to redefine their production cycle by introducing new elements aimed atenergy and natural resources saving;

• Technical Tools for Pollution Prevention: LCA, MFA, SFA, LCC ecc.

• Fundamental role of institutions for supporting Pollution Prevention. IPPCDirective (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control)

• Pollution Prevention does not pay enough attention to the social dimension ofsustainability. In fact, in order to achieve sustainability, it’s necessary to considerthe economic system as part of a wider system.

Industrial Ecology Definition

• Industrial ecology is the tool with which humanitycan intentionally and rationally maintainsustainability through the economic, cultural andtechnological evolution.•The concept requires that an industrial system is notseen in isolation from surrounding environments,but in concert with them. It is a way of perceivingthe system by trying to optimize the total cycle ofmaterials, from virgin to processed materials, to thefinal disposal of them. Optimizing factors includeresources, energy, and capital (B. Allenby and T.Graedel, I995)•Therefore, industrial ecologists, or those who studyindustrial ecology, work to understand the industrialsystems that are in place and find ways to use fewernatural resources and find new uses for wastematerials or byproducts. (Robert U. Ayres)

Industrial Ecology Definition

• Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrialsystems.

• Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinarydiscourse that seeks to understand emergent behaviour of complex integratedhuman/natural systems".

• The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems frommultiple perspectives, usually involving sociology, environment, economy andtechnology aspects.

• Industrial Ecology is a field of study based on dynamic systems that allows tomanage human activities on a sustainable basis:

It ultimately aims to:

• Minimize the use of energy and materials and hence the impact of humanactivities on the natural system

• Ensure an acceptable quality of life for man

• Preserve and restore the ecosystems health

• Ensure the economic convenience of industrial and commercial systems

Industrial Ecology= “Sustainability Science”

• It is a rapidly growing field that examines the use and flow of materials andenergy in products, processes, industries and entire economies.

• It focuses on industry potential role in reducing environmental impactsthroughout the product life cycle;

• Industrial Ecology is based on the assumption that industrial activitiesshould not be considered in isolation from the wider context in which theyoperate;

• It is important to clarify that the term "industrial" in the context of IndustrialEcology refers to all human activities that take place within a giveneconomic system;

• Today, industrial ecology is being carried out with unprecedented force,gaining more and more space not only in the business community, but alsoin the academic and political spheres;

• In 1997, Journal of Industrial Ecology was born, and in 2000 ISIE(International Society for Industrial Ecology) was founded.

Industrial Ecology Purpose

• The main objective of Industrial Ecology is to reorganize the industrial system tomake it evolve towards a compatible operation mode with the biosphere, thuslimiting the dissipation of materials and energy in production and consumptionprocesses.

Implementation strategies:

• Optimizing the resources use (increasing energy and material efficiency);

• Closing material cycle and minimizing emissions;

• Dematerialization;

• Dependence reduction and elimination of non-renewable energy sources.

• The Industrial Ecology approach requires:

- The application of systems theory to industrial systems;

- The definition of system boundaries so as to incorporate the naturalworld;

- The tendency to optimize this system.

Industrial Ecology Tools and Approaches

• In order to put into practice the industrial ecology concept, some tools and approaches are needed:

• Material and energy flows studies:

Material Flow Analysis (MFA);

Substance Flow Analysis (SFA);

• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA);

• Dematerialization;

• Design for the Environment (DfE)

• Eco-industrial parks;

SYSTEMIC APPROACH

SYSTEM = group of interactive, interrelated or interdependent elements thattogether form a complex entity.

A system can therefore be defined as entity if it has the following properties:

• Elements: a set of objects belonging to the entity, which have specific attributesand functions within the system;

• Internal relations: a series of relationships between the elements;

• External relations: a series of relationships between the system and itsenvironment, with its input and output exchanges.

• INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM = entity formed by elements (factories orsites where goods are produced or where support functions take place)

• Existence of internal relations (transfer of goods and informationflows);

• Interaction with wider physical and social environments throughexternal relationships.

Basic philosophy

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A model that focuses on the system sustainability, where there are

no waste and where materials are constantly reused. System

opposite to the one called "linear", which starts from material and

comes to waste.

2.12.2015 COM(2015) 614 : Closing the loop - An EU

action plan for the Circular Economy

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:

Ensure the existence of an appropriate regulatory framework for the

circular economy development in the European market.

A key role of SI in all measures related to the production system, urban

waste management to promote recycling, industrial waste re-use and

development of secondary raw materials markets and their quality

standards in order to increase the confidence of operators.

Environmental management tools

Product System Territorial Scope

LCT Cleaner Prod. Industrail Ecology

LCM Green economy

Eco design Blue economy

Circular economy


Ecolabel ACB EMAS spatial

EPD VIA Agenda 21

PEF VIS Urban Metabolism

ISO 14001

EMAS

OEF


An.Energ. An. Energ. Symbiosis

LCA IPA MFA

LCC MFCA SFA

SLCA

LCSA

EIOLCA

Paradigms

Procedural tools

Analytical tools

Data

- Resources consumption - Release to water

- Energy consumption - Solid Waste

- Air Emissions

Management

- Decision support

- Strategy and policies

- ...

Analytical tools:

- LCA - Energy analysis

- SFA - ACB

- MFA - IPA

-….

Procedural tools:

-Eco-label

- Eco-audit

- VIA

- …..

Technical elements:

- Allocation models

- Material and energy balance

- Dispersion models

- Dose-effect functions

- ….

Basic concepts

- LC thinking

- Eco-design

- Clean technologies

- Industrial Ecology

Life Cycle Assessment - LCA

• Holistic Tool product site-indipendent

• It’s an excellence tool of LCTand LCM

• It’s the base of Ecolabel, EPD,PEF, OEF

• Database and Data Quality• Quality impact assessment

methods, in particular thetoxicity

• Potential Damage – noteffective

Template

Methodology: Life cycle assessment

Life Cycle Assessment is a tool used

to evaluate the potential

environmental impacts of a

product, process or activity

throughout its entire life cycle by

quantifying the use of resources

and environmental emissions

associated with the system

ISO Scheme

1. Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Life Cycle Costing - LCC

• Parallel instrument to the LCA forthe costs economic dimension

• Perspective of the producer,consumer or society as a whole

• Costs Data base very poor• Difficulties in determining external

costs

Social Life Cycle Assessment - SLCA

• It’s a specification of LCA for the sociadimension

• 5 categories of Stakeholder – 6 impactcategories - 31 impact subsottocategories

• Indicators related with dignitate human,chikd labor, over work, crime etc. that usethe Decleration of human rights

• Lake of Database• Difficulty to attribute the social impact to

the funtional unit, lake of comparability ofresults and inhomogeneities of application

EIOLCA

• It’s based on input-output analysis

and use of table intersectoral of

economy.

• It allows the analysis of relation

between the different sector of

economy in a determined country in a

specific time frame and the

description of life cycle of goods

• Data very aggregated that depends on

the number of sector in the national

table.

LCA Strategies

LCA Extension

A single coherent model

Hybrid Analysis

Combination of models

among which go through

data flows

Toolbox

Autonomous models

used jointly

Traditional LCA

Material Flow Analysis - MFA

• A tool used to quantify materialsflows circulating in the economy

• A "macro" tool ideal for thecircular economy

• Lack of statistical information

Impact Patway Analysis - IPA

• Site-specific plant tool

• Tool for the VDS (L. RegionePuglia 21/07/2012)

• Unexpected information: Dioxinsresponsability on the cancinogenicrisk in Taranto only 1.5%, against85% of benzopyrene

• Quantification of externalities fortaxtation

• Uncertain methods of dispersionand dose – response function

• It isn’t an enequivocal tool for dimostrating the cause-effectcorrelation.

SOURCE

(Specification of site and technology)

EMISSIONS

(es. kg/anno di particulates)

DISPERSION

(Atmospheric dispersion models)

Increase of the concentration of receiving sites

(es. µg/m3 di particulate in all the interested

territory)

DOSE – RESPONSE FUNCTION

Impact Assessment:

(es. Asthma cass related to the increase of

concentration of particulate in the

enviroment)

ECONOMIC VALUATION

External Costs

(es. costs related to Asthma caused by particulate)

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

• Industrial Symbiosis concept comes from the symbiosis biologicalprocess through which a waste, an expression of an organism'smetabolism, provides the resource for the implementation of thevital functions of another organism. If the industrial world could beorganized in a manner more similar to natural ecosystems, it wouldbe more sustainable;

• Creating links between several contiguous but distinct industrialplants in terms of waste, by-products and energy exchanges.

• Increased system-level efficiency rather than individual plants(replacing virgin raw materials; using residual heat of someprocesses for heating or cooling other processes; less resourcedissipation and entropy reduction);

• Collaboration for the realization of mutually advantageousexchanges from an economic point of view.


CLASSIFICATION IN MATERIAL EXCHANGE TYPES

•Circulation within the same production cycle (closed looprecycling)

•Exchange of by-products between different realities (open looprecycling)

1.Through intermediaries (e.g waste bag);

2.Among plants located in the same area, in planned and optimized ways (eco-industrial parks);

3.Among non-contiguous plants (within a few km), with entry opportunities for new industries over time;

4.Among firms operating within a regional area.

• This concept is gaining ground in the creation of newindustrial complexes.

• Industrial eco-system = self-sufficient community in whichvarious organisms interact with each other and with thesurrounding environment in a defined geographical area. It isan example of how, from the concept of industrial ecology, wecan really develop a new paradigm of the economic-industrialsystem.

Eco-Industrial Park (EIP)

• The definition was given for the first time in the 1997 during theCouncil On Sustainable Developement:

They are a community or network of companies that cooperate in aterritory in order to share resources (raw materials, water, energy,information, facility and natural habitat) and to get economic andenvironmental gains and a right improvement of human resources forthe industrial and local comunity(PCSD, 1997).

• The eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are a community of manufacturingcompanies linked by a common management in order to improve theirenvironmental, economic and social performance through thecollaboration and resource use(included energy, water and materials)

• The interdependence is very important because it’s necessary theexchange of byproducts, materials, energy and informations.

• The eco-industrial parks also must know its ability to assimilate thewaste in the area where it’s located. (Cotè, 1998).

• The eco-industrial parks are projects very complicated because ofhigh funding for their attuation.The economic motivation is the major reason why the entrepreneursjoint to these project.But only the effective interdependence can assure the economicreturn.

• Public Motivation

• Revitalization of urban and rural areas

• Promoting employment levels

• Promoting sustainable development

• Eco industrial Park of Kalundborg in Danimarca, in USA, in Europa ein Cina. The approaches are different

• The two approaches are apparently in contrast:

• Self-organization (bottom-up process) Kalundborg.

• Planning (processo top-down) Regione di Humber (UK) and Usa

SYMBIOTIC EXCHANGE CLASSIFICATION MODEL

PARAMETER Process Input and/or Output

EXCHANGE

OBJECTmaterials energy water services

LOCALIZATION

Within the individual

enterprise

(One or more

production units)

Eco-Industrial Park:

Between groups of firms located

in adjacent geographic areas

Eco-Industrial Network:

Between groups of

firms located in wide

geographic areas

ECONOMIC

SECTOR

Agriculture, Forestry

and FishingIndustry Buildings Trade and Services


• Spontaneous (Kalundborg)

• Coordinated (Humber, Rotterdam Port)

• Drivers to implement IS:

• Economic benefits (reduction of raw material and waste disposal costs and by-products sale)

• Expansion and diversification of its own business (new jobs)

• Reduction of environmental impacts

• State/Regional/Local level interventions, with new laws or public funding


Urban Industrial Symbiosis

Mantua (EPIC 2020 Project): hydraulic jumps, biomass,geothermal energy and waste;

Mantua, Cremona, Modena, Brescia, Turin, Milan, Bologna, Forlì,Reggio Emilia: district heating networks;

Kalundborg: as previously described;

Rotterdam: energy and water reuse;

Liuzhou, Kawasaki and Jinan (China): waste steel exchanges;

Kedah (Malaysia): rubber/chemical waste and energy exchanges,water reuse;

26 Japanese eco-city: Utility sharing practices.

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS – DEVELOPING BARRIERS

• Problems due to the current waste legislation (waste definition,authorizations etc.)

• Lack of confidence on waste quality

• Lack of a standardized and reproducible methodology in different spatialspheres

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS: STATUS 2007

The Symbiosis Institute1996

SoilremLakeTissø

Novozymes

Novo Nordisk

Farms

Fish farm

AsnæsPower Station

The Municipalityof Kalundborg

Gyproc

Fertilizer industry

Re-usebasin

Cementindustry

StatoilRefinery

10 Surface water 1987

12Yeastslurry1989

4Biomass/NovoGro1976

13 Sulphur 1990Fertilizer 2001

5 Fly ash1979

16 Gypsum 1993

9 Steam 1982

15 Gas 1992

11 Coolingwater 1987

7Heat1981

6 Heat1980/89

8 Steam 1982

2Gas

1972

19 Sludge

17 Waste water 1995

1 Surface water 1961

3Surfacew

ater1973

14 Tech.water 1991

18 Drain water 1995

1998Waste water treatment

20

Fly

Ash

1999

Collaboration with Noveren

21 Deionized water 2002

Purifica-tionof water

22

Water

200424 Sea water 2007

Recovery of nickeland vanadium

Pig farms

23

Alko-

holic

residue

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS PROJECTS IN THE WORLD

Nordkoping: Sweden

Humber:

UK

Kwinana: Australia

Guitang:

China

Industrial Symbiosis in the world

Project CountryGeographic

Size

Funding

Sources

Coordinating

Entity

Economic Sectors

InvolvedIS Regulatory

Kalundborg

SymbiosisDenmark

Restricted

AreaPrivate

Consortium

firms

Refinery, Gypsum

Production, Energy

Production, Chemical

Industry

Kalundborg Symbiosis

Consortium

Humber

Region

(NISP)

UKRegional

AreaPublic

BCSD-UK e

RDA

Chemical Industry,

Oil and GasProgramme

Relvao Eco-

Industrial

Park

PortugalNational

AreaPublic

Municipality of

Chamusca

Municipal Waste,

Aluminum and Plastic

Production, Building

Materials, Chemical and

Pharmaceutical Industry,

Biomass

District

Kwinana

Industrial

Area

AustraliaRegional

AreaPublic/Private

Kwinana

Industrial

Council

Inorganic Process

Residues, Recyclable

Waste, Energy Efficiency,

Water Treatment Plants

Regional District

TEDA China

Regional

Area

(Suzhou New

District)

Public/Private

TEDA

Environmental

Protection

Association

Electronics, Automotive

and Machinery, Bio and

Pharma, Food and

Beverages.

Sharing Infrastructures

for the Use of Water,

Steam and Energy

TEDA Environmental

Protection Bureau (TEDA

EPB) Committee for

Promoting the Circular

Economy

Tabella 1. IS Projects at International Level - International Reference Panel (Notarnicola et al., 2016)

IS ProjectGeographic

Area

Economic Sectors

Involved

Regolamentazione

della simbiosi

Porto Marghera

Eco – Park

Veneto

Restricted Area

Marghera Port

Industrial District

- Venice

Chemical and

petrochemical sectors,

Naval constructions,

Metallurgy,

Waste treatment,

Energy production

Program Agreement

on Chemistry

(Marghera Port)

CLOSED

Tuscany

Wide Area

Textile and Paper

Industry, Floricultural

sector

Consortium

Green Economy and Sustainable Development

Emilia Romagna

Wide Area

Agro-industry

Buildings,

Production of plastic

packagings,

Coke and oil refining,

Chemical and

pharmaceutical

sectors, Textile

Industry, Leather and

fur manufacture

Programme

Eco-innovazione

Sicily

Wide Area

Manufacturing,

Agro-food sector,

Metal and non-

metallic products,

Buildings.

Regional District

STATE OF ART IN ITALY

Trend to include IS

concepts in APEA

regulation

Non-APEA application projects - under

development

Mainly practices of

utility-sharing

through

platform sharing

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