excitingtrails/events: events for touristic scenarios · events for touristic scenarios 3 infrared...

eXcitingTrails/Events:Events for Touristic Scenarios(extended abstract of the MSc dissertation)

Ana Isabel Belchior

Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais,1049-001 Lisboa

{ana.isabel.m.b}@ist.utl.pt

Abstract. The Internet’s availability and the growth of Informationand Communication Technologies (ICT) are increasingly being used inbenefit of tourism. This project’s main goal was to explore innovativesolutions to make tourism more appealing. The proposal consists on thecreation and promotion of different events for different ambients througha web application that manages a small community of users. To enrichthis system, a mobile guide, that takes advantage of positioning and wire-less communication, was developed to support the realization of theseevents. Both systems are already being used and in constant evaluation.The usage scenarios involve leisure activities, like walks, or even ludicand competitive games, such as peddypapers.

Keywords: mobile computing, social computing, tourism initiatives,outdoor activities, events, games, peddypapers.

1 Introduction

In recent years there has been a growing interest towards the development ofmobile guides [3], i.e., mobile systems exploiting portable, lightweight devicesto guide the user in different environments and provide them with useful in-formation and services. Additionally as the technologies have improved, allow-ing higher processing, there was the possibility to feature GPS and Wi-Fi onthose devices. Mobile computing has been successfully used as a tool for navi-gation and geographic information retrieval. The availability of the Internet andthe design and implementation of Information and Communication Technolo-gies (ICT) have inspired the development of strategies to support tourism andculture. Those technologies help supply information to favor the communicationand the collaboration. Geocaching (discussed later)[7] is a good example of suchbenefits, applied to outdoor activities. The ICT are the best way to disseminateand quickly access information, nowadays. For this reason, they have a relevantspot in our proposed system.

The social networks trend, has shown that users want to share their expe-riences and participate in communities with similar interests [14]. Some of the

2 Ana Isabel Belchior

most popular, such as Facebook, receive hundreds of new users every day. Socialnetworks give its users the means to share information, quickly and automati-cally, with friends and acquaintances.

This thesis was proposed with the aim of studying ICT solutions that some-how relate to tourism, and concept and build a system that integrates the eX-citingTrails initiative, developed by SIQuant1,aiming at supplying innovativesolutions to maximize the disclosure and promotion of places of touristic andcultural interest.

We proposed and discussed the development of a system that enables thecreation and realization of different types of events for different environments.The system is composed by a web application with the purpose of supportingthe creation and publication of events, and to foster the interaction betweenthe participants, with a small online community. To support and enrich therealization of events, the system is also composed by a mobile guide that takesadvantage of positioning and wireless communication. The events are leisureactivities of touristic and cultural nature, that take place in parks or in moreurban contexts, like walks, or even more playful and competitive ones such asgames, for example: peddypapers.

The remaining of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes therelated work. On Section 3 the conception issues are described. Section 4 ad-dresses the architectural and technical issues of this project. Section 5 describeshow the project was evaluated. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.

2 Related Work

Outdoor tourism applications are one of the focus of our work. This sectionpresents the research and discusses the different technologies used to providethe user’s location and contextual information. Communication technologies arealso a research topic since we are interested in exchanging information betweenpeers, web application to mobile phone, or mobile phone to mobile phone.

2.1 Positioning & Communication

There are several technologies to calculate the user’s location at every moment.For the purposes of this work, we are only interested in location technologies foroutdoors. Besides discovering the user’s location, it also includes research aboutthe communication technologies.

The focused technologies will be - Bluetooth, Infrared, RFID, GPS, GSM,and Wi-Fi. The analysis will feature aspects such as installation and maintenancecosts, as well as battery performance

Bluetooth, Infrared and RFID. Bluetooth technology allows connectingwith other Bluetooth devices and exchanging information, like the devices iden-tification, which enables a variety of different applications of this technology.

1 http://www.siquant.pt/

Events for Touristic Scenarios 3

Infrared (IR) technology, similarly to Bluetooth, allows connecting and ex-changing information with other infrared devices.

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically re-ferred to as a tag) applied to a product, for the purpose of identification andtracking, using radio waves.

We can use each of these technologies to provide the user’s location but all ofthem require a previous installation of helper devices throughout the entire areadefined for the activity, which requires significant installation and maintenancecosts. Additionally the IR scales poorly due to its limited range and performspoorly in the presence of direct sunlight, which is likely to be a problem inoutdoors.

Global System for Mobile Communications. GSM (Global System forMobile Communications) is the most popular standard for mobile telephonysystems in the world. With GSM growing availability, users are able to commu-nicate almost everywhere, to connect to servers, and share information anytime[9]. GSM positioning uses multilateration to determine the location of GSM mo-bile phones, i.e., by accurately computing the time difference of arrival of a signaltransmitted from three or more synchronized antennas [17]. GSM is referred asan example of a positioning mobile network. There are other mobile networks,such as GPRS and UTMS, however, they comprise the same problems.

GSM’s current availability makes it one of the best choices, however, it incursin extra costs for the user.

Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi belongs to a class of wireless local area network (WLAN) devicesbased on the IEEE 802.11 standards, which is by far the most widespread WLANclass today. A Wi-Fi based positioning system determines the user’s locationbased on databases of known Wi-Fi access points. It works well in areas wherea database exists. Like GSM, its availability is growing and is increasingly usedin everyday life. Contrary to GSM, the user can use Wi-Fi without extra costs.

However, since it requires detection of beacons from three or more knownWi-Fi access points, it does not work well when moving fast (i.e. driving), norin places where the access points are sparse [11]. Furthermore, the Wi-Fi andGSM fingerprinting needed for network endpoint positioning is limited to pre-dominantly urban areas and only provides a rough estimate of speed, accordingto [12, 10].

Global Positioning System. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is per-haps the most widely publicized location-sensing system[8]. GPS provides an ex-cellent framework for determining geographic positions in certain environments.This technology can provide the user’s current geographic location through adigital map on a handheld device. This solution is the most common option foran outdoor positioning system [4], given that it doesn’t need a previous installa-tion of devices throughout the activity area to provide the location. In addition,today the GPS signal provides an accuracy of less than 20 meters, under a clearview of the sky the average is about 5 meters [11].


GPS is extremely power hungry when in comparison to GSM and Wi-Fitechnologies. Nevertheless, although GSM positioning is widely available andextremely energy efficient, its accuracy is of hundreds of meters.

2.2 Existing Solutions

The following solutions were found and studied during our research, and aregreatly related to this thesis work. They are examples of what already existsin the area of tourism and outdoor activities, and what we can still do andimprove. They were chosen accordingly to their different and innovative featuresand relation to the subject of this thesis.

REXplore. REXplore [2] is a mobile, pervasive spell-casting game designed fortourists of Regensburg, Germany. The game uses location sensing to create playerencounters with spirits (historical figures) that are associated with historicalbuildings. A novel mobile interaction mechanism of ”casting a spell” (making agesture by waving a mobile phone through the air) allows the player to awakenand communicate with a spirit to continue playing the game. This project ispart of the Regensburg Experience (REX) museum in Regensburg, Germany2.

REXplore’s solution has brought up a very relevant discussion for our work’spurpose. The solution required a device that was specifically designed and builtfor that purpose, but before they analyzed which was the best option: rentalvs. personal equipment. However, it does not apply here, not only because com-plex technologies are more and more available and embedded in today’s mobilephones, but also, because one of the objectives being precisely to build a mobileapplication that can be installed in a variety of devices and be part of people’severyday life.

Marked-Up Maps. Marked-Up Maps [13] is a project which combines papermaps with electronic guide resources. Information about landmark or region isaccessed by waving a mobile device equipped with a Radio Frequency Identifi-cation (RFID) reader above the region of interest in a paper map.

The Roaring Navigator. The Roaring Navigator [16] is a shared auditorylandmark display which conveys spatial survey knowledge and navigational aidto multiple users. The guide is situated in a zoo environment, so they usedrecordings of animal voices to indicate the location of the animal enclosures.The system also proactively presents audio clips with detailed information abouteach animal.

The Roaring Navigator was described for a different reason, it was seen asa great example of a different and innovative feature (that still needs a lot ofwork), it shows a different kind of use we can give to audio.

2 http://www.rex-regensburg.de


History Unwired. History Unwired [6] is a multi-year investigation of thenarrative uses of mobile technology in historic cities. In 2004-2005 a team ofresearchers from MIT and University of Venice IUAV worked with local artists,citizens, and academics to develop a walking tour through one of Venice’s morehidden neighborhoods, delivered over location-aware, multimedia phones andPDAs.

This project’s results were optimistic. However, for this thesis purpose ofproviding a variety of cultural and outdoor activities that can be located in verydifferent places, this model does not apply with equal ease. For each differentlocation and event, new media would have to be created.

Geocaching. Geocaching is the practice of hiding a container in a particularlocation, then publishing the latitude and longitude coordinates of the locationon a geocaching web site [7] for other ”geocachers” to find it using a GPS device.

This project is the most similar to what we propose. It is developed foroutdoor activities, and it comprises a web application. Moreover, the users alsokeep track of their personal achievements in a personal page on the web site.However, their motivations are distinct and the system is only directed to aspecific activity.

MobileTrails. The MobileTrails project belongs to the eXcitingTrails3 ini-tiative. This project has a special focus as the work here explained is basedon it and also belongs to the same initiative. It involves the integration of twomain applications, the MobileTrails and WebTrails applications. This project isreferred several times throughout the entire document.

The MobileTrails solution was previously explained because of its relation toour project, since our solution derived from it.

3 eXcitingTrails/Events - Conception Issues

Our intention was to create an ITC system that provided historic and culturalinformation, in an innovative and more appealing approach for users that are notonly wishing to learn more about the places, but also in sharing their knowledgeand culture with others. The project was named eXcitingTrails/Events, after theeXcitingTrails initiative (referred in Section 1), and supports and improves thepublication and participation on different types of events, some more traditionaland others with a more competitive and playful nature. This system, due to itssimilarity in terms of technology and content management, can be seen as anextension to the WebTrails and MobileTrails solutions (see Section 2.2), withthe application components: WebTrails and MobileEvents.

This section presents the conception of the system, namely the domain modeland real life scenarios, taking into consideration the existing infrastructure andfeatures of the WebTrails robust framework.

3 http://www.siquant.pt


3.1 Main Concepts & Domain Model

The Fig. 1 shows the main concepts involved with the MobileEvents system.This domain model contains the main classes and their relationship, definingthe whole system.

Fig. 1. Domain model of the eXcitingTrails/Events system.

As shown in the diagram, an Event is defined in a given Context. The Contextclass represents a set of related data managed by a Partner user. The systemsupports, for now, two types of complex events: Peddypapers and Walks, and athird and simpler, the Basic event, which comprises only the Event class. Eachevent can be created from an existing (or be used to create one) event template.

When defining the eXcitingTrails/Events system we took into account theability to reuse certain entities, like the PointsOfInterest, the Species, and theTrails entities, in order to enable the integration with other more traditionaltouristic guide platforms [15]. This independence between the entities allows fora same context to have different types of interaction without having to redefinethe same information. Instead, it can reuse all the information.

3.2 Real-Life Scenarios - Publish Events

This project supports publishing on the WebTrails portal, three different typesof events, namely: Basic Event; Walk Event; and Peddypaper Event. The basic


event, is the simplest type of event. Below, will be given a detailed example ofthis type of event.

The Walk, a more classic outdoor activity for tourism, is designed for thosewho like to walk outdoors and visit points of interest scattered along the trail.Thinking of the more adventurous users, the third type is a game, more specifi-cally, the peddypaper game. It is a more complex event requiring the definitionof clues and points of interest. Both types allow a WebTrails User to subscribeto the event and form a team of players, the rest of the players don’t need to beregistered/authenticated in the portal.

The Partner responsible for each event will publish information about theresults of each team at the end of the event. Each WebTrails User that partic-ipated in a specific event can comment on the events page. The comments willbe available for all users.

Basic Event Scenario. A museum exhibition is an example of such event.A person interested in cultural activities can search in the WebTrails portalfor available events (with public visibility). Public events provide a descriptionavailable for everyone to see, which can contain location and contacts informationand also links to other web page related to the event.

3.3 Real-Life Scenarios - Social Activities

Besides the possibility to publish events in the WebTrails portal, our projectalso supports the users participation in them. This feature is aimed at the socialcomponent of cultural activities, enabling and encouraging interaction betweenplayers. The MobileEvents will guide the teams throughout the activities, pro-viding technological support for the events’ realization.

Peddypaper - Knowledge Games. A peddypaper is a game played in anurban or natural environment where the players follow a sequence of clues thatlead to certain points of interest. The main goal of this game is to providecultural and historical information about a specific region while playing a gameand socializing with the other team players. The game is composed by a setof clues that provide cultural information about different places, typically amonument, a museum, a square or a statue. At the beginning each player isgiven a clue that leads to the place where the next clue will be, and so on. Thefirst team to end the game, by collecting all the clues, wins.

The game is commonly used for tourism initiatives. One example is the mobil-ity programs for students in higher education, like the Erasmus program. Oftenthe universities receiving the foreign students organize peddypapers to welcomethe students to the new city. The properties of the game allow the new studentsto get to know the city they are going to live in for the next months, and tointeract with other students.


4 eXcitingTrails/Events - Architectural & TechnicalIssues

In this Section, the architectural and technological aspects concerning both Web-Trails and MobileEvents are specified and explained in more detail.

4.1 Architecture Overview

The WebTrails component is a central web application which consists of a web-site, developed over other platform called WebComfort using the WebComfort-API [5]. Additionally, it provides two main services defined through the WebC-SaaS infrastructure [1, ?]. The MobileEvents component is a mobile applicationspecifically developed for the Windows Phone mobile operating system. Thesystem’s components and the relations between them can be viewed in Figure 2.

Fig. 2. Overview of the system’s components and the relations between them.

4.2 WebTrails

To implement the WebTrails application, WebComfort components like Modulesand Pages were used to provide the new functionalities and concepts of ourproject. Furthermore, it was integrated with the WebC-Saas toolkit to providethe two main services to the WebTrails Users: the Context-Management andContext-Participation. The Context-Management is the service provided tothe Partner users and supports the creation and management of different types ofcontent through the Context’s page. Additionally it provides a mechanism thatallows to subscribe an event. The Context-Participation is primarily targetedto those who wish to participate in the published events and keep informationabout past events, and be part of a small community. This service provides aParticipant’s page where the users can access the events they subscribed andparticipated in the past. Through this page, they can export the subscribedevents and install them on the MobileEvents.


The following sections explain and discuss the main concepts and featuresthat influenced this component’s architecture and its technical details, namely:the content management, socialization, communication and also security aspects.

Content Management. The WebTrails application is a public portal thatprovides access to all kinds of information. The information that is visible de-pends on the user that is accessing it, and its assigned role in the system. Allthe WebTrails Users have access over a profile page which they can configure towhether or not be available to all the other users. In this profile page they canalso configure which information is made public and which is not.

The Context-Management’s responsible entities (the Partners) can access allof their information and created content through the web. They can login withdifferent users which (depending on the assigned roles) can give them permissionto: see the content, modify the content, assign roles and configure the portal.

The WebTrails Users are allowed to subscribe to events published by theContext-Management’s responsible entities. These users can subscribe to theContext-Participation service and have access to their past events, to their cur-rent subscribed events, to their favorite contexts, and also access to acquire theMobileTrails or MobileEvents license.

The Visitor users can view the content that the WebTrails Users wishesto make public, contexts content, user’s profile pages, user’s subscribed events,user’s favorites, etc.

Socialization. The participants can provide other users with informationabout their past events and events that they’re currently subscribed to, andalso their user’s profile information (all of this depends on the user’s configura-tion). Additionally, they can comment on the event’s page they participated inand see other users’ comments.

Communication. The participation in the events using the MobileEventsapplication requires, in one main situation, the transfer of specific informationfrom the mobile application to the WebTrails server. This situation refers to theresults of the teams that participated in the events, in which case the user is ableto choose between three options: manually; GSM connection; Wi-Fi connection.

In Section 4.3 the communication between the two components is comple-mented.

Security Concerns. All the information publicly available in this web ap-plication, user’s profile pages and pages that derive from subscribed services(Context-Management and Context-Participation), can be made private if it’sthe responsible user’s wish.

4.3 MobileEvents

The MobileEvents is a mobile application for mobile phone with the WindowsPhone operative system. This component supports the realization of the events,


previously transferred to the mobile device, helping the user during the event.The owner of the device can thus visualize the info about each event and, atthe date of realization, start the event on the portable device. He can also checkpast events and his results.

This section also explains and discusses the main concepts and features thatinfluenced this component’s architecture and its technical details, namely: thecontent management, positioning, communication and also security aspects.

Content Management. The content created in the WebTrails portal bythe Context-Management’s responsible entities can afterwards be exported by aWebTrails user, that subscribed the Context-Participation service, to an XMLfile. This file contains all the information related to the user’s subscribed eventsand it’s used to show all that information on the mobile phone.

Positioning. The realization of some events depend on the user’s current loca-tion. For example, in the case of the peddypaper, the game requires informationthat notifies if the user arrived at a certain location so that the next clue ispresented and so forth. In the case of the walk event it is used for orientation,presenting a map with an icon on the user’s location. Additionally, on the ped-dypaper, it is also used to discover if the user is near a certain point of interest.

Communication. Although the advance of technology, it’s still frequent theuse of mobile devices without a Wi-Fi connection. Even when it’s present thebattery life decreases considerably, and the use of a mobile connection such asGSM can incur in great costs for the user. For these reasons in the majority oftime the application MobileEvents is working in offline mode.

There are two main situations where the communication with the WebTrailsserver is required, one is to transfer the content of the user’s subscribed eventsto the mobile phone, the second is when the user has to receive a confirmationcode to start the event.

Security Concerns. The system described in this paper uses the GPS tech-nology to guide the user through a map of the specific region, available for theusers, intended for orientation. However, it is possible that the user gets awayfrom the region in which the event is taking place. In order to maintain thesecurity of the player, there is a mechanism that detects if a player is outsideof the region of the event and notifies him, periodically, of this incident until hegets back into the area shown by the map.

5 Validation

To validate the eXcitingTrails/Events project and its new features, we conductedtwo different validations for the two main components of the system: WebTrailsand MobileEvents (see Figure 3). The two components were evaluated indepen-dently, though there are common users to both applications.

The following sections identify the validation process of the two main compo-nents of the system, and the results gathered during the implementation phase.


Fig. 3. WebTrails and MobileEvents.

5.1 WebTrails

To validate the WebTrails application, the Context-Management and the Context-Participation services were designed with the WebC-SaaS platform, integratedwith this web application and deployed in a production environment with theintention of promoting and collecting information about the new features. Bothservices are being evaluated by the Partners of two existing contexts: Peneda-Geres; and Sintra-Cascais.

The two services are directed to different types of users, the users that createthe content available subscribe the Context-Management service, and the usersthat participate in the events published subscribe to the Context-Participation.For this reason, and because the previous version of the WebTrails already al-lowed the creation of certain types of content, the validation of both serviceswere conducted independently.

Context-Management. To evaluate this service we chose to select users al-ready familiarized with the platform, because this way the feedback was moredirected to the goals of this project, instead of encompassing all the alreadyexisting features. The tests were performed with the Peneda-Geres and Sintra-Cascais Partners and resulted in a cleaner interface and higher usability. Recenttests show greater satisfaction.

Context-Participation. To better evaluate this service it would be preferablethat the test users were the same who tested the MobileEvents application.However, the first tests were performed without this requirement. We asked thetest users to give feedback about usability, robustness and performance issues, aswell as to give special attention to the personal’s information visibility settings.Privacy problems arose so we chose to give the user free control to decide whatinformation he wishes to make available to the other WebTrails Users.

5.2 MobileEvents

The validation of the MobileEvents system’s component is more complex becauseit requires the users presence in the region of testing. The mobile application


currently supports two types of events, walks and peddypapers, but the goal is toadd more types of events. There are no concrete results so far as the applicationis still under evaluation. However the feedback has been very positive.

The validation of this system’s component starts with the application alreadyinstalled and the contents already transfered to the mobile phone. The first testswere conducted with our colleagues at work, that experienced a participation ina peddypaper event supported by the MobileEvents application. Furthermore,the students of Instituto Superior Tecnico, in Lisboa, will have a chance toparticipate in a peddypaper created by us together with the Student Associationof this college, the AEIST.

6 Conclusion

We studied and analyzed existing solutions and models of mobile guide ap-plications, and proposed a new approach as to how the users get informationabout cultural activities, and how they can participate in these activities andexchange information among themselves. The practical outcome of our work wasa standalone mobile application (MobileEvents) and some extensions to an exist-ing web application (WebTrails). Our system supports the creation of differenttypes of content and the usage of that content in the creation and publishing ofdifferent events, directed to activities of cultural nature. It also encourages theparticipation in the available events with friends, forming teams. The users cankeep track of their past events, rate and comment the events they participatedin, as well as view other users’ comments and events. I can say without a doubtthat this work has put me through all the phases of the development cycle ofan information system (from conception to delivery). Through all of the phasesseveral challenges were faced and something concrete was produced out of them.

We believe we achieved something new and appealing for user’s with aninterest in cultural or outdoors activities, and provided a system that enhancesand raises interest in these activities. It is a work in progress and a lot can beimproved and new features can be created to add value, nevertheless it is alreadya working project, being used in real life scenarios and with an interesting future.The results and feedback from users has been positive which encouraged us tocontinue this work!

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