EXCURSION TO THE EAST LONDON WATERWORKS. 135

9. RAISIN, C. A.-" Art icle." G~ol. Mag., 1887.10. SOMERVAIL, A.-" On the Metamorph ic and Associat ed Rocks of the

ex~reme South of Devon." Tr ans. D eo, A ssoc. , vols. xix, xx, andXXI.

I I. USSHER, W. A. E.-" Volcanicity in Lower Devon Rocks," etc. Report,BrItish Association, 1891.

EXCURSION TO THE EAST LONDON WATERWORKS,TOTTENHAM.

SATURDAY, APRIL 20TH, 1901.Director : THE PRESIDENT (W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S.).

E xcursion Secretary : H . W. MONCKTON, F.G.S.(Report by H, W. MONCKTON.)

THE party left Liverpool Street Station by the 2.47 p.rn.train, arriving at Tottenham Hale at 3.1. They at once madetheir way to the entrance to the works in the Woodford Road,where, through the kindness of Mr. W. B. Bryan, the engineer,and Messrs. S. Pearson and Son, a special engine and carriageshad been provided. Before starting, the President described theextent of the works. A break was made in the journey, inorder to enable the members to see the relics found during thecourse of the excavations. These were not very numerous,offering a marked contrast to what had been found in formerexcavations ; but this with out doubt arises from the use of the"steam digger, or navvy," which the members had an opportunityof seeing at work; in fact, practically everything found has beenfound during hand digging. The most important find is a fineexample of a "dug out ," made from the trunk of a large oak.This was found near a stream, which was diverted during thework. Though usually considered to be of pre-Roman age, yetit is worthy of note that at the same level, and only a few feetaway, the neck and upp er part of a Roman Amphora was alsodiscovered. The other relics comprised a Saxon spear head, twowooden implements, probably pile-drivers or mallets, two humanskulls, an antler of red deer, bones of B os fongi/rolls, horse andsheep, fragments of a Viking ship (the bulk of which had beentaken away piecemeal by the inh ab itants of the neighbourhood ).with other objects of Roman, mediaeval and modern age. 'Anarticle in iron, which had pu zzled the experts, was clearly shown tobe a scraper. The party then partook of tea and light refreshment,which had been most kindly provided by Mr. C. W. Sharrock.

On entraining the party were conveyed to Chingford Mills, theintake of the works, and thence to the most interesting sections,where the members alighted. The sections seen varied greatly, acharacteristic of all alluvial deposits, but the sequence was,broadly speaking, about 10 feet of peaty alluvium resting ongravel. In places the alluvium was seen to contain lenticular

136 EXCURSION TO GROVE PARK AND CHISELHURST.

patches of shell marl, whilst in one place the gravel itself con­tained similar shells, thus clearly proving its Holocene age.Underlying the blackish-grey gravel is another bed of red gravel,seen in a few trial holes, and probably of Pleistocene age. Manyof the members availed themselves of the opportunity to collectfrom the shell marl, whilst the bones of horse, sheep, red deer,pig, Bos longifrons, and dog or wolf, were also obtained. Informer excavations the remains of elk, bison, Bos primigenius,fox, goat, beaver, roedeer, fallow deer, reindeer, and great Irishdeer, have also been found, besides a single bone of the sea eagle(Holicetus albleeltus). No less than fifty-two species of molluscahave been described from these beds, of which the mostinteresting is Acanthinula (Helix) lamellata, a species not knownliving south of Staffordshire. The fish and the smaller vertebratesare practically unknown. Numerous photographs were taken ofthe sections, and the party then walked to the Ferryboat Inn,where an excellent tea was provided.

After tea the President moved that a cordial vote of thanksbe given to Mr. W. B. Bryan and Mr. Ashley, of the East LondonWaterworks, and to Mr. C. W. Sharrock and Mr. Traill, for theirgreat kindness during the excursion; this was carried byacclamation, and the party then returned to town.

REFERENCES.

Geological Survey Map, Sheet I, N.W.1889. 'WHITAKER, W.-" The Geology of London," Vol. i, Mem. Geot,

Survey, pp. 472-4.1890. WOODWARD, B. B.-" On the Pleistocene Non-marine Mollusca of

the London District." Proc, Ceo!. Assoc., Vol. ix., p. 349.1897. KENNARD, AS, and WOODWARD, B. B.-" The Postpliocene Non­

marine Mollusca of Essex." Essex Nat., Vol. x, p. 9I.1897. WILSON, T. HAY.-"Note on Sections in the Lea Valley at South

Tottenham." Essex Nat., Vol. x, p. 110.

EXCURSION TO GROVE PARK AND CHISELHURST.SATURDAY, APRIL 27TH, 1901.

Director: T. V. HOLMES, F.G.S.

Excursion Secretary: H. W. MONCKTON, F.G.S.

(Report by THE I'IRECTCR.)

THE object of this excursion, as in the case of that onJuly zSth, 1900, was to see the sections displayed during thewidening of the S.E.R. main line.

The sections in the cutting north of the tunnel were, on thewhole, in as good a condition as they had been when last year'sexcursion took place, and the description of them then given willsuffice for the more recent visit. But this year we were fortunateenough to have with us 1\1r. C. W. Osman, who, in addition to