expectancies, values, and achievement-related pursuits...
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Expectancies, Values, and Achievement-Related Pursuits: The Case of Gender and STEM
Jacquelynne S. Eccles University of Michigan
Gender and STEM
BIEN, Berlin, July 3, 2014
Acknowledgements: This research was funded by grants from NIMH,
NSF, and NICHD to Eccles and by grants from NSF, Spencer Foundation and W.T. Grant to Eccles and Barber
I began my research work on gender and motivation with a quite specific question posed by the National Institute of Education in 1977:
WHY ARE FEMALES LESS LIKELY TO GO
INTO MATH AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE THAN MALES?
I became increasingly aware, however, that this question is a subset of a much more general question:
I became increasingly aware, however, that this question is a subset of a much more general question:
WHY DOES ANYONE DO ANYTHING?
I became increasingly aware, however, that this question is a subset of a much more general question:
WHY DOES ANYONE DO ANYTHING?
WHY DOES ANYONE DO ANYTHING?
My colleagues and I developed a theoretical framework to guide our research on both of these questions – a framework grounded in both psychological and
socio-cultural perspectives
WHY DOES ANYONE DO ANYTHING?
My colleagues and I developed a theoretical framework to guide our research on both of these questions – a framework grounded in both psychological and
socio-cultural perspectives a framework that sought to incorporate both
personal agency and structure
WHY DOES ANYONE DO ANYTHING?
My colleagues and I developed a theoretical framework to guide our research on both of these questions – a framework grounded in both psychological and
socio-cultural perspectives a framework that sought to incorporate both
personal agency and structure
Two Aspects of Choosing One’s Life Path
Personal Agency = Picking One’s Path Expectancy-value models of rational choice Identity development
Structural Forces = Opportunities and Barriers to Picking One’s Own Path Social forces that shape and restrict one’s
choices
Developing a Theory to Explain Gender and Achievement-Related
Choices My colleagues used these two perspectives to
develop a theoretical framework to guide a research program on the question posed by NIE.
Developing a Theory to Explain Gender and Achievement-Related
Choices My colleagues used these two perspectives to
develop a theoretical framework to guide a research program on the question posed by NIE.
WHY ARE FEMALES LESS LIKELY THAN MALES TO GO INTO THE PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES?
Eccles et al. General Expectancy Value Model of Achievement Choices:
A. Cultural Milieu
1. Gender role stereotypes 2. Cultural stereotypes of subject matter and occupational characteristics 3. Family Demographics
E. Child's Perception of…
1. Socializer's beliefs, expectations, attitudes, and behaviors 2. Gender roles 3. Activity stereotypes and task demands
G. Child's Goals and General Self-Schemata
1. Personal and social identities 2. Possible and future selves 3. Self-concept of one's general/other abilities 4. Short-term goals 5. Long-term goals
I. Activity Specific Ability Self Concept and Expectations for Success
B. Socializer's Beliefs and Behaviors
C. Stable Child Characteristics 1. Aptitudes of child and sibs 2. Child gender 3. Birth order
D. Previous Achievement- Related Experiences
F. Child's Interpretations of Experience
H. Child's Affective Reactions and Memories
J. Subjective Task Value
1. Interest -enjoyment value 2. Utility Value 3. Attainment value 3.
4. Relative cost 5. Prior Investments
K. Achievement-Related Choices, Engagement and Persistence
Across Time
Eccles et al. General Expectancy Value Model of Achievement Choices:
A. Cultural Milieu
1. Gender role stereotypes 2. Cultural stereotypes of subject matter and occupational characteristics 3. Family Demographics
E. Child's Perception of…
1. Socializer's beliefs, expectations, attitudes, and behaviors 2. Gender roles 3. Activity stereotypes and task demands
G. Child's Goals and General Self-Schemata
1. Personal and social identities 2. Possible and future selves 3. Self-concept of one's general/other abilities 4. Short-term goals 5. Long-term goals
I. Activity Specific Ability Self Concept and Expectations for Success
B. Socializer's Beliefs and Behaviors
C. Stable Child Characteristics 1. Aptitudes of child and sibs 2. Child gender 3. Birth order
D. Previous Achievement- Related Experiences
F. Child's Interpretations of Experience
H. Child's Affective Reactions and Memories
J. Subjective Task Value
1. Interest -enjoyment value 2. Utility Value 3. Attainment value 3.
4. Relative cost 5. Prior Investments
K. Achievement-Related Choices, Engagement and Persistence
Across Time
Eccles et al. General Expectancy Value Model of Achievement Choices:
A. Cultural Milieu
1. Gender role stereotypes 2. Cultural stereotypes of subject matter and occupational characteristics 3. Family Demographics
E. Child's Perception of… 1.. Socializer's beliefs, expectations, attitudes, and behaviors
2. Gender roles 3. Activity stereotypes
and task demands
G. Child's Goals and General Self-Schemata
1. Personal and social identities 2. Possible and future selves 3. Self-concept of one's general/other abilities 4. Short-term goals 5. Long-term goals
I. Activity Specific Ability Self Concept and Expectations for Success
B. Socializer's Beliefs and Behaviors
C. Stable Child Characteristics 1. Aptitudes of child and sibs 2. Child gender 3. Birth order
D. Previous Achievement- Related Experiences
F. Child's Interpretations of Experience
H. Child's Affective Reactions and Memories
J. Subjective Task Value
1. Interest -enjoyment value 2. Utility Value 3. Attainment value 3.
4. Relative cost 5. Prior Investments
K. Achievement-Related Choices, Engagement and Persistence
Across Time
Self and Identity
Today I am going to focus primarily on the most proximal psychological processes because these processes are directly linked to the self and to identity.
Self and Identity
Today I am going to focus primarily on the most proximal psychological processes because these processes are directly linked to the self and to identity.
Focus most on the components of subjective task value.
Subjective Task Value
Interests – Intrinsic enjoyment of doing the task or anticipated enjoyment of doing the task
Subjective Task Value
Interests – Intrinsic enjoyment of doing the task or anticipated enjoyment of doing the task
Utility Value – The importance of the task for helping one accomplish one’s short or long term goals. Facilitate access to other opportunities or task Facilitate acquisition of other values resources Gain recognition from others
Subjective Task Value
Attainment Value- Allow one to fulfill or enact critical aspects of one’s identity or central self-schema Demonstrate to oneself and others that one is the
kind of person that one would like to be (ideal self) Closely related to the stereotypes/schema one holds
about the association of various characteristics or activities with the tasks being considered
Subjective Task Value: Cost • Psychological Costs
• Fear of Success/Failure • Anticipated Anxiety
• Stereotype Threat • Link of Task Demands to Temperamental
“Traits” - leading to activation or anticipated activation of fear and anxiety
Subjective Task Value: Cost • Psychological Costs
• Fear of Success/Failure • Anticipated Anxiety
• Financial Costs • Lost Opportunities to Fulfill Other Goals or
to do Other Activities (Amy) • Implicit Beliefs (Me; Not Me) • Theories of Intelligence
Subjective Task Value: Cost • Psychological Costs
• Fear of Success/Failure • Anticipated Anxiety
• Financial Costs • Lost Opportunities to Fulfill Other Goals or to do Other Activities
• Social and Psychological Costs of Punishment or Rejection and of Violating Norms
Key Features of Model
1. Focuses on Choice not on Deficits
2. Points Out Importance of Studying the Origins of Individuals’ Perception of the Range of Possible Options
Key Features of Model 1. Focuses on the Fact that Choices are made
from a Wide Range of Positive Options
2. Focuses on the Hierarchical Nature of Both Expectancies and Subjective Task Values
3. These Hierarchies are Labile, Being Influenced by Immediate Social Context, and Developmental Tasks
How Does This Relate To Gender?
Personal Experiences
Subcultural Scripts, Beliefs, and Stereotypes
Societal Beliefs, Images, and Stereotypes
Personal Identities
Self Concepts
Personal Values
Personal Goals
Expectancies
Subjective Task Value
Life Choices
Personal Experiences
Subcultural Scripts, Beliefs, and Stereotypes
Societal Beliefs, Images, and Stereotypes
Social Identities
Perception of Barriers And
Expected Behaviors Due to One’s Group
Membership
Other Aspects of Content
Salience
Expectancies
Subjective Task Value
Life Choices
Gender and Both Ability Self Concepts and Subjective Task Value
Cultural Stereotypes about Which Gender is Supposed to be Good at Which Skills
Cultural Stereotypes about Which Gender is Supposed to be Interested or to Value Which Skills
Extensive Socialization Pressures to Make Sure These Stereotypes are Fulfilled
Gendered Achievement-Related Choices: STEM
My colleagues and I then used this framework to design a longitudinal study of gendered educational and occupational choices related to the mathematical, physical and engineering sciences.
I have time to give you only a couple of examples of this work.
Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions (MSALT)
Waves 1-4 Jacque Eccles Carol Midgley Allan Wigfield
Jan Jacobs Connie Flanagan Harriet Feldlaufer
David Reuman Doug MacIver Dave Klingel
Doris Yee Christy Miller Buchanan
Waves 5-8 Jacque Eccles Bonnie Barber Lisa Colarossi
Deborah Jozefowicz Pam Frome Sarah Lord Mina Vida
Robert Roeser Laurie Meschke
OVERVIEW OF DESIGN AND SAMPLE: MICHIGAN STUDY OF ADOLESCENT LIFE
TRANSITIONS – MSALT
DESIGN: On-going Longitudinal Study of One Birth Cohort
Data Collected in Grades 6, 7, 10, 12; and again at Ages 20 and 25
Data Collected from Adolescents, Parents, and School – Most Using Survey Forms
SAMPLE: Nine School Districts Approximately 1,200 Adolescents Approximately 90% White Approximately 51% Female Working/Middle Class Background
Wave 1,2 3,4 5 6 7 8 9
Grade 6 7 10 12 12+2 12+6 12+9
Age 12 13 16 18 20 24 27
Year 83-'84 84-'85 88 90 92 96 99
MSALT DESIGN
MSALT Sample General Characteristics
School based sample drawn from 10 school districts in the small city communities surrounding Detroit.
Predominantly White, working and middle class families
Approximately 50% of sample of youth went on to some form of tertiary education
Two Basic Initial Questions
ARE THERE GENDER DIFFERENCES ON THESE SELF AND TASK BELIEFS? DO THE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN
THESE SELF-RELATED BELIEFS MEDIATE THE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INVOVLEMENT?
Gender Differences in Ability Self Concepts – 7th Grade
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Math English Sports
GirlsBoys
Gender Differences in Subjective Task Value – 7th Grade
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
Math English Sports
GirlsBoys
Conclusions
Gender Differences Occur across Several Domains for Both Ability Self Concepts and Subjective Task Values
Gender Differences Emerge Quite Young
But Do These Differences Mediate Gender Differences in Course Taking and Activity Involvement?
Predicting Number of Honors Math Classes (sex, DAT) N = 223 (honors students)
Gender
Math Aptitude
Number of Honors Math
Courses (R² = .08)
.15
.22
Predicting Number of Honors Math Classes N = 223 (honors students)
Gender
Math Aptitude
Self-Concept of Ability in
Math (R² = .06)
Interest in Math
(R² = .02)
Utility of Math
(R² = .04)
Number of Honors Math
Courses (R² = .19)
.15
.12
.14 .18
.14
.13
.25
Predicting Physical Science Class Enrollments
Number of Physical Science Courses
(R2 = .15)
Gender
Math Aptitude
.34
.16
Predicting # of Physical Science Classes (sex, DAT)
Number of Physical Science Courses
(R2 = .34)
Gender
Math Aptitude
Self Concept of PS Ability
Liking PS
Perceived Utility of PS
.16
.13
.09
.09
.20
.17 .09 .48
.19
Conclusion In this sample, the gender differences in utility value
were the strongest mediators of gender differences in math and physical science course enrollments.
A slightly different pattern is emerging for math in the CAB study: Math Ability Self Concept is having a stronger effect.
In this sample, the gender differences in all three expectancy – value beliefs mediated the gender differences in involvement in sports.
What about College Course Choices?
Wave 1,2 3,4 5 6 7 8 9
Grade 6 7 10 12 12+2 12+6 12+9
Age 12 13 16 18 20 24 27
Year 83-'84 84-'85 88 90 92 96 99
MSALT DESIGN
Specific Sample Characteristics for Analyses Reported Today
Those who participated at Wave 8 (age 25) Female N = 791 Male N = 575
Those who completed a college degree by Wave 8
Female N = 515 Male N = 377
Sex Differences in College Majors
0
20
40
60
80
100
120Fr
eque
ncy
Math/Science Biology Business Social Science
Female
Male
Sex Differences in Occupations
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Fre
qu
ency
Math/Science Biology Business
Occupation at Age 25 by Sex
FemaleMale
Analyses 1: Between Sex
Logistic regression to test for mediators of sex differences in college Math/Engineering/Physical Science majors
Time 1 Measures: 12th Grade
Math/Physical Science Self-Concept of Ability
Math/PS Value and Usefulness Biology Self-Concept of Ability Biology Value and Usefulness English Self-Concept of Ability English Value and Usefulness High School Grade Point Average
Sex Differences in Domain Specific Self Concepts and Values
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5M
ean
Valu
e
Math/Sci Value
Math/Sci Self C
oncept
Biology Self Concept
Biology Value
English Self Concept
English Value
Final GPA
Self Concept and Value at Age 18 by Sex
Female
Male
Time 1 Predictors of Physical Science and Engineering College Major
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Coefficient B
Time 1 Predictors of Science College Major
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Coefficient B
Gender 1
Gender 2
Math Value
Math SC
Final GPA
Analyses: Within Sex Discriminant Function Analyses
Use age 20 General Ability SCs and
Occupational Values to predict College Major at age 25
Domain Specific Attractors: Self Concepts and Values
Non-Domain Attractors: General Achievement
Academic Choice
+
+
Domain Specific Attractors: Self Concepts and Values
Domain Specific
Detractors: Specific Costs
Non-Domain Detractors: Other Values and Self Concepts
Non-Domain Attractors: General Achievement
Academic Choice
+
-
-
+
Time 2 Measures: Age 20 Ability-Related
Math/Science General Ability Self Concept Efficacy for jobs requiring math/science
Intellectual Ability Self Concept Relative ability in logical and analytical thinking
High School Grade Point Average
Time 2 Measures: Occupational Values Job Flexibility
Does not require being away from family
Mental Challenge Opportunity to be creative and learn new things
Working with People Working with others
Autonomy Own Boss
Time 2 Measures: Comfort with Job Characteristics
Business Orientation: Comfort with tasks associated with being a supervisor
People Orientation: Comfort working with people and children
Sex Differences in Age 20 General Self Concepts and Values
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Mea
n Va
lue
Math/Science Self Concept
Value Flexibility
Intellectual Self Concept
*Value Mental Challenge
Value Independent
Value Working with People
*Value Autonomy
Business Oriented
People Oriented
Final GPA
FemaleMale
Sex Differences in Age 20 General Self Concepts and Values
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Mea
n Va
lue
Math/Science Self Concept
Value Flexibility
Intellectual Self Concept
*Value Mental Challenge
Value Independent
Value Working with People
*Value Autonomy
Business Oriented
People Oriented
Final GPA
FemaleMale
Predicting Women’s M/E/PS and Biological Science College Major from
General Self-Concepts and Values at 20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Discriminant Function Coefficient
Math/sci SelfConcept
People Oriented
Value workingwith people
Pridicting Biology vs. Other College Major -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Discriminant Function Coefficient
Math/Sci SelfConcept
Intellectual SelfConcept
Final GPA
Working withpeople
Predicting Math /Science vs. Other College Major
Predicting Men’s M/E/PS and Biological Science College Major from General Self-
Concepts and Values at 20
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Discriminant Function Coefficient
Business Oriented
People Oriented
Final GPA
Value mental challenge
Value working with people
Math/Sci Self Concept
Value flexibility
Predicting Biology vs. Other College Major
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Discriminant Function Coefficients
Math/Sci
Final GPA
Value Working withPeople
People oriented
Predicting Math/Science vs Other College Major
Predicting M/E/PS vs. Biology Major From General Self-Concepts and Values at
20
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Discriminant Function Coefficient for Females
Value working withPeople
Math/Sci self concept
People Oriented
Intellectual SelfConcept
Final Gpa
Business Oriented
-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Discriminant Function Coefficient for Males
Value Work With People
People Oriented
Business Oriented
Value Flexibility
Final GPA
Math/Science Self -Concept
Intellectual Self Concept
Predicting M/E/PS vs. Social Science Major From General Self-Concepts and Values at 20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Discriminant Function Coefficient for Females
Math/Sci Value
Intellectual SelfConcept
Final GPA
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Discriminant Function Coefficient for Males
Intellectual Self-Concept
Math/Sci Value
Final Gpa
Conclusions 1:
Strong support for the predictive power of constructs linked to the Expectancy Value Model. Domain Specific SCs and Values push both women and men
towards the related majors
Some evidence that more general values can also push people away from M/S/PS majors and towards Biology-Related majors
Sex differences in selection of M/E/PS college major
are largely accounted for by Expectancy Value Model
Conclusions 2
Even stronger support for both the push and pull aspects of the Eccles et al. Expectancy Value Model
Strong evidence that valuing having a job that allows one to work with and for people pushes individuals away from M/E/PS majors and pulls them toward the Biological Sciences
Applications
Interventions to increase the participation of females in M/E/PS need to focus on increasing women’s understanding that M/E/PS and Informational Technology jobs can help people and do involve working with people as well as increasing their confidence in their ability to succeed in these fields.
What have I Left Out?
Critical roles of parents and teachers We have this information on this in this sample and
another sample. Both are key in shaping gender differences in all
aspects of this model. On average, these processes reinforce traditional
gender role self images and choices.
What have I Left Out? The other psychological and social processes that
drive women and men out of non-traditional fields
I am particularly interested in the processes that influence interest in and intense passion for particular activities. The role that ongoing emotional
experiences play in shaping more stable and enduring interests, “passions”, and thus the differential Subjective Task Value of various activities.
Thank You
More details and copies can be found at www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/garp/
The End