expansion of fallout-radiation number-spectra …of from 0,04 to 4.00 mev with 15 output energy...

:'- : :

EXPANSION OF FALLOUT-RADIATION

NUMBER-SPECTRA CALCULATIONS

: -*'« TO LOW ALTITUDE **./

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NUCLEAR AEROSPACE RESEARCH FACILITY - ♦ / u

BLANK PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE NOT FILMED

FZK-291

1 July 1966

I NUCLEAR AEROSPACE RESEARCH FACILITY

EXPANSION OF FALLOUT-RADIATION NUMBER-SPECTRA CALCULATIONS

TO LOW ALTITUDE by O. L. McDERMED (principal investigator) and T. W. DeVRIES

Sponsored by th«

Offict of Civil D«ftn»«, Offict of Ai Army, through th« Ovil Dtf«rn« TicHnicol Group, U.S. Naval Radiological 0*f«nM Laboratory.

USNRDL Contract No. N228-(62479)69007

OCD Work Unit 21111

AVAILABILITY NOTICE Distribution of this Document is unlimited

OCD REVIEW NOTICE

This report hoi been reviewed in the Office of Civil Defense and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect th# views and polices of the Office of Civil Defense.

«■NBWAL DYNAMI Fort Worth Division

EXPANSION OF FALLOUT-RADIATION NUMBER-SPECTRA CALCULATIONS

TO LOW ALTITUDE

SUMMARY

The results of this study extend the work accomplished for the Office of Civil Defense under Contract No. OCD-PS-64-31, The previous work was reported in General Dynamics Fort Worth Division Report FZK-187, Fallout Radiation Energy Distribution as a Function of Altitude. The basic objectives of the present study (FZK-291, 1 July 1966) were to improve the mathematical model and extend to low altitudes the fallout gamma-ray spectra calculations of the previous study.

The mathematical model was revised to permit the Monte Carlo calculation of parametric gamma-ray number spectra at the exact altitudes of 3, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 feet. Number spectra were calculated at each of these altitudes for each of 9 input energy groups. The IBM output is in both differential and multigroup form, with the spectra covering an energy range of from 0,04 to 4.00 Mev with 15 output energy groups.

The parametric data were combined according to source fission-product spectra at 11 decay times, from 1.12 hours to 97.3 days. The results are tabulated in differential number form and in multigroup dose-rate form for the 7 altitudes and 11 decay times of the study. These results represent the spectra above a smooth, quasi-infinite ground uniformly covered with fission products (as would result from 10^ fissions/cm^ on the ground),

The fallout spectra were compared and analyzed with the aid of a separate computer program. These results are also tabulated. Representative graphs of number and dose-rate spectra are shown. Variations of total dose with altitude are also shown.

Conclusions which resulted from the study are:

1. The fallout fission-product spectrum at 1.12 hr after fission and at a detector altitude of 3 ft is the hardest of all the spectra developed in this study.

2. The spectrum softens with decay time through 2.13 days, becomes harder through 21.1 days, then resumes softening through at least 97.3 days.

3. The spectrum undergoes a constant and rapid softening with increasing detector altitude from 3 to 20C ft. It continues to soften up to about 800 ft.

4. For the idealized smooth-ground geometry of this study, total dose rates decrease rapidly with height above 3 ft. The dose rates at 200 ft are about 25% of the dose rates at 3 ft. The decrease in total dose rate with altitude is nearly independent of decay time for altitudes below 400 ft

5. The calculational model used in the previous study introduced some error into the low-altitude calculations. The previous results are approximately 15% high at an altitude of 25 ft with the error reducing to about 4% at an altitude of 200 ft.

A study of ground roughness effects is recommended Ground roughness effects on spectra, dose vs altitude, and dose vs radius of cleared area should be computed. This would provide a simple method of determining the "effective" ground roughness of any fallout contaminated area and would provide more realistic dose- rate data for application m post-attack situations.

ABSTRACT

Gamma-ray number and dose-rate spectra in the air above a smooth, quasi-infinite ground uniformly covered with fallout fission products are calculated. The spectra are calculated for 11 decay times, from 1.12 hours to 97.3 days, and at 7 altitudes, from 3 ft to 200 ft. The spectra are analyzed for the effects of altitude and decay time on spectral shape, with trends illustrated by computer tabulations and selected graphs.

Results show that the spectra soften with increasing altitude and that they soften with decay time for about 2 days, become slightly harder for about 3 weeks, then resume softening. Reduction of total dose rate with altitude is nearly independent of decay time (below 400 feet). A related study, to determine the effects of ground roughness, is recommended.

in

I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OP FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES ix

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. CALCULATION OF PARAMETRIC DATA 3

2.1 Mathematical Model 3

2.2 Input and Output Energy Groups 5

2.3 Gamma Cross Sections 5

2.4 Results of Calculations 6

III. CALCULATION OF FALLOUT FISSION-PRODUCT SPECTRA 15

IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA 19

4.1 Analysis Calculations 19

4.2 Representative Graphs 20

V. CONCLUSIONS 37

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RELATED STUDIES 39

APPENDIX A PARAMETRIC DATA IN MULTIGROUP FORM 41

APPENDIX B PARAMETRIC DATA IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM 51

APPENDIX C FALLOUT NUMBER SPECTRA IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM 61

APPENDIX D FALLOUT DOSE-RATE SPECTRA IN MULTI GROUP FORM 73

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

APPENDIX E COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT ALTITUDE, WITH ALL SPECTRA COMPARED TO THE SPECTRUM AT 1.12 HOURS 85

APPENDIX F COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT ALTITUDE, WITH EACH SPECTRUM COMPARED TO THE SPECTRUM AT THE PREVIOUS DECAY TIME 93

APPENDIX G COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT DECAY TIMES, WITH ALL SPECTRA COMPARED TO THE SPECTRUM AT 3 FEET 101

APPENDIX H COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT DECAY TIMES, WITH EACH SPECTRUM COMPARED TO THE SPECTRUM AT THE PREVIOUS ALTITUDE 113

REFERENCES 125

DISTRIBUTION LIST 127

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1 Parametric Data: Altitude, 200 Feet 7

2.2 Mathematical Model Showing Material Pseudo Densities 8

2.3 Mathematical Model Showing Geometric Regions 9

4.1 Number Spectra; Altitude, 3 Feet 21

4.2 Number Spectra; Altitude, 200 Feet 23

4.3 Number Spectra; Decay Time, 1.12 Hours 25

4.4 Number Spectra; Decay Time, 2.13 Days 26

4.5 Number Spectra; Decay Time, 21.1 Days 27

4.6 Number Spectra: Decay Time, 97.3 Days 28

4.7 Multigroup Dose-Rate Spectra: Time, 1.12 Hours 29

4.8 Multigroup Dose-Rate Spectra: Altitude, 3 Feet 30

4.9 Dose-Rate Reduction with Altitude: 3 to 200 Feet 31

4.10 Dose-Rate Reduction with Altitude: 3 to 2000 Feet 32

Vll

LIST OP TABLES

Table

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

3.1

4.1

\2

4.3

4.4

Upper and Lower Limits of Input Energy Groups

Upper and Lower Limits of Output Energy Groups

Composition of Model Sandy Soil

Composition of Atmosphere by Volume

Summertime Variation with Altitude of Temperature, Pressure, and Density of the Atmosphere

Fission-Product Decay Times

Total Gamma Dose Rate vs Altitude and Decay Time: 3 to 200 Feet .

Gamma Dose-Rate Reduction Factor vs Altitude and Decay Time: 3 to 200 Feet

Total Gamma Dose Rate vs Altitude and Decay Time: 3 to 2000 Feet

Gamma Dose-Rate Reduction Factor vs Altitude and Decay Time: 3 to 2000 Feet

Page

10

11

12

12

13

18

33

34

35

36

ix

I. INTRODUCTION

One possible method of mapping and monitoring large areas for radioactive fallout is by aerial survey. This method requires a knowledge of the resultant time-dependent radiation field and of the response of the detector so that measurements at altitude can be related to dose rates on the ground.

The work documented in this report provides knowledge of the radiation field at low altitudes. It is an extension of work done for the Office of Civil Defense under the recently completed contract, "Fallout Radiation Energy Distribution as a Function of Altitude" (Ref. 1) . This extension is identified by two points specified in the scope-of--work statement in the study contract as follows:

The contractor shall

(a) Calculate the gamma-ray number spectra at the exact altitudes of 3, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 feet per input gamma ray for each of nine input energy groups (as in Contract No. OCD-PS-64-31) covering the energy range of 0.04 Mev to 4.00 Mev (generating the necessary parametric data).

(b) From the calculations of (a) above and the fallout fission product activity (with volatile products removed as previously calculated and used in the aforementioned contract), the contractor will calculate the gamma-ray number spectra at the same altitudes of (a) above for the same eleven times after detonation as in the previous calculations.

Some of the discussion contained in the previous report (Ref. 1) is repeated herein. This will enable the reader to understand the methods and results of this study without reference to the previous report.

II. CALCULATION OF PARAMETRIC DATA

This section describes the methods used to compute the basic parametric data. As in the previous study, the FMC (Flexible Monte Carlo) computer procedure was used to develop the parametric data. These data are given in multigroup form in Appendix A, and in differential form in Appendix B. Figure 2.1 is a representative plot of the parametric data in differential form, which is the form generally used for descriptive purposes.

The standard deviation of the parametric data for all output energy groups and at all altitudes of the study is estimated to be 10%. The justification for this figure is given in Reference 1.

2.1 Mathematical Model

The study ground rules assume that the fallout fission products are evenly distributed over a smooth ground of infinite extent. Point Isotropie detectors were assumed to be located at various altitudes above the fallout plane. The mathematical model and computer code combination applied in this study trans- formed the problem to one of a point source and semi-infinite detectors. The point source is located on the ground and the semi-infinite detectors at various altitudes above the ground. Cylindrical symmetry was used, and the radii of the semi- infinite detectors were terminated at a radial distance of 100 relaxation lengths* from the point source. At this distance, the maximum probability of escape from the system coincides with the smallest number (10 ) that the IBM 7090 computer is capable of distinguishing from zero.

These transformations made it possible to eliminate the statistical problem of obtaining a representative spatial distribution of source points and allowed the use of an efficient system of statistical estimation. This system utilizes each generated set of collision parameters to its maximum ef- ficiency.

* One relaxation length is the thickness of absorber required to reduce the intensity of the incident radiation by a factor of 2.718, or e, the base of the natural logarithms.

Convenience in form of output and the eccentricities of the code dictated the following additional transformations, which are incorporated in the mathematical model shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3.

1. The linear transformation

3048

where

h ■ height above ground, in feet

1 cm = 100 ft (3048 cm) in mathematical model

was performed on the air mass below 200 ft. This transformation resulted in

p - 3048 p M A

where

p = density of air A '

p„ = density of air in mathematical model M

2. The linear transformation

d Z

1000

where

d = depth below the ground in centimeters

was applied to the ground. This resulted in

GM = 1000 G„ M g

where

G ■ density of ground

GM ■ density of ground in the mathematical model

3. A nonlinear transformation was performed on the air above 200 ft; this transformation positioned the remaining air mass thickness (everything above 200 ft) into a model height of 1 cm of constant density.

In the previously approximated semi-infinite model, the calculated average flux over a region was assumed to be equal to the flux at an altitude represented by the midpoint of the region. If the flux within a region is constant, slowly varying, or a linear function of the distance across the region, the flux at the center of the region will always be approximately equal to the average flux over the whole region. However, as shown in Reference 1, the altitude-dependent flux was rapidly varying and nonlinear below an altitude of 100 ft, implying that the averaging technique would yield poor results at low altitudes.

The model used in the present study avoids the nonlinear averaging by inserting void regions 1 cm thick (discontinuities in the mathematical transformation) at the calculational altitudes. Therefore, the calculated average flux in each of these regions is equal to the flux at the required exact altitude. Having the void regions 1 cm thick caused the flux units to be photons/cm^-sec in the output of the FMC code.

2.2 Input and Output Energy Groups

The input energy group bounds, which correspond to the input energy group numbers, are given in Table 2.1. The output energy group bounds, which correspond to the output energy group numbers, are given in Table 2.2.

2.3 Gamma Cross Sections

The microscopic cross sections of the elements in soil and in air were taken from Reference 2. The same cross sections were utilized in the previous study. Therefore, the macroscopic cross sections for each material region are the same as those used in Reference 1. Tables 2.3 and 2.4 give the relative composi- tions of the ground and the air. Table 2.5 shows the density of air as a function of altitude.

2.4 Results of Calculations

The results are listed for the seven altitudes of the study in Appendixes A and B. Appendix A is a tabulation of the flux in each output energy group, at each study altitude, for each of the nine input source groups, per 2000 source photons (the 2000 source photons represent the number of histories run for each source energy group). Appendix B is a flux tabulation in the usual form for differential spectra, on a unit source strength basis, i.e.. Appendix B values equal Appendix A values divided by the product 2000 x Output Energy Width in Mev.

10* t I 7 « I 4

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Figure 2.1 Parametric Data: Altitude, 200 Feet

NPC 2^1,039

Region III: Air, 1026 gm/cm^

Region II: Air, 3.6228 gm/cm3

•Radius ■ 1000 cm

Figure 2.2 Mathematical Model Showing Material Pseudo Densities

8

NPC 24,038

Detector Number

Detector Altitude

Air rtes above 200 ft

Void at 200 ft

Air

Void at 130 ft

Air

Void at 100 ft

Air

Void at 30 ft

Air

Void at 23 ft

Air

Void at 10 ft

IE Void at 3 ft

Mathematical Model Height

■10.00 on

-9.00 era-

-8.00 cm-

-7.50 cm«

•6.30 cm"

■6.00 cm-

-3.00 cm<

-1.30 cm-

-3.30 cm-

-3*23 cm-

-2.23 cm- •2.10 cm-

■1.10 cm- •1.03 cm'

0.03 cm-

Radius • 1000 cm

Figure 2.3 Mathematical Model Showing Geometric Regions (not to scale)

TABLE 2.1

Upper and Lower Limits of Input Energy Groups

Group Mo. Lower Limit (Mev)

Upper Limit (Mev)

0.0643 0.1142

0.1142 0.1904

0.1904 0.2856

4 0.2856 0.4663

0.4663 0.7373

0.7373 1.1424

1.1424 1.8655

8 1.8655 2.9496

9 2.9496 4.0000

10

TABLE 2.2

Upper and Lower Limits of Output Energy Groups

Group No. Lower Limit Upper Limit (Mev) (Mev)

1 0.04 0.06

2 0.06 0.08

3 0.08 0.10

4 0.10 0.15

5 0.15 0.20

6 0.20 0.30

7 0.30 0.40

8 0.40 0.50

9 0.50 0.60

10 0.60 0.80

11 0.80 1.00

12 1.00 1.50

13 1.50 2.00

14 2.00 3.00

15 3.00 4.00

11

>'

TABLE 2.3

Composition of Model Sandy Soil

Element Pseudo-Density (gm/cm3)

H 4.78

0 765.0

•i 560.0

■ Al 65.0

Fe 22.1

Ca 55.2

TABLE 2.4

Composition of Atmosphere by Volume

Molecule Per( rent

78 .03

20 .99

0 .94

0 .03

0 .01

0 .0012

0 .0004

N.

CO2

H2 ^ignored

Ne

He J

Adapted from Reference 3

12

TABLE 2.5

Sununertime Variation With Altitude of Temperature, Pressure, and Density of the Atmosphere

Elevation (km)

Temperature (0c)

Pressure (mm-Hg)

Density, Dry Air (gm/cnr)

1.5 10.0 635.4 0.001043

1.0 12.0 674.8 0.001100

0.5 14.5 716.3 0.001157

0.0 15.7 760.0 0.001223

13

**

III. CALCULATION OF FALLOUT FISSION-PRODUCT SPECTRA

The methods used to apply the fallout fission-product spectra to the parametric data in order to obtain the desired number and dose-rate spectra as functions of altitude and decay time are described in this section. The results are presented in Appendix C (differential number spectra) and Appendix D (multigroup dose-rate spectra).

235 The U ' fission-product decay spectra for the 11 decay times of this study (Table 3.1) were obtained from Reference 4. The spectral data, with volatile elements removed, were derived from the yield theory of Glendenin et al. (Ref. 5). The differential spectra given at 18 energy points in Reference 4 were converted to multigroup spectra with 9 energy groups. This was accomplished by FORTRAN code V-27 (a modified version of the U-15 code written for the previous study) in such a way that the total energy flux was conserved. The formulas given below are the same as those ir the V-27 source deck except for the substitution of standard mathematical symbols:

SPEC1(I,J) = [EAVE(2I-1) •SPEC(2I-1,J) •DEL(2I-1) +EAVE(2l)'

SPEC(21,J) -DEL(21)1 4- [EAVEKI)]

where

EAVE'd) = 0.5 [EAVE(2I-1) - 0.5 DEL(2l-l) + EAVE(2l)

+0.5 DEL(2I)]

and

SPEC1(I,J) = flux of the fallout fission products within the Ith energy group of the Jth spectrum (photons/sec per 10^ fissions)

EAVE(N) = average energy in Mev of the Nth fallout fission-product energy group, EAVE(N+1)>EAVE(N)

DEL(N) = width in Mev of the Nth fallout fission- product energy group

15

.'

1

SPEC(N,J) ■ number flux* of the fallout fission products at the Nth energy point of the Jth spectrum (photons/sec-Mev per 10 fissions)

N#I,J = integer subscripts such that

I-N^IS, energy points in differential spectrum 1^:15 9, input energy group li J£ 11, fallout fission-product spectrum

(decay time).

The 9-energy-group input source spectra thus obtained were then applied to the results of the parametric output spectral data at each detector altitude. The V-27 procedure accomplished this according to the following formula:

FLK (M,L,J) -\ I [SPECKI.J) -FLUKCM,!,,!)]

I= 4- [THCK(L) .DELO(M)]

where

FLUKCM.L,!) = flux in output energy group M and geometric region L (altitude) from parametric input energy group I per 2000 histories.

THCK(L) = 2000 times the geometrical factor (detector region thickness in centimeters in the mathematical model) of region L, to convert track length in a region to flux per source particle.

DELO(M) = width in Mev of output energy group M, used to convert multigroup spectra to differential spectra.

M.L = integer subscripts such that

l^M—15, output energy group l-L±9, detector altitude

Number flux is the shortened nomenclature for the differential energy spectrum of the number flux. SPEC(N,J) times DEL(N) equals flux in the Nth energy group of the Jth spectrum.

16

-I«

The IBM printout of these calculations is reproduced in Appendix C. The fission-product decay times that correspond to the input spectral numbers are listed in Table 3.1. The energy bounds that correspond to the energy group numbers are listed in Table 2.2.

The multigroup dose-rate tables in Appendix D were computed from the data in Appendix C. Each differential flux value was multiplied by the energy width of its group, DELO(M), and a flux-to-dose conversion factor, FTD(M) . The energy-dependent flux-to-dose conversion factors were obtained from Referen :e 6. For the purpose of this study, the units were converted from rad/hr per photon/cm -sec to mr/hr per photon/cm2-sec. This was done by multiplying the air dose factors by 103 mr/r and dividing by 0.93 rad/r.

17

TABLE 3.1

Fission-Product Decay Times

Input Spectrum Time After Fission for Which the Number Source Spectra were Calculated

1.12 hours

2.40 hours

5.16 hours

11.1 hours

23.8 hours

2.13 days

4.57 days

9.82 days

21.1 days

10 45.3 days

11 97.3 days

IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA

Th'2 basic objective of this study was to extend the fallout radiation spectral data of the previous study (Ref. 1) to low altitudes. Accordingly, spectral aata were developed for the exact altitudes of 3, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 ft for the 11 decay times of the previous study.

To help detect relatively small changes in spectral shapes with altitude and decay time, the analysis section of the V-27 code was modified and used to perform relative-change calculations. The results are tabulated in Appendixes E, F, G, and H. These tables illustrate trends and were used as criteria for the selection of sample graphs of the spectral data.

4.1 Analysis Calculations

Four sets of comparisons were calculated. In each set, the elementary calculation consisted of comparing Spectrum "I" with Spectrum "J." This was done by normalizing Spectrum I to to the first energy group of Spectrum J, then subtracting the value of 1.0 from the flux ratio in each energy group (the flux in the Nth energy group of I divided by the flux in the Nth energy group of J) . The results are the relative decimal changes in each of the higher-energy groups. One hundred times the fractional change (positive if an°increase, negative if a decrease) is the approxi- mate percent relative change in energy group N of Spectrum I with respect to energy group N of Spectrum J.

The first set of comparison data is given in Appendix E. For each of the seven altitudes of this study, the spectra for all decay times are compared to the spectrum for the first decay time (1.12 hr after fission).

The second set of comparison data is given in Appendix F. For each altitude of the study, the spectrum at each decay time is compared to the spectrum at the previous decay time.

The third set of comparison data is given in Appendix G. For each of the 11 decay times of this study, the spectra at all altitudes are compared to the spectrum at the first altitude (3 ft) .

The fourth set of comparison data is given in Appendix H. For each decay time of the study, the spectrum at each altitude is compared to the spectrum at the previous altitude.

19

1

4.2 Representative Graphs

Figures 4.1 through 4.8 were selected to show the maximum variations in the calculated spectra with altitude and decay time.

Data on total dose rates were obtained from Appendix 0 by summing the multigroup dose rates over energy for all altitudes and decay times of this study. The results are shown in Table 4 Dose-rate reduction factors vs altitude were obtained for each decay time. This was done by normalizing the total-dose-rate- vs-altitude data to unit dose rates at 3 ft. The results are shown in Table 4,2. The dose-rate reduction factor is plotted in Figure 4.9. The single curve on Figure 4.9 represents all decay times from 1.12 hr to 97.3 days. Similar total dose rate and dose-rate reduction-factor data for higher altitudes are shown in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 and in Figure 4.10. These data, with the exception of the data at 3 ft, were obtained from Appendix D of Reference 1.

20

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0.01

Figure il.l

0.1 1.0 Photon Energy (Mev)

Number Spectra: Altitude, 3 Peet (figure continued on next page)

21

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Figure 4.1 (cont'd) Number Spectra: Altitude, 3 Feet

22

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15

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10.0

Figure 4. ' NUMbtr St>«otxm: Altitude, 200 Peet (figure continued on next page)

23

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24

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0.1 1.0 10.0

Photon Energy (Mev)

Number Spectra: Decay Time, 1.12 Hours

25

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Figure 4.4 Number Spectra: Decay Time, 2.13 Days

26

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Figure ^.5 Number Spectra: Decay Time, 21.1 Days

27

!

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Figure 4.6 Number Spectra: Decay Time, 97.3 Days

28

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Figure 4.7 Multlgroup Dose-Rate Spectra: Time, 1.12 Hours

29

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Figure 4.9 Dose-Rate Reduction with Altitude: 3 to 200 Feet

31

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36

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that (1) the fission-product spectrum at 1.12 hr after fission and at a detector altitude of 3 ft is the hardest of all the spectra; (2) the spectrum softens with decay time through 2.13 days, becomes harder through 21.1 days, then resumes softening through 97.3 days; and (3) the spectrum undergoes a constant and rapid softening with increasing detector altitude from 3 to 200 ft. It continues to soften up to about 800 ft. These variations show up better on the figures of multigroup dose rates (Figs. 4.7 and 4.8) than on the differential number spectra.

Results of comparisons with low-altitude spectral data of Reference 1 were about as expected. The methods of the previous study introduced some error into the calculated flux below 200 ft. At a detector altitude of 25 ft, the results of the previous study are approximately 15% high. At 200 ft, this is reduced to about 4%.

For the idealized smooth-ground geometry of this study, total dose rates decrease rapidly with height above 3 ft. The dose rates at 200 ft are about 25% of the dose rates at 3 ft. Figure 4.10 shows that the decrease in total dose rate with altitude is nearly independent of decay time for altitudes below 400 ft.

37

1 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RELATED STUDIES

The relatively sharp decrease in dose rate with the first 25-ft increase in altitude (Fig. 4.9) can be used as a measure of the importance of ground-roughness effects. The mass thickness of 25 ft of air can be thought of as approximating (with respect to fallout-gamma-dose attenuation) a very thin layer of soil or mixture of fallout and soil. The effect of ground roughness would therefore modify the dose-vs-altitude relation- ships that have been developed for an idealized plane. It is also recognized that ground roughness significantly changes the relativ-» importance (contribution to the total dose rate at any given altitude) of the fallout activity located within any given area on the ground. Therefore, present data (Ref. 7) of dose- reduction factor VJ altitude and radius of cleared area, which arc based on an idealized smooth plane in an infinite-water medium, are not very realistic. In a practical situation, consider- able error in estimating cleanup requirements could result from the use of these simplified-geometry data.

It is recommended that the importance of ground roughness on dose reduction vs altitude and radius of cleared area be studied quantitatively in a realistic geometry. Some of the techniques used in the present study could be applied. Judicious selection of ground-roughness-simulated geometries corresponding to possible real conditions would allow development of realistic parametric data. Correlations of ground roughness and dose reduction with altitude should allow development of a simple procedure to determine experimentally the effective ground roughness of any contaminated area of interest. Once the effective ground roughness is established for an area, the proper ground-roughness-dependent curve of dose- reduction factor vs radius of cleared area could be used for a more realistic assessment of clearing requirements.

Ground-roughness effects would also influence the placement of, and the detector geometry for, automatic monitoring systems. The recommended study would evaluate, as a function of radius of contaminated area below a detector, the combined effects of the following parameters:

a. Ground roughness

b. Detector height above the ground

c. Fission-product decay time

39

^

Since ground-roughness effects would tend to "shrink" the ground area making an important contribution to the total detector response, the results of the study would probably suggest that any or all of the following modifications be made to monitoring systems based on infinite-smooth-plane calculations:

1, Closer lateral placement than for idealized smooth plane calculations.

2, Higher placement aboveground (to minimize ground- roughness effects) .

3, Increased desirability of the use of skyshine meters (to minimize ground-roughness effects) .

;

40

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APPENDIX A

PARAMETRIC DATA IN MULTIGROUP FORM (Computer Printout)

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PARAMETRIC DATA IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM (Computer Printout)

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o o ♦ o c

ro

c o ♦ ♦ c « K to fvj —

C o ♦ m

O O ♦ t*

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o c

IT

c o

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o

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u. O

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o o

C

♦

fO

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o

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f*\

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K oc f\i o

c c ♦

c c ♦

o

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C

c

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c

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IM

ro ^

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55

V

►-OOOOCO ooo — u-oooooo ocoo

+ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦+1

IN/ cr- »r IT »^ vr cr i/>f\»«r^

a>

»r» ►-ooocoooocc at i^oor»o'^0'^'0o<- COL OOtTO^Trrajr»-.^

3« ...

u. >-

of O W it ►-OOCOCO'-'OOC eroj itoccocor-ccc rz ^^«^♦^^♦♦^

UJO ••.... Tar op^ar-f^tfv-- — rvj — <-onoc »- u.

0L.UJU.OCCCCC p £ O O rzc ♦♦♦♦♦♦ ^4>«4, 3 ^ DC CC C iN, r. rvj o CT (T ^ O

IT Of ^- IT »M if ir C" «r <N< C^ f -♦ iT

tu a | <

< >- »-(ro-^coccooo ►-OO U.OOCOOOCOCC

J?^ »MC friecnr er r* <t C* ~ r

— o H i r a U' a LU u. o

U. D -C

»-> o O O C e c c c r^ r; u n o o c c c c n ^* o

*■ 4- ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ + ♦ ♦ ♦ o rr. \r iT N- tr a rp ir C o «* v« r- * ^ rn a a P »r

»T C a> h» «o >f JT pi »-< a:

i- O c o c —i '-^ r- a p o a C- p c c C P C o B c

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ # ♦ 4 ♦ ♦ ♦ rr f^. ru Ml cr rv tr J ^ IP c

«NJ if ph nr. m r^ C >t ir\ rv. C f»! fM << r- r N 0 r- p»

O "J tr

v': r c* ip -j f«" ^4 f»> rj- ^ r, o c:- o

O, a =) H ^ C

56

o o

o o o o ♦ ♦

«0 IM

o o ♦ or o

o o o o ♦ ♦ o •-

o o o o ♦ ♦

^ »«- on C

o I o 9

o I o o •c

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IT *M v0

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tr r^ ** »* ir\

Ml a a. * c O or

c

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IT N.

o o

o o ♦

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c o ♦

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C C o c ♦ ♦

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i o

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r

«r f\j -- »r M ro

a.1 ar ■o UJ r ? 3 u.

r tu c T *r »- u.

o o o ♦

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4

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ui u

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f>J

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♦ ♦

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♦M ir

I

«T <M — ^ ^ «M (T o o

►- c o o o o o c o m* c o •rf u o o c o o o o o o o o o

♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ I ♦ b 1 IT ir c <r ^ c x- e T IT »M o »r M J5 K o- or —d ft >f c f» c i IT

C * rv c ~* & m* rr» m ^ «•> <T

in (%,•—-< o o c

c o e o c c O n -J c r> c o c c C o c o o c o o o ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ * ♦ ♦ ♦ 1 ♦ ♦ ♦ o nc o r> or *M a (D U"N 4 or •^ «r a f> ^ c -c K »** tfl K <e T" •o o 9- —* ■o or IT o A' or ■e c

ir rvi ^4 •—« ;T »^ ^ — r> r?

►- c C c; c o O o o ffrf c t-> O u c c o p c c c p rr c c r«

* + •^ i ♦ ♦ * ♦ i *■ • i rn rr N <*» «♦* or e> r^ fV. c »N. Q •—i

»^ fV m a O p r* «* «r ^ f^ «t K »n —« fM N. ^- ^ -^ >t f^ a >f

«T in m — ^ f\i e e

—4 rvi rr* ^ a -* f^t ^ in

57

►- o o o o O O ■4 mt mt •-4 «rf Ml P4 U. o c o o c e O C O o O O O

♦ ♦ ♦ * + 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O fA o IT sr\ <\l * o »r» a »\J r- IT >* o **» o- o •c r- O f\J sf rr ^- o * o rsi a »r> ■ri or ro oc ir ^ en mä IT cr <\J

* 4 «

• IT

• • • • ac l^

9 • rg

• IT

• f •

^ o o

N *- o o O O C o »-< pri — —* ttt ■1 •—< tr u. Q o C e O c p c p P C P p u. ♦ 4 *■ ♦ i ■f "l i I 1 1 1 1 a. a o «^ o c ro <% ^i' IT iT m (N e T. c^

D IT IT c ^ •—i ir lf> r> ■O N- ir >t •c a X cr PI o m K\ vT (T c. o c •-^ h r c rr r? a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * -J o IT >o IT ■* rvj AJ cr >0 >c vt rr f>- m c o u.

> (V ■9 LU « ►- O o Q O O o ■4 ■4 im Mi ■4 M ■M « UJ u. O o O o o o o p o o o C' r T ^ -f ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ 4- t 1 l 1 1 1 l —%

OJ (_< |f^ r>- m U"1 NJ o o IT c r« (%J U' mt 5 o r\i mmd <-w ■ri —4 r rr ^ -J- 'O p T ^>

y *-l c f^ or- st •r T (T JT ■ri |V fVJ n> 9 ai c • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • T rr ir h IT -t N —J T •C ^ .♦ v* rr r o r~ ^• u.

U »- Q 3 N o o c o #^^ fy P ■I 0a —* -4 C Cv

CL UJ u. c e p D o p C r p p e O P £ ^ C # ♦ + ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ 1 1 1 i ■f ♦ 5 •—. 3 c r- o >*• f^ ■f ir IT o 'V' r^ r>- r^

r^ er ►— ir f\ r- c ■^ X < -- a p c «^ C p I t- U » ■ri ■*■ >r o (^ r^j B ^- ari K rr o

rr *_• III ^ • • • • • • • • • • t • • • t u. i/> -J kT r«- f^ >>■ r« <M p4 >c r^ ^ IT «* — CO

LU a 1 < -I C<0 z- tr U < > !■ O O O e c O O — M ■4 mt C~ O »- 05 r* u. o o c c C- O O p c O p c o

t tr ♦ ♦ • ♦ ■f 4 • i 1 1 1 4 •♦• IU JT 3P >»• IT rr cr rr r^ r IT rr c n- (T ^* »v •M vn <T m~ cr o J^ ^j o rr IM <*• rr\ rt ti.'

^ • r • t

or • • t

rM • • •

P •

ro • • • • •

—1 9 vj" r^ N >t r«> N im r>- s <c vt p4 — f. P < »- •_ a ►- X r* o ^- r^ c- e r- p e O -^ mt ~d 0t r~ c u. ü p r- r Q P c r? r^ P C r r c ft a.' ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ 4 + 1 1 I ♦ 4 UJ U c IT ir IT rvi rr -c o O m <r. ir nr o u. a -- IT IT "M C a ro ir »—■ a mt tr fS' «VJ n 3 «r ■M Pta cr ■i rr. -NJ IT r ir rr O r*- H— g • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

»4 ^- ir M —<

v- r- r; c c c C C mt ■1 mt I-«« P C u. C: c c r c r c c r > r p| C~ r |

* 4 i 4 + 4 ♦ 1 ] 1 i • • »<r M r\ ^r, ir «r o ■c r- C P m r^ i-

c N «£■ •-^ a a •- rr i/ T T >? t >»• P r ir C rM — ^> r^ C ■t r^ rr

>*• i r st )•) rj 4 ^r Nf r», r^ ry. c. c

H> DO B CL rr 3 Cui C D?' c «4 rvj «> -t IT n ^ T r r" M •VJ r^ v* m O UJ O ^-i ^ ^-i — ^^ *—4

58

►- o O C o O O —t —* —* -4 »4 •^ ^4 «1 u. o o o o O O o o O o o o o O

■f ♦ ♦ + *■ ♦ 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 o o <r r^ a «^ a c o o fM f*> oo m fM o v4 ro O CO 00 o fT i IT O •—1 ^ p>- 00 rg C" PsJ QC o fNJ ■^ * o rr •^ & >»• <*• ♦ «T

9

«0 •

00 IT >»• rg —4 a« ^ >t • •

fM -4

• rvj

9 •

an h- o o O o O o . p-rf r-i .-4 ■4 -4 w4 ml tr LL o o O e o o o C O o O O O O uu 4- •f + 4- ♦ + i 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 a. a. O o ir a. O «o vD o ir o ir\ vO vC f\J m

■D IT iT IT rr- o» a r- <J- a^ r —4 c cr «j- X Q —• PO c r\J 1* ■* tr O' rr o r^ •t or f>- >o 35 Tf t • • • • • • • * • • • • • • _i o o r^ ir* >J- f\l t—• cr IT N. ro ro ■M fV/ ^n c j.

>■ »V o UJ ac *~ o o a o c o —4 •—t •-4 ^-i —< —< #-4 «^ « ai LL o o o o c o o P o o O o o o K ^ + ♦ •♦■ •f * •f 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 ■3 u. C IT IT r- »f« (\J (\, c ö (- o ir\ tn in iT B o rr >t —< cr p» fV r^ c n vf rvi rr IA &

2 •-4 «ri <»■ o r^ rr >r nr f\ ■< fV' —< 1-4 >t ro XI O • • • • • # • • t • • • • • • T or fh r f^- **• fV •—« rr- o- r* -t rr> rg ro K C f- u.

a »- B t> >- e f-\ o e © o r-> ~-t —4 ~* —i t-4 mt c

Q. UJ LL o ö o c o o C c o o o o O o K 7 e * <f •f •f + 4- 4^ 1 1 i 1 1 1 • r> •—• 3 O an rr, o or ro o O o iT. or (\J on r- rr

a- tx h- IT c r^t r» r- >r IT r«. fV| ir\ or ir> m t*s Ü l >- CJ i— LT rr QC K. o cr «—• .#■ . • >t <r v0 rsj O X o U.' »- • • • • • • • • • • % • • • •

LU CO -j -£ r^ IT >t ro M »4 o N. «o ro <Ni <* — O UJ a 1 < —1 to y. CD o <! > t— O o Q c r> o r~s ~* M -4 •~) -4 ~4 Q k— O o LL o o o o O o o o C o o a o O

or to * + •♦• 4 4 4- ♦ 1 1 1 i i 1 4- UJ •/> IT fV IT» r^i o -^ rr r^* o c m >c «\J fV' ir "V ro X 4 O fV N- -t f*. ir «0 tr « rr ^4 '■■J U)

■ • • • • • » r

• • • • • C

• • rr • •

m r.j •—••-4 1^ rg m — o

t- T ^r o. »- o o o c c e c —4 •-< —» -4 •-4 —4 c a1

U. e o Q r— <"> r« c o o o o o o o ' er: u.« t 4- •f % 4 4 4 1 I 1 1 1 1 ■f LL o o m fM IT r\ or o >r> o m »NJ in ■r ^ -4

u. ct —4 r» r»- O rv. •-4 rr o^ rr a >t o m CT> n. u. r? «0 •J- fM r«- f>- T _j vT >0 rr >*• rr\ a K M C • • • • • • • • • • • » • • • n LA ir >c in vt M —4 .-4 -n rr ff\ rv ^1 >0 -4 <~

H- c C C C O Q a ■—4 —t r*4 —1 f—t —4 c> LL c

4 cr 4-

c 4-

r; 4

o 4-

c 4-

c ♦ 1 i

o 1

r 1 j

c 1

o 4,

rr, rr rr rr n rr O r Cl o m ^• rr, r> n -f «T -^ vP a c c rx rg »n N >C >* «*• or or r* rr, c. — rv in m 'NJ >t ^ rsj rr

>3- in m in -M ■V ^-4 N- tt' «* (\ f\ a- fV c b >

s is a

[_4 UJ O ►l « f* ■rf rvi »r. xt ir o K cr 9 e »4 fV *«o >»• m o u. c »-4 •-4 —' ^^ ^^

59

►- O o o o O O m-4 »-rf *-4 —< p4 ■4 ro mt —i

ÜL o *

o 4

c o o 1

o 1

o 1

o 1

o 1

O 1

C 1

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O rsj m oc o —J (\J tr o IT rr m (T vO ir> IT o ro 00 m r^ o f- f\' IT on -O ir ro rp on ro (M

• c

• or

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or ■ •

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IT •

IT m «N —» ^ IT ir fNJ (\j -< O« -i in

er UJ n. a

K 3

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u.

o

O

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c c

rv

O o •f m O

Q Q +

fV

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o i

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l c

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O l

c i

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vT

r- I

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P. "^ »-< •-<

>

T LU

3 a»

a1 c T ar

u. c

O o +

ir

o o ■f

o

ir

C o 4-

OC

ir

O O

i0

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IT

C

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in

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ir

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I rr

u. t- O r>

a ? Z" 3 — Qr ►- O O LU

a i </> r

o V iS o er v UJ

u

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U II. n 3 e ►- in

<\i

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O o ♦

in

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in

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st

♦ in

ir

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in

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vT

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C ( c n

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fV ^ — <\i

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►- o c O ^—^ r o p^ p4 •—i ■4 ^^ ■4 ■4 —4 c a o r~

4 c ■f

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IT 1

O 1 1 1 l 1 1 1

r- p n <~ IT rg xt n in ^s f- c N rri pri ^ —J >»• rv pri er c >♦ rrv r- r-« j- *^^ -r >}• r>. c>

ro vt ^ or /! rt CT n r\j Q prf r»,, o 4- a t ir st -Tl fVI o or c r «r» rr- N M •-^

»— c c c r" c o CD m „ pal r—« ^ i—i o ÜL r- o c CN c c C" o c r C c: o Q c:

•^ + •»■ ■». 4 4 *■ l 1 1 1 i 1 1 * (W rtD n f\ m f^ pt 4- n n (M o f c or rr,

f^- o c ^ m 1/ a vt r- ir fNj o h- m st r~ 9 r»! « LP C —» r—1 V a c -* rr\ c ir

0* ir. st (T- f^1 ■\J —< N ^ f\. N rv —» rvi rv

B0 Cm

a

r ff ~* rv r»- <# ir ^ ^- or ^ c —< AJ -O •t m

guj o p-« p4 r~* —J i—i —'

60

APPENDIX C

FALLOUT NUMBER SPECTRA IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM (Computer Printout)

61

^- o o o O o o a ** »* 01 —• -^ ^^ (M st UL o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o + 4 ■♦■ ♦ <f i ♦ i 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 C f\i ir «N fO r» 0^ ir\ IT ir> IT r^ IT* a IT ac c 00 m 00 h- «V «M ^ (N (^ (\J >»■ —< IT fVJ >0 <\J no

• o • » •

00 • t » • • • • •

•-< •

C • •

CO fVJ —1 ^J o IT fSJ .-< -< >t

s: »- c C o o o O o -A ■4 —4 M ■»i »-J fNJ 4 o lb o O a o 5 c c a Q r~ O p c o r*

+ ♦ + •♦• ♦ ♦• + i 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 o O r-t in r»- c- ro v -H fV in #«4 (\J h- f» vt a lyO vr m «c 30 r\ p4 ■c •M or o rn rr r^ IT IT N »•v ■4 >t >c f- ■f >J- a r»" fM sC r- -t -r> sf OP 'J- uO • • • » • • t • t f • • • • •

~* <_> ao vO in r> -^ ^^ oc ro r\j M >t

o T. C f- O c o o o o o o —i *—4 •—( i-^ ■4 fM rr, 3 a: u. o o o o o O o o P c C P P O o oc a. + 4 "♦• ■f + f ♦ •♦■ 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 K o CO e o ■t 0L ro (NJ ■ r- c >t o < fM nj o zr o •-J -* IT m in K r^ N- W IT on T ■T m ^c UJ o »4 rr r- OC *- >o ■rf m c v0 cr >t O or rr c a *- • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • »/) */i r»- oc f*- in r* fVJ ■—< •—» or IP >t r*i i—• <C r-4

00 k- —. 3 U. i >- o c c c O a o p P •—• ■—t ■1 P4 r<j rr 2 O JU u. o o O o c o O c r-s o C C C P o >- C Q ♦ + ♦ 4 ■f ♦ ■♦• + ♦ I 1 1 1 1 1

»4 c 3 c a r1, f** vC ^ (•< in o rr cr «■I r^- -^ fM cr a. •> h- IT» pj cc cr r- ■ri >0 ■ <f >C in Hi -^ <M •-I >t

1 c o •-■ f- <0 IT ■—< m vC X H o •—' in m >ß >r <* o u. — ►- • t • • • • • • • • • i • • •

-1 -c ac r^ >o >*• rv ■M ■ri M oc «o Nt (M ac »4

Ml < ce < _i 0C LU ■ »- Q. o O

a JJ + 4 •f + 4 ♦ ♦ + ♦ i 1 1 1 1 1 to ^ 'n rsi o in on or, p >t ro IT rr> —4 ■il r cr or

i (NJ or ■4 o T N o J- cr. K >J- If ^ lit p^ >»■

fY T 00 >J- vC ^n p«- *^ ?r* •£ fM X vD fM «t ■^ X LU U • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • c IT (T aa «c «* (\l fNJ Ml ^^ cr s in ro «—1 ■t ?: 3 3 LT 2- (

> ►- O o o o p p o o O c r> ■ri •-I —4 rr M U. O o c o o c o o o o O o C r"^ o s * ■•■ + + + 4- 4 ♦ •f •f + 1 1 T 1 >» C cr (M r^ >r oc w~4 <N o xt ro o r^ o s •n uo t-4 c N v0 m m & -* r^ c C fVJ in N r- rv z (T rr >c •c- or (Vj nr o- f>- —< c rr >t Nt -t 0 t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • »- IT C N. 0 -i- r^ »V1 »-4 pi ■—4 ^^ n } —^ m CJ X a

tm a c o o c C P O C c c — ■1 M 01 U. c c c o c c c g p c r- r~ f^ c o

♦ •f ♦ • + 4 f 4 + •♦• 4- 1 1 1 1 I*-, ro o p*- o -n r^ o ^ cr cr rg m~t fM >*• X

a »V' N- p CO f^ ^3 a r\ -c rs, 0 <■ Ml «t ^*^ c 9 p f\ r»" li" •>J ■^ m 4 — P o (M

>

J^ •

or • 9

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f\ — r-H

0 cr

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a

i u. z UJ

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f\ r<- >-<

62

>- O o o o —« —J •^ t-4 »4 ^ rsi rvj ro (*> ^• u. o o o o o O o c o O O o O o o

♦ 4 + •f I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o r^ ro 00 ^ a cr <o oc cr ^t O m & »-< f* o (VJ a> in >o N o o f\! •t K r-l r^ oc IT v0 (M

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I or' ?. a- u cc r: n O i/>

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> h- ro (Nl r\i «NJ r* re rr. PO m rr rri *■ .t tf UJ U O e e o c o C C O O O o O c y • i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I >. o fVJ <# m >r «f IT X o a> •t c rr 4- 4- tr p-t rvj a 0* «v. «0 ■1 >t c ad md Ml ^« ^- pg

>t rvj mt o c O o If *» PO o ^t «r cr 0 • •

— t—1 N- ir> 9 •

»4 -H w4 »4

• 4- «M «r

r i o.

h~ m (N <\) (\l PO pr rr rr pr fr rr» rri 4- If U. e

i 1 o

1 o

1 1 C

1 C

1 C C

1 C

1 O

1 C

1 c l

c i

«r. m M rv ^c N .f rg •M rvj f>» IT h- <v If r>- ir »4 >o o IT ir >t r^ a- O C >t or. <r pr PO p4 M •T N* (T- Ml IT. ■S C' 4^ • t • • 9

c •

IT •

- CM 9-4 Ml M4 O P-» c

| 1 >

a UJ

•

6 1^ ? a- ~-4 (V r^» J- IT >f) r- or rr- c Ml fV pr ^ IT O UJ O *~4 •—• mt ■ri wit 0^

69

^• rr fA m <*> -t «t 4- «tf- ^ >*• IT \r l/> O LL C o o o o o o c O O O o o o

1 i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 O f\* ir •c »r f<"l X) ir> in or »—t oc (T rr o o IT fC m* r» o h- o oc or IT cr «t •t fNJ rsj

• • • • • • • • rg •

O •

or • • • • •

p^ >-4 rrf ^^ ^ tf\ rg -^ ►-^ r^ h- «t ^ —i O

r N tf\ rr fO rr >* 41 4 f >t 4 4 m in o u LL c O

i c

1 O

i Ö

1 1 rr

c 1 1 1

c- i

c 1

o o ^ O IT

l rr

1 i IT

i

c 1 1 1

-X l

rr 4 1

oo ■.n (\l r- ^-1 4 >c •T a If» rr rs. rri o rg 0 —< cr rv,' ir

9 cr rr

9 >0

0 IT. rsj O

■ c rg m

(N. ^« r-t s ro (M Mt P4 P-4 IT, fM •< C o y —* 9

7 j ►— rr m ro rr >t >t 4 >*■ •t 4 4 in m # 3 of u. c O ^ O o O C o o O o c o o rr a 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 i i 1 »— o M m <x ^ >f o CJ >» r- 4 r». m rvi >t U ? o Mg rv rr r- -^ -r >t <\, oc f«- >o ir K or u. c «4 ^ r<> (7 >t in ro ^ F-l c IT ro oc ao Q a ^ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • CO 0^

CO

•-4 fV p-* p-4 T «J rvi fVI fV ■t "- ^ fM fM r

K- —4

■3 u. a >- (*> (*-, (*• rr M >r >r «t >t >»• 4 n» in <s ^ o XI u o c t- C o o o o c O O c o o •—• o o 1 1 1 1 1 t i 1 l | 1 i l 1

o O mm o PI 0 cr. O N. oc IM or C rr. vC c —4 N- ^H a » »— in X N * >f rg —* >» 0" 4 4 •—• •c *-4 »M

1 O o »«4 h- r>j O o O ro f» ^ IT ■1 C3 4 wt OC

u u. r-4 K- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • _l ^-« fNi <N —4 p-4 IT (Ni fM rg f\. fM a 4 rg o

LL <r *S < .J a LL CC »- a < o *- f*-! m (V| r" rr * «J" 4 4 4 4" 4- m >o »- OJ u a. r o c e C o o O c: C C c c C

a 41 i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 • 1 y) oo m LT rr r»^ m o p ir OL r- til c •il w4 r»

1 fNJ r«- ir r IT c M >t i r- ir rr or t*- r^ ty y \r ir. •J OC <—* O rg e o <c If» ^H ro n J~ »J • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • i ■i »v. rvj -^ •-* 4 rr rr rr. rg fV r^ .n m c w C? 3 oo ,? 1

•> »- f r*^ rr. rr rr 4 4 4 4 4 >J 4 m «o | a (-1

1 1 1 i 1 o O

1 1 r i

O o 1

c 1

o o 1

•^ C .* ro C rr, Psj ir h- a cr r- 4 4 m fM (/■ —> cr IT •c rC «t a (Ni rg >c m •c r- 4 in

g • r»- • • • • • •

fM • ■ «

fM •

4 •

»n • • • •

— fM M •• JB rr ^

»- rr r^ 9 f> i-r, 4 «t 4 4 4 4 4 IT gj

k C 1

r c: 1 1 1 i

o 1

O 1

c \

C 1

c 1

c I

o 1

c 1

r. *— M c IT C' ll —i u in cr m m 4 IT. rr. mt X C 1-\J rr- 4 rm r^ in —* o —1

4 4 ■n 'M r^ c ^- IT IM fs. o- .-« h- «o

fM fM N P4 «£ 4 m ir 4 •f fM C <c c

H > P c a L, a 2 H X c b T ■* ■■ fM rr 4 iT •T r». i 9 o —t fM rr, 4 m 5 x o •■ -^ -* —4 ^H ^-i

71

►-

— a B

^ a a c. o r LU O a •- l/> CO

1/1

»- 4- >i- >t >t ^ «t in ir in in m m «0 i- u. o o c o c o o o o o o o o o

• 1 1 1 i ( 1 1 I I i I 1 ■ c h- ro If oc fNJ if o r r- in «t r^ a •o o «o m r^ mt cy tu r- o mt r^ or n ro fM f\J •t IT r^ O f\J <\J -c N O N >t f\J —i r^

>r 0 in >t (\i ^4 r^ tn in ^4- >t •-* •-4 c

t- 'j- >J- >J- ^ >r >t IT U" in IT vn IP «o f- LL c O ■ r c a i 1

o Q c Q o C »^ o

c cr N <■ i-O c> c IT r^ cr vf rv o »-4

If' -c »H if ^ r- a »■ IT a 0 N ^ >* c •—<

• • • • in

• rr

• « • • • * IT

• • • •

e o

o

a-

m

l c

I IT.

^ a

c i

^n o

in

O

O

O I

o ir

c c I i

-4 rg

in.

IT C I

a

iT.

m m o O

I I ^ -• vT -t

^ ^ rvj

m o

(•1

41 o

I

X

o I

»-< fV,

I 1^

r.

— O o

Q. • Ü C U. -4

UJ O a o

in

a a

»- a U

a iJ <r> in

I a •> u. u 0 ? r> r» oo

>

o i

in

c i

T

c ( a i PC

C I

IT

C I

in a

i

IT.

iT C

I -c

rv

I

nj a

m

I

c

tn o

l fV or

o I i

rr C

IT m — OC an C -<

CM CT' i—' •—' <-4 <-H

I

IT «0

(\J

ro

I

*■ >t vJ- >r ^ 4 <* in ^ >!■ ■* >t in >0 r^ LU o

1 c c. Q o r^- o Q c c c c c c

n n 1 i

vT i

T' N h^ fv i K X r- t\| o- (NJ r^ m «Ti f -VJ ro f\j ■M rvj r>- r'- mt r«- a

• • • • • • • • 1—4

• in • • • • •

^r 4 >f 4- ♦ vf >?■ vt >t <t ^J- IP ■£ N

c 1

o I

n | o I 1 o

1 O

1 Q p i i i

C 1 1

o IT fSJ ^. —4 rr (•* a a f^ a ro c 4 «t ^ r*- cr "Ni O o r~ f\j Cl ip. lt\ p. st >J

• • • • • • c

• • • • • • m

• • • LT (^J m

^- 4 -r 4 ^ * >r vt >J >»• >r vt IP c N u. r* r c o c o g c L c c C- o O

m i n r»- c < Of.i n • N- IP r Q Nf (%j

1 1 7

m »—• J- a a vC K o < c r— J- ro •^ •r N o- o- IP c. o ^ K r ^^ rsj (N H

■c r^- N. «i ir- *Ni — — ^-* P4 fl f- «0 a i-

TPU

T F

RG

Y

a

C

§2 rr v4 r. rr- ■-♦ r P r^ • r» e IB4

•—• ir •-<

72

APPENDIX D

FALLOUT DOSE-RATE SPECTRA IN MULTI6R0UP FORM (Computer Printout)

73

t~ \r\ ir \r. \r »r i/> «r IT in 't in 't <^ ^ «O u. o o c o o O o O o o o o o O o

i I i 1 1 1 l • i i 1 1 1 t 1 O IT (VJ if\ cr co o cr h- oc <o <o <« N. ifi f>- o IT n f\J t*\ rsj >t •JD in 4 c >0 f»- >t oo r^

IV •

or • t •

C t

ir • • • *

c • t *

IT • •

—4

• »* >* 1-4 ^ IT in —< IX) —< <—I »^ m

►- in IT in m in in in in m -t *• >* st 4- -0 u. o

I O

1 o

I c I

o 1

o i

o »

o I

o I

o 1

o 1

O 1

o 1

O 1

c 1

o rri »C oc cr * >*■ >o >0 ^4 rn c rg o o r- —< »r ^ N. f- >»■ >r -x oc >0 h- OC c •-« >t ^ ^-»

~-t or a ^ o ■

or m 1* r^ -C r^ %

«-4 0

«t a X r^

X 5. l~t —i f-4 in >f X ao <c vD c^ rg ^4 0t m -> o a i- o u t/> >~ in IT m m m in m IT m ^• ^ >t >*■ >*■ -o uu 's. u. o C o O o o e C 0 o o O c o o a L^ l 1 i ( I I i 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 00 ►- o m ro r- m m m 'T o >t a r- a- i— in IT

u o »4 n- in m —i r>* or m4 fM or —i cr <r an or >- 3 —J oc o- o m rg >f a OC r>- >»■ •t ■4 >t —> .c 3 O • • i t • • • • • • • • • • t

a O ^^ -4 fS( in in cr cr or CO «4 ^ m fVJ rg -t z a »—• a

3C 2 ►- n in in IT m 4- >t >t -t -t J- *■ ^t vt o 3 aj u. o o c c O o c o c- O O c c O c

u. i—■ O 1 1 1 I 1 i i i 1 1 1 i i 1 1 •-4 oo 3 o o o a- tr\ no »-J r«- f\J ^J• o « in cr m rg

<^ uo ►- m >£) 00 ai «r >* <0 a o f^ 'J- in m cr >D cr 1 ai ■—t •^ <o O1 a> r^ mt -^ prf r^ o o o >t >t o m c ¥- u. ►- • • • t • • • • • • • • • t •

< -j i—« ■-4 f* in O -^ .—i M —4 rsj f\j ^ in n. «o 0.1 CL o < -I o rc at o < io » H- m in n in in >t «*• >t *t •* >t ^• >t 4 vO t— o

3 o UL

i o i

a i

c I

o I

o 1

c i

o 1

c 1

C 1

o i

o I

o i

o i

o 1

in a v0 •♦ N- K c or m f^. —^ oc cr >c 00 •-4

a QL f\j in >t m f\J r^ cr or K cr >0 0t fM or 4 in 3 LU vt Kri og <—I r- rvi >t m r«j >J- >*• 't in 00 f—i

o a • • • • t • • t • • • • • • • ct •—i «\ ro •c •c M t—i •—t •—4 f\l rg m sf (*> 00

C a »— I K ^ -J gc ►- in If in n in >t >t >t >J- «t >f 4- # 4 n 35 y Ifc o o o c c O c o o o C o p o O r 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1

o in c cr at •Ni m •* c —4 fM f\j (M 00 m o ^^ X) o o or. nj r^t o — f\» oc fV* r- •c an r-

• 9 t

c • t • •

ari • •

cr • •

o • •

o •

e •

•—» ^w fM -T gj <—' -4 -< rg LT. IT ^

H IT. IT j- m in >*• >T <# 4 4 4 4 4 4 m LL o

1 C

1 I c

1 I o

1 C

1 c I

c I

c 1 1

o o I

c l

o i

rr ac r^ c o IT rg —i vC ^-4 (NI >f -c fV IT rg |»> >c 0 •—i X r^ •£) m IT f\J cr a a rg ro 1^ cr o m QL 4 f\j c- •^ a >i vT o cr 4

#—# (N. >o CC <-^ (X N r\i rr, 4 a at 4) »-4

S5 ft

BS =3 c

D ar a pri f\j in 4- -T n r^ X C^ C —4 rg ^ 4 ir o ^ o t—4 —' —i -4 *-> r^

74

\- .0 •c >o IT* IT \r ir ir\ un IT IT \r\ ir IT h- LL o

1 c

1 o

1 C

1 O

1 o

i c i

c i

O 1

c 1

c 1

o l

o l

O o •

O >0 m ^ ■c r«. IT >t <N oc «r o -t o ro <♦ O «0 ~* IT l/N rr\ •* IT o »r or o o (T —< ro <v

• • • • » t • • • • • IT» • •

*4 • •

IT* LP —J —< f\J fM —< .^ n po LT m r^i

►- c vC <0 ir IT IT ■n m m X X X X X N X 1 o

1 o

1 o

i 1 r

1 1 c ei

i ■ p

1 c

1 o

1 1

Q 1 1 1 i

ex 1 1 1

c X) o 1 1 1

X rsi IT >t ^g K LT c C X rr —^ n f*~. (T c Xi Nt

—J e IT N- c -T f*- ^T N ^t m o f^ X f- r-

?_ ?: ^ <. IT f—1 •—• f\ N (\j N «t -t -n •4- X X 3 O a »- c> o >/1 ►— v0 o -C ir IT- J\ in iT. ■n X X X X X «c UJ ^ a. o o o o O o c e o o c o c o C a i^ l 1 1 I 1 • I i l 1 1 I 1 1 1 UO H- c r«- Xi cr r^ a- in m »N; K X ■4 « •c rr\ rg

o o ir & K- IT --^ r^ >»■ m ^w 1^ mt n X «M o »- r> —• a> >!• -O f^ N C #—• a fv •c ro rv r- rr m*

Z) o • • • • • • • • • m • • • • • a o IT •D >c> —i —• I* rr f\i rr X X rr X ■J- <-• 2" CC — Q.

at S k- *o X) r ir IT. n •n ^i X X x. <f X X. XJ

c 0 u u O o c O c o o C C' o o o o r-> o u. >- Q 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l r 1

fV 'S) 3 c X a mi IT» r^- r- cr & a >c X a X i-^* >4' \j: L^ ►— iT f\J c < kT C cr ^ t^ Xi 0 X £ XI «0 o

1 JJ —i •— «* ii\ NJ" X a- r- m >C' o vC r»- r\j Hi «c X o »- U. ►- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

t >t X vO »- C' o u o c a o c C' o o C c c O c o c^

e -" 1 1 I l 1 l 1 i I 1 1 1 I 1 1 IT rvj in st ro ■ri X m •-- rvi >*■ >c «J X —4 cr

a o- rvj 0 N0 < a O It l» f- X ■ "Ni h >C; X —> 3 UJ r^ o >t c •—i fM >t ir a X o X O <£ V c a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

«t f^- N- •—> f\J 4 >t ^ >t a cr •—t X i-4

_j « y- o c v0 in m IT j^ X X <► -t «t 4 <»■ >0 5 > LL r. e r C" c C o c o o r~\ c e o o ?. l I t 1 i 1 I 1 1 i ~i l i 1 i

O a X c r<- a X a ac .0 XI >c cr ^ r^^ X ^- rv» r* r«^ O^ >r rv. u. r^ X a c >c X ^ Brf

• • • • • • rv i • • •

o •

rr- •

—4

• X

• vC -- fvj X X — — M •—" '-<

*- -d <c vl. X if- X X X X >?• >? vt >t >»• «t IL c c o o r n 15 r c 0 c c c O c rfi c a- 4- X h- X O •* 0 c a fV X a. c

a: ■r. Pi r- «c X O •— a h* X hi a X K r" rr- o C 0 a X X X iT. X r^ a X X

«# X K r. r\i ^ *.' X X ^^ i—1 (NJ —4 —* X

!_, >. p ir. a. Qb O 3 |H LL o jp y « »^ (\j X j- X -f r^ X cr r^ 1—' (V rr\ >»• X O u> c ^-t ^- ^- —1 »*rf •■*

75

*- WO vO <o >o 4) <o -o >o •o m in in 4) o ^- u. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o J t 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 l I 1 I o h* —t o in ir» «4 «J- 00 in op o m m N o o o CD fV ro •o m ^ »r >t (Vi oo in o o in pg

• • • IT

• • • • • • in

t 4 • • • •

«VJ fVJ rg in m oo —4 ,-4 i-< -O in —<

►- <o >0 if >0 •C in <£ 43 O in in in >0 *> p* u. o

1 o

1 o o

1 n i

o I

C 1

o 1

O 1

o •

o 1

o i

O 1

o I

O 1

o ^r CT« m in in m4 cr >0 in >t >»• r^ ro cu 00 fn ir r^ r^ >t •c f«- <0 ac >t m o r«- er O in •e

mi f\/ >t ■ rg o c r*. vT in or f-- O ro ■i cr

x s: •v rsj rg >0 <0 mt •

30 a r-> «-4 rg •

00 <£ •

mt D O or t- cr u i/) !■ o <o <0 >0 >0 in in m in in in m in >0 h- UJ »s. U. o O O o o o o o o o o o o o O a to 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( I 1 1 • I i 1 1 VO ►- o ro —4 m ^ >t cr >t ■c 4 ■—4 o m r- in o

o o rg mä or or Ml cr —t —t rri O cr m vO in or >- r> «•4 rg *■ ^ >c «o mt mt —4 pn r« r^ cr o o «t 3 O t • • • • • • • t • • • • • • o. a r\j rg rvj ^> ^ ■4 «4 mt —4 rg fM rg M 00 rg Z CL — Q.

«r z t- «T >C i <o •c ir in in in m in m m in N. o o UJ u. O O o o o o o o c o o c o c o It M O 1 1 1 1 1 i I » I 1 i i I i 1

m M 3 o 0^ (T o oo 00 00 o •t r- <-< cr «c »t rvi ^' »O i« ►- m o *■ ^ st c r^- cr r- m f*\ m r» c cr oo

1 UJ •-. to« o rr. ff\ cr IT •♦ ■-< r^ «0 rg in cr m c m o Ni U.

< —I • • t

rg • • • •

mt • •

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pr» t

ro •

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c -. u. o

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m >o cr st —4 mt 4) IT cr mt ro r«- cr —i a> m a cc (\j 00 in cr cr >t cr >r O ro rg f- 00 h~ w~l mt 9 uj h- >o r- -t f\J >o ^• N- C m4 m O cr >t rr. a o. « • • • t • • • • • • t • • » or mt f\J rg h- CD i—i —4 •—i r\j ^' >t in mt mt •* O QC P- I ►- «v -J « ►- >0 o -r •r vO ir m m in in m m in m h- 3 T u. o o o c o O o c a o o c o o O X 1 1 l 1 1 1 l I i • i 1 i I 1

c «-4 w rg cr ■t ro K in or- r- o rO r^- <f in PM ■-4 cr K. cr cr >t rg in pri mt o cr 4 r- o

cn (\j ^• r^ m cr r- oo -OC nj rr N m oc ■

>n

mi cvj rg r*- en mt •—i •—i f\. in >o vO rg ir

H- ■0 vO £ f LP in in in in IT IT in m in r- LL c o O c O o o c c C o c c o o

1 1 1 i 1 l 1 1 I » 1 i i 1 i r^ —4 »4 o ro cr r- h- rg c 00 >t fTt rg ^ ro

(\ ■1 fO c r-l rr\ •c fSj c mt rg ffi a m or € ff) v0 IT. — O c m >c cr r^ o 4 m in

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c r» 9 f«" ^ ■■NJ fkt ^ ir «t ^ c P» rv m X

B * a c 'P ■fl <£) \r r>- « <r» OC o- r«. IT w IT — u> r* -C — <N e if ■• f\ r\i •

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83

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o «t o h- N ^ <o »r •o ao 4- r- \r\ O h- o o CO o- r^ * oc r- IT « AC r* -t fNJ <*> fSJ

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c >t c f>~ m o f\l OC x >t fVJ (T *\j o X at »f> o vO r* IT X O a 'S. .r ■J- C ■ri r^ IT« —i ■f

0 ^

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a. t^ i 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 l r 1 on h- o •— OL a- a r» c- ■ri cr -4- ■4 X ^>- cr r^

o r> m cr T >t 00 ■n <\i ^ O C n TO T r^ ►- 3 •-4 IT sC « f^ rs T T f>- r^ f^ >r rr. >»• rr D Q • • • • • • • • % • • • • • • Q. O -^ ■^ •—i •t ^ •0 ir «T T ■4 fM fV rvj a C; 2" or ■■ a.

* • N r> a a 0 rr cr 9 cr r or nr or J ?r O O il u. o o c c. o o c c c C O o c o a. •^ o i i i i i i i t i | 1 1 I I

■■ »/i D O c oc >t ■0 N rsj «\ (*i 1 p4 rsj IT IT fVJ —■ 00 t/> ►- tr »4 f« r^ IP f >r j- a f\, f^ rr. NT f^

1 uj M •«• ^ >c vO c or o * *\i m M >C v. »r »Vt c ►- u. ►- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

< _i ^^ —4 «^ IT 4- f*- IT f^- cr rv, m rr (T, ■4 c III a c < ^i c « OJ c < c« » K a a • <T (T o- cr <r t) a cc CO a <r »- C

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in «r w: a T r~ T) r IT sT (F ■g 1 4 —* n. ac rvj -t 'M f\i e*\ r, or IT >J fr -f vO <*% rr & D UJ (M cr r^i <C X T ■4 ^ C nr ■i >C «p C a • « • • • • • • • • • • • • • JC .-< ^- f\ IT iTi •jt /> cr ■4 f\ >»• >* Nf •—« o o or MM« T

9 M ^> 9 c cr C 9 X X X X c <T r r (• o r c r^ c Q O C o o O I i 1 i I I r l i l 1 1 1 1

—• a O •N ^r c t X rv ^ cr c ^ i*>

c T X f r^ r^ >r c IT >f pr c < er

• • • cr

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X • •

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tßt • •

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H- cr a c JT cr C 0 v X T a a Q c lh c

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- - N •o l* IT i C -r u r~ X fV c

h* > S 19 a (Li a —1

H OJ g D JP r mt »M |M ■r ir r 1». rr 9 r -^ r\ «r V* IT O u. o — — — -^ f—< r—

84

APPENDIX E

COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT ALTITUDE, WITH ALL SPECTRA COMPARED TO THE

SPECTRUM AT 1.12 HOURS (Computer Printout)

./*

85

.

T <

WO

Z 5 o m 5

8 :

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O x 9 ^oooo-*coo-- I III I I I I

»*••••••••#• ••••• OOOCOOOOOOCOOO--

I I I I I I I I

OOOOOOOCCCC e o e «^ I I I I I I I I I I

coocoococ cocc o-- I I I I I I I I I

4 fB It # • 9 «C^C^^-J >»0

N

a i I i i i i i i i UJ

(«•••• ••••! oorcococoococc—

< it i i i i B

a. IT •••••• • ••. «/» OOOOOOOOOOCOCO-«

II II I I I I ►-

— 4" • C f_ C O C O O O o c- •-< o c O O II II I I I I

cr-oc ccccoc, ccec^c ii ii i i i i

o (-^ o c r; -- r; 'M WJ rv —* rvj rr >j

'"COCCCC ccoccccc II II I I I I

O C O C D O O C C C O C OC O

Pea

^ ^ O'' O OJ O

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•H TJ 4J (U -H ^ Ä > 0 4J H E 'O

>1 «43 1*

r^ -• e

E ^ ^ 3 E ^ M 3 -P -p M Ü 0 -M (U ai u cu t

a a» en P4 CA CL

w +J E *J 3 3 D 4J a M a 3 c •P c ft H D H C 1

H ^M ft y-i 0 CO 0 ^i

0 •-* 4-) o 3 ^ o a ft

^ 3 C a o H D CU ^ 0 3 O «M M 0 0 Ü n >i

o cr iH

>i s 0^ >i i D -P -P 0^ ft 3 3 M +J ft O 1 3 -P C O 3 «« ■

O 0 M P o *« w 3

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4J ^* »0 3 c u > O

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ft ^ 4J < IM 0) 01 *^ 3 o 

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X -P M T3 3 C c ^ o OJ P H «^ H Ä 0) (u -P 4J 0)

0) 0 »W 0 Ä 3 >i H -P er ä m

i * ♦

86

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UJ < uo

% 9

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C C'C--Of\jirmco<N/-^4-eco —<••••• •••••••••• OOOOOOOOOOOOOO»-'

I I I I I I I I

c- crcococcoccooo—• i i i i I i i i i I i

Ti -t <\ ~* c >»• fv f^j o ir ir >c -^ o ara,«■f^lJ3fr(*>csGrC,-»^^ n c

• ••#•••••••••••• ccoooooooocooa-«

i i i i i i i I i

^■••••••t* •

i i i i i t i I i

<c ccooccoc ccooco —

II I I I I

>tO — Cf^<0r\jOa!ax>-*'CC ooco — m — «j-jTKfvjota c

^•••••••••••t«** OOOCOOCCOCOOOO'^

I I I I II I I I I

#••••••« ooc-orr-. c rnncoorrc

I i I I ii I i i l

rôro^c <N>r'vj«-'a fvirc^- ocroo<Nc^tir^»cîr

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^ •••••••••• COCCOÔOOC C O O Q O

I I I I I I I I I I

o c: c o c c oooQeeeoc

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D? or o u. e

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or I i l | I i I l i l ai CD vfir-^/'Of»—«"MT^-^lT-Ô T Cfvir. — .— -^•^f\)irnr>c—'N-c

^"xC or ooc <rc re oocco—<

< ii i i i i

üj cot:c-^r-u>*irNfMaa,c a ir ••••••••••••••• i/i oooTconoocrooc-*

II i i i i »- "> rct7>'M-ri>f"*'r'^MfTLrrr

— vt«» •••»•« OCCOCOOOOOCC 'Ôo

II I I I I

— — rr ^T-âr -r 4 rr ^ rj- * croc r -j o î »^ ir 'v. .ß -^ ij^

^••••••••* •#•••■ orec-r^rrooro^rr;

II i till

rv; TT c o <r ^ *v r>- X1 fv; K î -i >t c-o«-«»-<rCT>^--f x-^—^c »—or '^(^'^r^'~^-f~^-i1^l'\j-j r,1 *< oi

r\j ••••••••• ••••••

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or . # . . ••#•• oocoooccocoooo—

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

K ••••••

ar i i i i i i i i i i

3 ooooom — oÔvtoriTo e ^ • •

J ocooooocooccoc — ! < I II I I I I ] a

< U fs.cr^rroc^fNjC-trNa-CCtrC LU OOOCCrMOr^îTôcao

j air«* •••••#. r to oooooooooooooo-^

II I I I I I

►-^'•» OCOCiOOCOCOCOOOC

II I I I I I

eoeeooeeeocoeoe II I I t I I

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^•••«•••••••••»* or cc errccrococoo

I i I I i I i I I

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COCCOOCOCOCOOO-^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I

nr ••»..• « ••• oooooooocooooo—


IT» —. fo r-. o a>o,c-«r«-a ao^-o

at i i i I i i i i i i I i i m

3 coooorvi-^coo^fficro z >e

coooooocoooooo— < II III I I I I n !• 0'*N•l^'V'^>♦«t•^•'<,—''•-CTO

UJ OOOOC-^CP^îrrsjoDOÔ air**««»**««*««*** P ooooooccoooooo--

II I I I I I

a. o-îr<r'C'M>ô>t'«c>rofMr>~

»->f OOOOOOOCOOOCCC'O

II I I I I I

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II ii till

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OOOOOCOOOOOOOO-« I I I I I I I I I I I

-^«Ni>t >t'MC«\JOC'tÔÔ O ooo-^fsiôj-ô»- — >t«ro »^••••••••••••••a OOOOOOOOOOOOOO-'

I I I I I I I I I I I I

OCÔÔOOOOCCOOC«1* I I I I I I I I I I I I I

O O o —< «-- <*,,, r^ ^J 'M rv.' 'vi î rr« r^ or ..... » ••• OOOOOOOOCOOOCO—'


O »■r ^t 'v ir rr vf» ^ -< r> tr nr »v o

K t • • • • • •

ac i i l l I l I I I t l l I Ml CD .Oi/Ô^rOU^ro«-»rfN.f\,(7'-<0

s «t C <t I I I I I I I I I I I I

►- ÜJ CÔOCOCOfM^sTforoo _j air»»»»««»»» «j t/i DOOOOOOCOOOOOO**

I i i I i I

, fArvifv(\jf\j>omcy>tir»t-^'\)f3p ^ COOCCCr:— rîr'M^TK »«^•••••« •

c o c o o o o o c o r- r> o <■? c I I I I I I

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o ooC«-«-<f\!'V(0-- — c-âcc

oopc ooooooeo c f--'-- i I I I I l i i i i l i i i

^•••••••* •'• COOCCJOOOCCOOOO —

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

O'Xrg — -_/^ âc— CCJCC — '-^^K.l^^r»*'>'*^-■,"^-r^'~

OOOOOOOGOOCOOO«"1

„ * i i i i i I i i i i i i i i

5r<o •••••...

Q < III I I I I 2" a

♦- uj Ooc— ooc^^tnâa-c _j a r •• # ........... .

I I l I I

tt/N fv o K- ■•*» »^ f f\i c T f' "** r <~

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I I I I I

errs ^- r^^. r-, r\iQ-t*.ir^4'rf^^t

ccc oc:ncif\j'\j'^ -vj,f fir

I I I I I

fwf^î/»-Njc>cyar'vjf — r^^1

rv*«*«. •••••••••• oôf" r*c oor^r O O C C O

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c e — ' c oc eooooooe

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(TJ (U E- «4-»

0» o 0) o w rg ♦ ♦

♦

APPENDIX F

COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT ALTITUDE, WITH EACH SPECTPUM COMPARED TO THE SPECTRUM

AT THE PREVIOUS DECAY TIME (Computer Printout)

93

.

or

o uu a

T O nr

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u O B -J V ■ it3 «I

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O OOOO^^OOfNj»rO«Njf\j

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opoeecocooooeee I III

CO COO OOOOCOOOOO I I I I I I I I

oor'r,c>ocor"C(~'^-< — f~ or I l I i l I UJ

uj oovcoocceccoooo O -4 I I I I I I I ^ ac

►- UJ cccocjoo-*cc-<mN-n -J a»r»« < H ooocoooooccoon-<

II i i i i i I» Q fMCOO^Tirf^-'T'^fMiriTT

— >r».... OOC'CCOC o O O C OCCO III II III

O C r r- », „< r-. — ^, fr, _, 4. y. rr r"..... ..........

eo eo o o oo c ee o c o o II 11 1 1 1 1

—«fv'vjfvO'v'N,—•'v-roa —or

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1 i 1 i 1 ] : 1

c. c 00c ^J c r o c\ c c c c. c

p u" a Eui C — *•** D ;' a

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t t I I I I I II

O OCOOÔOO—»TOrgrg ««••••« •••••••••• ooooooooooooooc

II III III

^»VJOÔC-^^ ITI \r <\i O (\t <£ ncM^MOi^côroror ^rvj^

ecoooocoooocooo i ill

0000-<-«OOOO^N. or «•••• ..•••• ocooooooocooooc

I I t I I II

COCOO--'\l>J-4,',riOf\)ir ^•••••••••••••t*

fl I I I I I III

D COCOOOO-^''\(fr>f\JO'\* ^^•••« •

ocoooocccoooooc < I I I I I I a

U) oooooocooo — m^-c

^ ©ooooooooooooo— II I I I I I

^- D Oiât' »îroorvjÔvro^-' ^»r^ & IM — OO^fNi^—'^-^—'rOnC Z OOOOO—CCCfM— — ^^ •-•*••••••••#•

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOC I I I I I III

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«^••••••••••••••c ocoooooooococec

I I I I II till

^«O<NJ<-«C--'M(7'-^'r>""0*^<0t OOOO 0"^C'^'VJrs-i'-rg'^r^

OOOOCCOCOCOOOOO I I I I I I I I I I

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oeeeeooooooeeoc i i i

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I I I I I I I

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z>o UJ oepooeeooeepooc c < II I I I I I I I I

►- H- ca—cô^^-irr-cairo H O ^«OOO^^C^fNJ^-^^^C; ►- Ui OOOOCCOCCO-'r^Kc J «».•^••••••••••••»•« < CO COOOOOOOCOOOOO —

I III I I I I I

a. c^r''\j-^^-—fvrMflr'\j-*^)r->'r z or'cjoo — ooorvi — -^j-v.* — ^t

ooooooooooooco o II III

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l I i i I

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II I III

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r^ » . •••••• c e> O © o o c a c c* c- c c cr c

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c c^ccoot'Mir^^fvjaDON' f~ r" <r c; o c <'.•<—--•- ,^ »\ ^ «v

rv»»»» •••••• O C O C CCCOCCOCCC C

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O OOOOOOCO-^morvrsj

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0- OCOOC — »-«— —•'-<-•--<'-<

OOOOOCOOOC O O O O C I I f I I

■• «i 4V t^ ocÔ-OÔor^r TO O O O O O C ooor^^r^cr

ao»»» cocoocoooooooco

I I I I I I

N »^ r,1 ir ^ o r r ■/» »^ in '^ or ooooCf\((Nj',',»*i'^0(,»>ir

h-»» .,•».

-r I I I | l | I l III

2r^«»» OOOQOPPOOOOOOQ C'

(,ri-^^-cj»c'^>rrr'

— >t oönooooooeceooc i tii

O O C rj C C C ^ — fV »-J IP LT <*^

occcoccoocoocco II I I I I I

r »-j r^ c1 o ^ '"i »"^ «^ -^ — f^1 ^ fv 'VJ»»«»»»«»» eeecoeococ cecc*o

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D C O Cr O C c, c c C < O c Ü t,'

BOO SUJC ^^»-„^.^

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a u.

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C OOOOOOOO^rr»o«*>f\J

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OOO'^fv-^'N*'—'or ^<"oai«^ COOOOOO — C^C >t^-<T

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO I I I I

airaor-^c — oc-^c>o>cjr-

OOOCO(\l'\jmrrf\jt^r«iif>

ooooooor cooo-'«-o or i i i l i I i i i i III

3 000 0 0-î-"fS,fSjr^r\iO<N( z-r ooocoooc ooocooo

tOor^h-^-o UJ oooooocooo—'■or-o

uo oooooooooooooo — I II I I I I I

Hi

o. »jo-j-<'M--0'ViarO'r>r*-o<r 2r oooooooco-<o—««t't «^ •

c o o o c o o c o c o o ^ c o I II III

0'MirTCf\j<r'—'^cmO'tfM —«-^co — fOiro^-ar—vpo ooooooO'---'^-îf>ir>^

c-ooooocoooooooo I I I I I I

N-o»î/Nfr''*,iOir'»<r>«o»-<r\jir>i*> o— c oorvroorv, — >tcr-<or

c or oc oooocooooc i II i I I i

O O CJ o o c o c o o o o c o o

pun ^>"-'\j'«,-îr>>f>h-<T(T>i~i»-"vr'>îr> |HUJC ^^^-.^^

O IK (9

O in

99

< OL

a,

o or u.

K Ml

& CD

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o

0C'Ca»^-0'^r*^>«-*a'00 •^ OCOOO-^-^^-rOKOOD'O

ooooooooooooooo II III

O OOOOOOOO-^fÔfVjrg ■!•#•••• •••••••••

ooooooooooooooo I III

cr ooooo'- — ^•--^ — -^ —

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OiAO'Ô' 0'OC7-»rcr'N<r>-o-

OOOOCOOOOO-t^nC »•••• •••

oooooococoocooo I I I I I

OCC'-^fVjrvjrrirr, r»"^fvjir K

cooooooooooo — ^-C « I I I I I I I I I I Ml

D OOOOC<'-*»-<r$fs,mrgC''$ z o

c C>«0>t«0Ô ►- LU OOOCOOCCOO — r^f^C ^ a i^ • t . . . < 00 OOCOOOOCOOOOCO-«

II I I I I I

a CCrM'Nif\.r\jr^c(Tr^r^TT 2 OOOOOCOCO — O — ^.t — >f •

PP P P p o p O C P P o p o o I I III

rviO'rvjCircrvr^fÛ 4 c -t & O — r^ i/^ <M -^ rsi CT" f\j c x c IT or C'f>coc,ooo--r\j-*irirr<-

(*'>••••«••••••••., r PPPPPPPPPOPPPC

i i I i I

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I I I I

o c o c o p p p c p e^r o o o

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M-l

o a

100

APPENDIX G

COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT DECAY TIMES, WITH ALL SPECTRA COMPARED TO

THE SPECTRUM AT 3 FEET (Computer Printout)

101

ooooooooc oooooco IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

o a i

•r

B

f\j r» ^ r »r r» ^ K K C> V flD ■* ■ c- ••••••••••

■d I I I I t I I t I I I I I I

5 C,

Ml I I I I I I I I I I I I I t

? ^. -^ 1*- •* \r 'r J* c C rr. 'T* j rr *. * m 'jj x CT» m c ^ c ^- ^ c x ^ .^ ir L^ v?

C -- (N (\i ^ rr »r .r -r ir >ft n c r >r • re ►- ^»vieoocococcc'Ooooc ^r — • i i i i i i i i i i i i i

a *i

o i (•>

UJ a

o — ^irr r—o-'/f-iro — w

oo**i*9*m0i + + i* + + 4 j IT • • • • t • r\j C> C C ^ ^ «-

i i i i I I I I I I I I I

8 O •■ccocccocoocc oc c

I t I I I I I I I I I I I I

OOCCOCCCC C O r r c r

r-- or " —• % " -* r

io:

«NJ C o

• c

• a a

• • • • o o r-

• • a o

• • t o c

• •

< fM 1 i i 1 i I i 1 1 1 i i a ^ o OJ a «/i !■ or •t »>* cr f* ü >o ^> o rr> fV f- IT »V

• u. IT e "vi r T O >t a o «t fV' N rv -4 Im rv vt >t ■*. ir f«. r» K n or T a n- rr 7F o • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • < IT c ^ r o o o c o c c C C C o c ^- »4 T 1 i i 1 t 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 St z c «_;

< ►- o O N >r -M ^ r«. o- c c «0 ^ TO 0 V UL IT a Ph •>. rr ^ ^j ^ r* r^ m N vT iT ^- fv r* (<- IT ir ^ ^ r»- r^ N. r«. K- K ^ <-; e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (U o a r* a a a r» o ^ c* r~ r r^ r> a r a ■1 1 i i i 1 1 • I i i I I i i co

»- =: Q. 2r to (T ^ a |k C ^ >}• C r^ fNw —i ~* ir c fc« OJ UL or- in r>- IT ^ iT ■* r^ T «c rr- ir »r -t

n — (M 'VJ «* «^ IT in -r vo ^5 ^T >C -r «r fV » 3 o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

M »— »r e o e c c o c c O o O c c c c 1 z •— l l 1 1 1 1 1 i t 1 1 1 i i

B ■ < -J -Q !■ < t/» ^- >t f^ rvj IT og K CT rvj ir ^- .— M H c >- O u. •-• f\i (NJ «\J o N- «r K ^ rs, at <r 9 oc

T c a •»-* r* -NJ K f^. >f ^ vr ^ ^ st # 9 m • • t • • • • • • • • • • • •

UJ 'vjocococccocococr.

I i i I i i i I I i i I I

I —. — -- ^ — f\ (N (M**- Ä «• i*> *• (*>

c •••••••••• ••••• -^ocroc CC CCO CO coo


c o o c c o c ooooocea

—'fv »^vfu" sT^-nrCT'"— ^ >.♦ u-

103

©••••» oocoooooooooooô •Nl I I I I I I I I I I t I I I

s H1 »/NC'/>'*KlO'<Nir—«^t-^-CC^TTiTA

Si I ireececocooc o ■ N r-> 'VJ cr «^ ir ir ^r

e ••< fVJ ^ >t ^ ir iT c * ^ • -T r i f^ » r> c • • • • • • t • • • • • • • •

to» »- tT c r^ C o c O C r. c o c c f"* c o 1 •_ ■A 1 1 l 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 I I i 1 a

a HI 0. < -j

en |M < c« ►- -r <£ «*• f\) ^ ^ fV T c* IP r* T •r rr\

►- o u. »t -^ c> ff ^ »r 1*» X ir >t 9 nr a- rr r o e o er (v m m -f >f ir 4 >.♦ vt ^

I -

I »r,

a. u. 3

rviOorjOCCCt o c c o e O G I I I I I ( I I I I I I I

C ••..•• — occoccc occoccc-r

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

oc oo< cceecoeccc

o «1

u. Car 5 Hu c

u, O — r>v-r.rLrcâ'''"C — -MfîT

104

o«»«« •• ccococooococcooo <V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

u a.

i

St

^••••••••« »roc o c c t: O O -> o c o o o c '-- i i I i i i i i i i i i i i

C»»«»

-- i i i i i i i t i i i i i i

i

u.

if —

a <

re •••••••••• »- IT c c c.' c c c c ooeoeecc

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

i 9 r\ • » • * •

fVOCCOOOC OOOOCCOC I I I I I I I I I I I I I

u.

C •••••••• • — CCCC. CCCC'-^C cc ceo


c

u. If oocceccoccc o^c'"

< 'a a

v

a C >f J^ I» ■ CC— -N."^^

105

ocoooocoococcoc^ «\. I I I I I I I I I I I i I I

a i

WO t O o

»rcooocccooc c oc — I i i I i i i i i i i i i i

l c - c OJ a

u C • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • JJ C 0 o c O O o c o r> g o e e e —<

Q. —^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I | 1 i i i i Ul

9 a. S *• f^ IT -n iT M tr 'VJ C o IT r-- T iT c •— jj WL <f »«. IT ^- rr\ a T- >!■

rr c IP kT LT e o — <\l (M >t >t * >t C •f» -ß o r 4 o • H M • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

►- ►- If o c f O O C O C C 0 o c o e •-• i- •- t 1 1 1 1 l I 1 1 I I 1 i i

I

r*- -i •* ■& ■$ o o ornprsjo — co <, ^ o- »r >o o c c * u> c c c c CCCr^rv/frrvj-t^vrtTiriPc

IT • r\j c ü C O C' C-

l I l I ') c O O 0 c i I I i i i

o —

0 # 0 0 ^ IT >r c m

OOCOOOCOCCOC c>Ci-< I I ) I I I I I I I I I I t

z c

c c f

ccccc OQCOCOCOC — l

«Mf^irsCr-Trrr— rM"^!/

106

T <

to f*> yt 9- O «♦^«Vi^iTir^jflDO

c

o ooooocooco

t B o o o o -.

< (VJ i 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 oc *• u OJ a */) M o >t >f «T ac f. •r rg rr» X —t r«- o O

• u. ^5 ^t or r o r«. >t (\J OJ sT >t r^ fM c-» *- fV ^ ^ j- ^ >C K tc cc cr 'XJ fit a O M ^o- • t • • • • • • • • • • t • • < IT o O 0 c: o o O CJ O o c o o Cl m >- m* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l UO

* C o

< >- OD «t rg f- OJ o- X r\j cr m r«- U' — u a u. in r^ i^ Q -t •—> ■r >t IT. -^ ri ft K a ¥- eg <r\ ^ <j <0 >c •0 K r- T r^ r^- f^ e u o • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • 11 o r r r- <~ o e r> o e e <~ o "■v o -* o •—I i 1 1 1 i i 1 i i 1 I 1 i i «/»

a ^ !■ «-• o r- rr f\) c ^5 a x f IT ■ri N. r~ ». UJ u. c a »4 0 o •XN -*« >t rr\ <T IT sT IT O

O fM 'S! try ^t IT m •r -T •C •r ,0 f « o » 2 o • • • • • • • • • • » • • • •

►- ►- »r c O o O o c o 0 C o c- c <_• O M

^ fc- I t 1 1 t 1 i t 1 t 1 1 1 1

Q I

UJ o 3

ir . . . ••••••


c • — c oc cooo cooocc —

I I t I I I I I I « I I I

o o o c o c c

CJ CJ o

o c p e c» c —

-^fM^stlT^^T" <*<■ --(N. »»vtU

107

<

c o • <NJ i i i i i i t r i i i i • 1 a

»-

►- f*- O *f(t)i*}\r*(T^<ccc*t{tyi^-f C5 u. — >OirN.ir-^ir(?,o>>t'N^f\j e c • r 1

a-' e C oooocooooooo •

a ~* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I

s o

o

5, ■ < ixi *- c i

I

DO h- IT o o o c o o c o c c o o r o — - I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

'VJ o o o o o r i i i I l ) I I ) I I I I

o • • • • • « • --COOCC CC OCCv-OOO —


CJ a oooeooococeooc—

i

S5-^ *^ "^^'^r^i^^:

108

c • ocorooocncccoco-- IN I I I I I I I i I I | I I I

U

I

<

o o

o •••••••••• ITOOCOOOOOOOOOCC«^ — I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

<

tu a

O • • • • • • ooooooooooeoeeoa« — i i i i i i i i i i i i i t

an

I

3 Q.

z —

at u. a DO H- »n c o o o r.

till oooocoooo-^ I I I I I I I I I I

o a

c I

UJ O

ir . . . • • •••• rvjooooeoooooooco —

I I I I I I I I I I I t I I

o o

►» KOTO'MC-^C^'tr^T'MO

0***«»«**«*v««*« »-oooooccoocccco —


f«

u. u- a

o rt oooccooccc c ooo--

I

or H> u. po a

Stu O ff^n-trs.'^^ir

109

1

!

c ^tr<or»4)^)h>aoaDcccDaoaco o • oocooooooo<. oooo-«

2 fv I 1 1 1 1 1 1 l . 1 1 i I 1

S a i/» *~ CrorgfnaciT'-fvmc^'tO i u. rgör^ ,0O'»,>cr^f----'fv — O

o ro^iT^vC-Ofl^-^-ofacocao

O occoeocoococo—

1 0t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S o • • c

• • o

t

c • •

c •

e •

o • •

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c • • t

—1

a. m* 1 I i 1 1 1 i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 00

^• 3

^ *- »t »4 r >t IT f\) ^r us cr tu >r o «v o »- UJ u. vO I*I Q N r\, c c o r»- rr rv. vT IT c

o fV rf >t IT >»■ IT ir <£ ir -C •C NC -0 c a » 3 o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

N ►- iT o o o c r O o o O o O c Ü c « i Z IM 1 1 1 1 1 1 i I i 1 1 1 1 1 o

c *- -I

OJ a < _J ■ »- < t« »- f\J r* o vT •c r\j o o €l t «c f*- —1 c t- c u. <r ^^ >t a Xi rv r\J >c rsj Q nr c* a c 1 ITN • • •

IM •

rr •

IM • • • • • • • • • •

f\J o o a o e o o O o O O O c o —t

OJ 1 t 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 a o

— »- -^ r', -» fN, NJ 'S, <*■ pr r^ r«^ "^ C

— C O O O O C I I I • I

CCÜOCOOO-* I I I I I I I I I

Q

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•— •_> < .T H> u. Sti a

Ok o 3 Ha c 3^- rt Ou. O

o c r. c c c c c c c c c o — I

>tir-/. r^arac -^ r^ f -t \r

no

< et

o • oooocooooooccoo-^ rvj I I I l I I I I I I I I l i

I

(,••••••• ifNeoocooooocoeoc«M

(«■i C vT' C tT Csj (Nj ^; O -< ^ kf — C

i i i l' i l l l i i i i i i

I

c a

-U u. O ~ c • • • • • ►- IT C O C C C — I I I I

c c o I I I

o c c I I I

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I u. fô•ôrfT<r^^lr'^J'vrf■cf'C•

IT»» fVCC^C OOOCÔO<-C r;C--


C — C; C O O C C O C C C C C C C —


6 if

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u. 5 C

cccocccccocr. oc — •

<

u. be' a

-•u C

111

t a J

i s u

miriTKin^t'OocQDooaoocooo o»«»»«»» ••♦•••»• oooopoooooooooo«- ^ i i T i i i i i i i i i i i

•^ O <> O IT »^ f^ *♦> ^ (NJ h» ^ ^ «^ fM >t *r o »r «"^ o

O K ao «r ro ^ o OP C >0 ^ ffl fVJ O h- r«. a) oo or oc o

»roooocococcooco-^ -* i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

u UJ ooooooococro

"* i i i i i i i i i i O O O -'

3 2-

I

UJ

z ^

LU U. o 3 C • • t . • ►- IT o o o o c

I I I I ococoocoo— I I I I I I I I I I

o «a

13

O X o

o 3

K- mo^-'Nôor^f^jh-roacirô LL ODoCiTOOC-tôg^TaCOCO

IT . • • . • ••*•• «vjcooccooococnco-*

I I I I I I I I I I I t I

>r<r4,îr-^(*>ôr'Mir>»^(yc

B c: u.

p -ôcccoococrococc-^ i i i i i i • i i i i i i i

<^

u. c

c u. c

o eoeoeeeoooeeoo«« — i

u < at H > u. £3 O a K « S

OUJO ~* ^4 ~, ** ^ ^

112

-

APPENDIX H

COMPUTER ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS AT CONSTANT DECAY TIMES, WITH EACH SPECTRUM COMPARED TO THE SPECTRUM

AT THE PREVIOUS ALTITUDE (Computer Printout)

113

O ••..••».. t oooooooooocooooo fVJ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

a

I § u.

►» ♦ a 30 mt or r<"( ^ N- r- IT rf> ro r- cr u. «\l •* -£) or O r- >t «J- —• r^ in «*N >* —<

o -^ C c -^ «^ (\ (î «Vi fV fM >J fM «M c • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • IT c ^ c o c c o o o o o O C O o »^ ( i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

N- rg I/N (\j ^ ß ^ ^> fM rg f- rr, r«> "^ rî

o o c o o o I I I I

0 o o 1 I I

0 o o o c 1 I I I I

r o _< rg -- fM ro rv M N «Vj fVj l\l rr ro IM —< o D O • • • • • • • • • • • • t • •

a t- ir» o c o c C O c o o e o o e o O 1 u. ■M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I i • 1 I i 1 X

• h- ^

tu ►- < -/ a. cC • < z ^- cr K ir> (M P^ vrt rv •o —« o c ac C IT

»- o U. rvj <\. c rsi 9 r^ 4 •t r* * PM rg vj- r<~ — ^C 00-«-^rg-*rgrgf\jrv,rg

rs-ooccoccorcoôoo i i i i i i i i i i i i

o

00 o I 9

t- -t f f\J r e — T r-* *) ir cr K C ro u. — ^ rr\ i —4 ^ r«- K c -f mt rg W —

~M —t »N -^ rs. <\ ^J »^ ro rr, rr fO ro o • • • 9 • • • • • • • • • • • — o c c o C C o c 0 c O CJ C C e

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i

r o r»-

O z < X o

ro oeeeoeeeeooeooo

O H > = £c' _ a 3 u H a- C <3r"a('-rf'V,'rr>>tl^<£>^.n-(7«o^.rgfr^^ or O u. O »M^M»^^.^^^^ a.

114

c • • • • ccoercoocoocoooo

< rv I | I | I t I I | I | | | |

|J m a.

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< cc-^fN/'V-^' '^',^^'^'*,'•"■*>•*^*'^ o •••#.

r: -- iiiiiiiiitiiii

T c M rvj »^ .-« fv, rv r^ »v rv rvj ^ "• ^ »•• N c? ê #••••••••• nt i»êcpcQooooocoooo I a — I I I l I I I I t I I i I l I ►-

• _J u- ►- < -i a re •

C •■/* k- ôoccopcopc^ccoo I I I I I I I I I I I I

S*»eoecceeeec cc ccc i i i i i i i i i i i i i i

i »-

c < occecoccocoeecc s •- S '5 f1- N>B s S

115

o . . . . ••••• oooooocooooooooo «M I I I I I I I I I I • I I I

o •••

— t i i i I t i i i i i i i

in oc

i u. K IT m O -o ir <c ^ «> C N lf\ rr\ t*

o c -< <M rg m* fV OS» rr\ »^ m «" <« ro o • • • • • • » • • • • • • • •

«A. r> O o e one r* 0 o O O ft op e §

•^ i i i i i 1 I 1 • 1 * i i i

»-

*~ ^ *T ►- «t vT ir> o IT nr ir >t -*> <^ IT ~-i C r*-

-U u. — ^ ^ g> rg r«~ T an o — O ng -^ C r o •\/ «V -J »- rg »v rg •N tr- t* rr r^ ff\ f^

(*• B D O • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ■ ►- »r O o c o o c o C o O O O o c o

i u.

• -J

1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1

ai H- < -) a (C • ^ X ►- »r ,0 ■C *f & c -c T f iw c: rg (^ or K c? u N ,t fv* O -- 4- 4 •O (T >r •» fN.' Ml fV

-- ~i o o — —i o f\< —< »M 'V f<g ^, f\' o ir • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • fc- «M c o c o c o o c o C o o c T r«

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

a Q.

(/I C I o

rg ^ -< «t >f ^ r« r^ »•>

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-^f\ «^^ir^^-orr^ c^»-'V'^>.*tr

116

O • • • • • ••• cooooocooooc-coco

< ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

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i

a

Q • • • * • •••«.

•* I I I I I I t I I I ) I I I

« »- nr r». N r~ J- ^ v» •^ r* (► ■^ _ ^ ^ UJ U. r\' -t K- r< «^ sP T -r^ r« v>« ■i fV — o

▼ C» fV N _< ■■ N K K N f*\ •^ rc t*\ .•V> 1*%

^ o 3 o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • & ►» »r e C r c c- c c C r. O o c: o o c

1 o. •_• 1 l 1 t i 1 1 1 1 \ i 1 1 1 T

• —> UJ ►- «3 -J a T • «T T ^B «r r-- T a mt •t K- M c ~* O <r o- <^ ^• t? ■J- c ^ f(> o mt ^ ■1 0 o- >r ■t -•* fVt »vj

'S! —» r> r~ ~* ^1 e fV m* f\ rv »v fv. ^J r? tr • • • • • 9 • • • • • • • • • ►- Ai r- c~ ^> r- c

• i i O t

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REFERENCES

1. De Vries, T. W., Fallout Radiation Energy Distribution as a Function of Altitude, General Dynamics/Fort Worth Report FZK-187, 15 July 1964.

2. Grodstein, G. W,, Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients from 10 Kev to 100 Mev, National Bureau of Standards Circular 583, April 1957.

3. Hodgman, C. D., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 32nd ed.. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland, pp. 2805 and 2806.

4. Nelms, A. T., and J. W. Cooper, "U-235 Fission Product Decay Spectra at Various Times after Fission," Hea1th Physics 1 (1959), 427.

5. Glendenin, L. E., C. D. Coryell, and R. R. Edwards, "Distribution of Nuclear Charge in Fission." Radiochemical Studies; The Fission Products. Book 1 (C. D. Coryell and N. Sugarman, eds.) National Nuclear Ener y Series, McGraw- Hill, New York, 1951, p. 489.

6. Henderson, B. J., Conversion of Neutron or Gamma-Ray Flux to Absorbed Dose Rate, General Electric Report XDC 59-8-179, 14 August 1959.

7. Design and Review of Structures for Protection from Fallout Gamma Radiation, Office of Civil Defense Report PM-100-1, February 1965.

125

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Unclassified S«curity Cl««»ificition

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA • R&D (»mturtlr el—IMfWon •/ Mil», holy »/ mbalmel mt* IndiMlng mutolmUon mutt 6« «nlarMf H*an •»• o»»f«ll MpeH la clM*lfl*4>

I. OmOINATINC ACTIVITV rCe«pera«« aulfwrj

Nuclear Aerospace Research Facility Fort Worth Division of General Dynamics Fort Vos fcht Texas

!• mcpomr tmcomxjy c LAMIFICATION

Unclassified a» «MOU»

a RI^ONT TITLI EXPANSION CF FALLOUT-RADIATIf-N NUMBER-SPECTRA CALCUUTIONS TO L(F ALTITUIE

« DtSCRIPTIVl NOTtS (Typ» •# M»M« an« SMSWIW SS3

Final Report (20 September 1965 - ?0 April 1966) • AUTMOnraMLMfnMi*. «mfNMW. inltialj

McDermed, 0. L., end De Vries, T. V.

• RIPORT OATI

1 Jnly 1966 • • CONTMACT ON «KANT NO.

USNRDL Contract No.228-(62U79)69007 OCD Work Unit ?UU

7« TOTAL NO. Of »A«lt

110 I NT»

ra-m • A aTHin niPOHT NGC») r4nr «iMr »tmt «Mr ft« MAi^Mtf

10 AVAILAaiUTV/UMITATION NOTIcei

Distribution of this document is unlimited.

n aup^ci »TU ia tPONtOniNO MLITARV ACTIVITY Office of the Civil Defense Office of the Secretary of the Washington, P. C, 20310

Any

ia AMTHACT

Oesm-ray number end dose-rate spectre in the air above a smooth, quasi- infinite ground uniformly covered with fallout fission products ere celculated. The spectra are calculated for 11 decay times, from 1*12 hours to 97.3 days, and at 7 altitudes, from 3 ft to 200 ft. The epectra are analysed for the effects of altitude and decay time on spectral shape, with trends Illustrated by computer tabulations and selected grephs.

Reeults show that the spectre soften with increasing altitude end that they soften with decey time for ebout 2 days, becoms slightly harder for about > weeks, then resume softening. Reduction of total dose rate with altitude is nearly independent of decay time (below U00 feet). A related study, to determine the effects of ground roughness, li recoransnded.

DD FORM 1 JAN «4 1473 Unclassified

Security Classification

Unclassified Security Clasiification

14 KEY WORDS

LINK A

NOLK WT

LINK B

ROLE WT

LINK C

MOLE WT

Radioactive fallout Fallout energy spectra Fallout dose rates Radiation hatards

•

INSTRUCTIONS

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Unclassified Security Classification

expansion of fallout-radiation number-spectra …of from 0,04 to 4.00 mev with 15 output energy...

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