exercise 1.1-3.4

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Exercise 1.1 Matching.

Match the correct meaning in X and Y .

X Y

1. grid a. another name for the pole star

2. parallel b. a set of numbered lines printed on a

map so that the exact position of any

place can be referred to:

3. meteorology c. two lines, paths etc that are parallel to

each other are the same distance apart

along their whole length:

4. Polaris d. when something turns with a circular

movement around a central point

5. rotation e. the scientific study of weather

conditions

X Y

6. average a. the distance north or south of the

equator

7. deviates b. the amount you get when you add

together several quantities and divide

this by the total number of quantities:

8. latitude c. not active or not growing at the present

time but able to be active later9. tilt d. to change what you are doing so that

you are not following an expected plan,

idea, or type of behaviour

10. dormant. e. to move or make something move into

a position where one side is higher than

the other

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Exercise 1.2 True or False.

Write T for true statements and F for the false ones in the boxes given below.

1. The solstices are days when the earth reaches its farthest northern and

southern declinations.

2. The solstice occurs on December 21 or 22 and marks the beginning of

winter (this is the shortest day of the year).

3. Equinoxes are days in which day and night are of equal duration.

4. The seasons are not the result of the tilt of the Earth's axis.

5. Inastronomical reckoning, the seasons begin at the solsticesand

equinoxes.

6. When it is summer in theNorthern hemisphere, it is always winter in the

Southern hemisphere.

7. The seasons result from the Earth'saxisbeing tilted to its orbital plane; it

deviates by an angle of approximately 33.5 degrees.

8. A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on

yearly periodic changes in weather.

9. Seasons happen due to the yearly revolution of the Sun around the Earth

and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of revolution.

10. Earth reachesperihelion (the point in its orbit closest to the Sun)

in January, and it reachesaphelion (farthest point from the Sun) in July
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/er/box/equinox.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solsticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelionhttp://www.nws.noaa.gov/er/box/equinox.html

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Exercise 1.3 Cloze Test.

Fills in the correct words or phrases

The seasons

The seasons result from the Earth's _________1.being tilted to its orbital plane; it_____ 2.by

an angle of approximately 23.5________3. Thus, at any given time during summer or winter,

one part of the _________4. is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun. This exposure

alternates as the Earth _________5. in its orbit. At any given time, regardless of season, the

northern andsouthern _________6. experience opposite seasons.

It is easy to observe the effect of the axis tilt from the change in day length, and______7.of

the Sun at noon (the culminationof the Sun), during a year.

Seasonal weather ________8. between hemispheres are further caused by theelliptical orbit of

Earth. Earth reaches_________9.(the point in its orbit closest to theSun) in January, and it

reaches_________10. (farthest point from the Sun) in July. Even though the effect this has on

Earth's seasons is minor, it does noticeably soften the northern hemisphere's winters and

summers. In the southern hemisphere, the opposite effect is observed.

axis deviates planet hemispheres aphelion

degrees revolves altitude differences perihelion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion

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Exercise 1.4 Reading Comprehension. Choose the best alternatives.

1.How many seasons are there in United Kingdom?

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

2.What are their correct names ?

a. winter fall autumn summer

b. fall sunny rainy summer

c. autumn spring fall winter

d. summer spring fall autumn

3. In which area a three-way division into hot , rainy and cool season is used.

a. Tropical

b. Northern hemisphere

c. Southern hemisphere

d. Temperate and Polar

4. The cycle of seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is opposite to that in

the other so when it is summer in theNorthern hemisphere, it is __________ in the

Southern hemisphere, and vice versa.

a. winter.

b. fall

c. autumn

d. spring

5. The seasons result from theEarth'saxis being tiltedto itsorbital plane; it deviates by an angle

of approximately _______. Thus, at any given time during summer or winter, one part of the

planet is more directly exposed to the rays of theSun .

a. 23.5degrees

b. 33.5 degrees

c. 32.5degrees

d. 3.5 degrees

6. Seasonal weather fluctuations (changes) also depend on factors such as proximity to oceans or

other large bodies of water, ____________
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemispherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean

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a.currentsin those oceans

b. El Nio and other oceanic cycles

c. and prevailingwinds

d. all correct

7. Meteorological seasons are reckoned by _______________, with summer being the hottest

quarter of the year and winter the coldest quarter of the year.

a. temperature

b. humid

c. snow

d. Earths orbit

8. In the conventional United States calendar: How many days are there in Winter which begins

on 21 December, the winter solstice; spring begins on 20 March, the vernal equinox; summer

begins on 20 June, the summer solstice; and autumn begins on22 September, the autumnal

equinox.

a. 89 days

b. 92 days

c. 93 days

d. 90 days

9. What are The solstices?

a. The days when theSun reaches its farthest northern and southern declinations.

b. The days when the Earth reaches its farthest northern and southern declinations.

c. The days when the Moon reaches its farthest northern and southern declinations.

b. The days when the Earth reaches its nearest northern and southern declinations.

10. What are The Equinoxes?

a. The days in which day and night are of equal duration.

a. The weeks in which day and night are of equal duration.

a. The months in which day and night are of equal duration.

a. The years in which day and night are of equal duration.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni?o-Southern_Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_22http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/sun/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/sun/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/er/box/equinox.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni?o-Southern_Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_22http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/sun/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/er/box/equinox.html

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X Y

1. trail a. a chemical or food that provides what

is needed for plants or animals to live

and grow:

2. treasure b. a person or animal that lives in a

particular place:

3. dweller c. waste matter from animals that is

mixed with soil to improve the soil and

help plants grow

4. nutrients d. a rough path across countryside or

through a forest:

5. manure e. a group of valuable things such as gold,

silver, jewels etc

X Y

6. appropriate a. the traditional beliefs, values, customs

etc of a family, country, or society

7. honestly b. correct or suitable for a particular time,

situation, or purpose

8. heritage c. if someone has , their heart suddenly

stops working because the flow of

blood to it has been blocked by a small

piece of solid blood

9. mental d. used to emphasize that what you are

saying is true

10. coronary e. relating to the health or state of

someone's mind

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1. Bill Bryson was born in Iowa, UK, in 1951.

2. A backpacking expedition in 1973 brought him to England where he met

his boss and decided to stay and be a journalist and writer.

3. He has spent much of his life as a journalist for The Times and The

Independent.

4. In 2005 he was awarded an OBE for his contribution to literature adding to

the numerous awards he has had for his work. His writing is often funny

and insightful as well as being quite.

5. The campaign is going from strength to strength and he knows young

people play a huge role in reducing litter, so thats why he interviewed

with UK Youth Parliament.

6. This idea that the quality of nature affects our mental health is not a new

one, but it has not greatly affected the planning of our urban and rural

environments, nor the setting of public health priorities.

7. In addition, many urgent physical health challenges, including obesity and

coronary heart disease, are also connected to sedentary lifestyles.

8. Irrespective of where we come from, it seems that the presence of living

things makes us feel depressed. They help us when we feel stressed, and if

there is green vegetation, blue sky and water in the scene, then we like it

even more.

9. The World Health Organisation estimates that depression and depression-

related illness will become the greatest source of ill-health by 2022.

10. Yet it is known that physically active people have a lower risk of dying

from coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, hypertension and lung

cancer. In the UK, there is evidence for a dramatic fall in physical activity

over the past 50 years.


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Fills in the correct words or phrases.

How does nature make us feel? Much, of course, ______1. on what else is important in our

lives. Is it a good or a bad day? _______2. of where we come from, it seems that the presence of

living things makes us feel good. They help us when we feel stressed, and if there is green

_________3., blue sky and water in the scene, then we like it even more. This idea that the

quality of nature _________4. our mental health is not a new one, but it has not greatly affected

the planning of our urban and rural _________5., nor the setting of public health priorities.

In the UK, more than 80% of people live in _______6 areas (Defra, 2004), though the

greater growth is now in rural areas. Urban settings by ________7. have less nature than rural

ones. And less green nature means _______8. mental well-being, or at least less opportunity to

recover from mental stress. As ________9. green environments have increasingly come under

pressure from economic development, so it seems our own wellbeing has suffered as a

________10. Today, stress and mental ill-health are becoming more common, and the associated

public health costs are growing.

depends vegetation urban reduced naturalIrrespective affects consequence environments definition

Exercise 2.4 Reading Comprehension . Choose the best alternatives.

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1. The World Health Organisation _______________ that depression and depression-related

illness will become the greatest source of ill-health by 2020.

a. estimates

b. estimated

c. estimate

d. estimatize

2. Yet it is known that physically active people have a lower risk of dying from _____?

a. coronary heart disease

b. type II diabetes

c. hypertension

d. all of them

3. Bill Bryson is an______________ journalist and writer.

a. American

b. Cuban

c. German

d. British

4. Agriculture recycles 100% of all animal manures that it __________.

a. produced

b. producing

c. produces

d. products

5. Drive carefully on narrow country roads, always.

a. not wide

b. wide

c. shallow

d. deep

6.What are the advantages of living in the countryside?

a. Clean, fresh air

b. Less traffic jam

c. Open spaces

d. All correct

7. What are the disadvantages of living in the countryside?

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a. Clean, fresh air

b. Less nightlife

c. Open spaces

d. More playing room for children

8.According to the findings of recent research by Agri Aware : How many percent of the

respondents considered their quality of life in the countryside to be good, citing peace and

relaxation as the main advantages to living there?

a. 75%

b. 85%

c. 80%

d. 90%

9. For how many billion has been spent by farmers over the past ten years to construct better

animal housing and manure storage facilities on Irish farms?

a. Over 5.2

b. Over 2.5

c. Over 3.5

d. Over 1.5

10. Animal manure is not waste, it is an important source of nutrients for crops.

What is the meaning of the underlined word?

a. waste matter from human that is mixed with soil to improve the soil and help plants grow

b. waste matter from animals that is mixed with soil to improve the soil and help plants grow

c. the way in which something is done or happens

d. polite ways of behaving in social situations


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X Y

1. network a. a ship or large boat

2. automatic b. the scientific study of weather

conditions

3. meteorology c. are designed to operate by themselves,

without much human control or

attention

4. vessels d. the sending and receiving of messages

by telephone, radio, television etc:

5. telecommunication e. a system of lines, tubes, wires, roads

etc that cross each other and are

connected to each other:

X Y

6. thermometers a. to be very grateful to someone for the

help they have given you:

7. indebted b. a piece of equipment that measures the

temperature of the air, of your body etc

8. scheme c. an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way

9. coastguards d. to describe something correctly and

thoroughly, and to say what standards,limits, qualities etc it has

10. define e. the organization that helps swimmers

and ships that are in danger and helps

to prevent illegal activities around the

coast


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1. Experience and local workers add the fine detail to the computer forecast,

so that the best advice for a specific location (e.g. an oil rig) can be given.

2. The computer model produces a global forecast twice a day using the

midnight and midday observations as starting conditions.

3. The observations taken at a single time can be used to compute values for

each grid point of pressure, temperature, humidity and wind.

4. The array of grid points, the system of equations and the method of solving

the equations is referred to as the model.

5. Weather describes conditions in the atmosphere at any long period of time.

6. The use of buoy has played a key role in improving the accuracy and

detail of weather forecasts, and in lengthening the period for which useful

guidance can be given.

7. Geostationary satellites remain over the equator, stationary with respect to

the earth. This is achieved by having the satellite in orbit at a height of

about 46,000 km.

8. At this height it takes exactly 22 hours to complete one orbit, so it always

views the same part of the globe.

9. Climatedescribes surface and atmospheric conditions over a longer time

period or over a large geographical area.

10. Within the global network, the Met Office maintains six sites in the UK.


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Fills in the correct words or phrases.

Despite greater computer power, improvements to the ________1. models, and other

technological advances, there is still an __________2. role for the forecaster. For the general

development of weather _________3., the model provides insight into how the __________4. is

behaving and developing, but it is only a guide. Good as it is, ___________5. have to make

allowances for the model's _________6. problem areas - the handling of small-scale features, for

example. The chief forecaster on duty _________7.the computer output to correct for likely

errors in the model output, such as removing spurious areas of rainfall. Forecasters also have to

take into account any late __________8. and consult the latest satellite and radar pictures.

In providing specific services to individual customers, the local forecaster based at an

airfield or _________9. office will take the process even further. Experience and local knowledge

add the fine detail to the computer forecast, so that the best advice for a __________10.location

(e.g. an oil rig) can be given. There is no doubt that the combination of man and computer

together produces the best forecasting results

computer atmosphere specific regional observations

systems modifies important forecasters known

Exercise 3.4 Reading Comprehension . Choose the best alternatives.

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1. What is weather ?

a. conditions in the atmosphere at any time or short period of time.

b. conditions in the atmosphere in a week.

c. conditions in the atmosphere in a month.

d. conditions in the atmosphere during a year.

2. What is climate ?

a. Surface and atmospheric conditions over a longer time period or over a large geographical

area

b. Surface and atmospheric conditions over a short time period in a day

a. Surface and atmospheric conditions over a geographical area in a week

a. Surface and atmospheric conditions over a year time period

3. The ____________ are fed into the computer and used to analyse the weather patterns at a

particular time.

a. reality

b. duration

c. observations

d. telecommunications

4. The many data _____________ used include ships, aircraft, oil rigs, buoys and balloons, as

well as manned land stations around the world.

a. sources

b. sauces

c. saucers

d. information

5. Polar-orbiting satellites pass around the earth from pole to pole at a height of about 870 km.

How long does it take for the satellite to complete its orbit, by which time the earth has

rotated by about 25 degrees.

a. It takes approximately 2 hour 42 minutes

b. It takes approximately 1 hour 42 minutes

c. It takes approximately 3 hour 49 minutes

d. It takes approximately 2 hour 22 minutes

6. The computer model produces a global forecast _______ a day using the midnight and

midday.

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a. once

b. three times

c. twice

d. four times

7. What is the information, skills, and understanding that you have gained through learning or

experience ?

a. study

b. learning

c. subject

d. knowledge

8. What do we call how to make a statement saying what is likely to happen in the future, based

on the information that you have now or predict ?

a. broadcast

b. foreplay

c. forecast

d. forehead

9. An instrument that measures changes in the air pressure and the weather, or that calculates

height above sea level.

a. barometers

b. thermometers

c. gauges

d. vessels

10. In or under the sea and not far from the coast.

a. seashore

b. onshore

c. offshore

d. coastshore

exercise 1.1-3.4

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