excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear...
TRANSCRIPT
Excitation functions of the proton-induced
nuclear reactions on natural Fe up to 40 MeV
Kwangsoo Kim1‡, M.U. Khandaker1, Kyung-Sook Kim1, Manwoo Lee1,
Guinyun Kim1*
1Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyok-dong,
Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea
The 3st Asian Nuclear Reaction Database Development Workshop
(AASPP Workshop), Pohang, Korea, August 27-29, 2012
1. Introduction
2. Experimental procedure
3. Results and discussion
4. Conclusions
Contents:
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
1. Introduction
Production cross-sections of 51Cr, 55,56,57Co, and 52,54Mn
radionuclides from proton-induced reactions on natural iron were measured by
using the stacked-foil activation technique up to 40 MeV at the MC50
cyclotron of the KIRAMS(Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical
Sciences). The results are compared with the available literature values as well
as the theoretical data calculated by the TALYS code. The thick target integral
yields were also deduced using the measured cross-sections of the produced
radionuclides. In the investigated energy region, the present results are in
generally good agreement with the earlier reported data and with the calculated
data.
2. Experimental procedures
Proton Beam
Al Fe Cu
42.1 MeV
Each foil 0.1, 0.05mm thick
Fe Al Cu
The stacks were designed to meet the following requirements:
to measure “independent & cumulative cross-sections” of Fe as a function of incident beam
energy.
to provide overlapping energy regions by arranging several stacks to complement each other.
to determine the proton flux inside the stack via monitor reactions using Copper and
Alumunum foils.
to avoid any recoil contamination or recoil loss of produced nuclides by covering each
measured foil with thin catcher-foils.
The Stacked-foil Activation Technique
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
MC 50 Cyclotron
Proton Beam Energy maximum This work
50 MeV 45 MeV
Current 60μA 100nA
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Collimator & Sample Holder Targets & Monitor samples
Sample Holder and Samples
Beam extraction Point
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
The gamma-ray spectrometry
AMP.
HV(-3.5kV)
HPGe Irradiated sample
Pb bricks
MCA
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Gamma-ray spectrometry and Standard Sources
Nuclide Half-life Energy Activity
109Cd 462.6d 88.0336 keV 123.7 kBq
57Co 271.79d 122.06065 / 136.47350 keV 53.2 kBq
137Cs 30.07y 661.657 keV 370.2 kBq
54Mn 312.1 d 834.841 keV 6.9 kBq
60Co 5.27 y 1173.228 / 1332.490 keV 266.3 kBq
22Na 2.6019 y 1274.537 keV 219.1 kBq
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Calculation of proton beam energy degradation
• SRIM(The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) : Monte Carlo Transport
Calculation
• Calculate the stopping and range of ions
http://www.srim.org
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
0
t
CPS
A e I
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400010
0
101
102
103
104
105
511keV
60Co
1173.23keV/1332.51keV
22Na
1274.54keV
54Mn
834.81keV
137Cs
661.62keV57Co
122.07keV/136.43keV
Co
un
ts/C
h.
Channel Number(ch.)
109Cd
88.04keV
40-K
1460.7
5keV
Determination of efficiencies of HPGe detector
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.01
0.1
1
10
Det
ecto
r ef
fici
ency
Photon energy (KeV)
Fitting: 5 cm
Efficiency: 5 cm
Fitting: 10 cm
Efficiency: 10 cm
Fitting: 20 cm
Efficiency: 20 cm
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Determination of efficiencies of HPGe detector
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
0
t
CPS
A e I
Efficiency Calibration Fit
Knee Energy = 196.67 keV
Above the Knee: Quadratic Uncertainty = 1.6103 %
LOG(Eff) = 3.9510 -1.696426*LOG(Eng) +0.0714642*(LOG(Eng))**2
Below the Knee: Quadratic Uncertainty = 0.0000 %
LOG(Eff) = -24.4158 +9.026110*LOG(Eng) -0.941801*(LOG(Eng))**2
Determination of beam flux
T1/2=2.602 y
)()( icm λtλtλt eee 11 t d
NγI ε
λC
http://www-nds.iaea.org/medical/monitor_reactions.html
Nuclide Half-life Eγ(keV) Iγ(%) Reaction Q-value(MeV) Threshold(MeV)
22Na 2.6019 y 1274.53 99.944 27Al(a,2an) -22.510 25.849 24Na 14.659 h 1368.598 100 27Al(a,an2p) -31.427 36.089
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400010
1
102
103
104
105
600 700 800 900 1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
232-
Th
964k
eV
226-
Ra
1120
keV
232-
Th
232-
Th
232-
Th
232-
Th
226-
Ra
232-
Th
232-
Th
226-
Ra
226-
Ra
232-
Th
226-
Ra
226-
Ra
226-
Ra
40-K
860k
eV
1460
.75k
eV
1377
keV
1345
keV
1332
keV
1238
keV
1173
keV
1115
.5k
eV
968k
eV
911k
eV
794k
eV76
8keV
727k
eV
609k
eV596.
7keV
582k
eV548.
35k
eV511k
eV
Cou
nts
/CH
.
Channel Number (CH.)
Cu spectrum
246k
eV
238k
eV
243k
eV
260k
eV
294k
eV
351
keV
393k
eV
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Decay data for the produced radionuclides
Nucl-ide Half-life Decay
mode
(%)
Eγ
(keV)
Iγ
(%)
Contributing
reactions
Q-value
(MeV)
Threshold
(MeV)
51Cr 27.7010 d(11) EC (100) 320.0824 (4) 9.9910(10) 56Fe(p, 6Li) 54Fe(p, 2p)
-15.954
-27.452
16.241
27.965
55Co 17.53 h(3) EC (100) 477.2 (2)
931.1 (3)
1316.6 (3)
1408.5 (3)
20.2 (17)
75
7.1 (3)
16.9 (8)
54Fe(p, ) 56Fe(p, 2n) 57Fe(p, 3n) 58Fe(p, 4n)
5.06
-15.43
-23.08
-33.12
0.0
15.71
23.49
33.7
56Co 77.226 d(26) EC (100) 846.770 (2)
1037.843 (3)
1238.288 (3)
99.9399
14.05 (4)
66.46 (12)
56Fe(p, n) 57Fe(p, 2n) 58Fe(p, 3n)
-5.35
-12.99
-23.04
5.44
13.22
23.44
57Co 271.74 d(6) EC (100) 14.4129 (6)
122.06065(12)
136.47356(29)
9.16 (15)
85.60 (17)
10.68 (8)
56Fe(p, ) 6.0 0
52Mn 5.591 d(3) EC (100) 744.233 (13)
935.544 (12)
1434.092 (17)
90.0 (8)
94.5 (9)
100.0 (6)
54Fe(p, p) 56Fe(p, n) 57Fe(p, 2n) 58Fe(p, 3n)
-18.682
-13.11
-20.75
-30.80
19.031
13.34
21.12
31.33
54Mn 312.05 d(4) IT+EC
(100)
834.848 (3) 99.9760(10) 57Fe(p, ) -1.1 1.1
www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/
natFe : 54Fe(5.845%), 56Fe(91.754%), 57Fe(2.119%), 58Fe(0.282%)
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Identifications of gamma-ray peak
122.0
6 k
eV
136.4
7 k
eV
834.8
6 k
eV
846.7
7 k
eV
1037.8
4 k
eV
1238.2
8 k
eV
irradiation time : 1h
cooling time : 10 Mon
Proton beam energy : 18.8 MeV
natFe(p, x)57Co
natFe(p, x)58Co
natFe(p, x)54Mn
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Identifications of gamma-ray peak
834.8
6 k
eV
477.2
keV
irradiation time : 1h
cooling time : 2 day
Proton beam energy : 38.5 MeV
natFe(p, x)54Mn
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
R = Reaction rate
λ = decay constant, s-1
C = total counts of gamma-ray peak area
N = number of target atoms, atom
= peak efficiency
I = branching ratio of gamma-ray
tc, tm, tirr = cooling time, measuring time, irradiation time (s)
Q = proton beam current, coulomb.
)()( icm λtλtλt eee 11NQγεI
λCR
Reaction Rate Cross-Sections
= cross section, cm-2
Nd = atomic density, atom/cm3
l = foil thickness, cm
= beam intensity, p/cm2/sec
lN
RQNσ
d
)()( icm λtλtλt eee 11 t d
NγI ε
λC
Formula of Cross sections calculations
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Deduction of Integral Yield
λdE.
dxdE
σ(E)..NIY
E
0E
dp
Ip = Proton flux (p/cm2-sec)
Nd = Number density (atoms/cm3)
σ(E) = Cross-sections (cm2)
(dE/dx)E = Stopping power (MeV/cm)
dE = Ein-Eout: energy difference
λ = Decay constant
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
3. Results and discussion
Excitation functions of the measured radionuclides
http://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/exfor.htm
20 30 40 50
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(mb
)
Proton Energy(MeV)
This work
M.Al-Abyad(2009)
I.F.Barchuk(1987)
I.R.Williams(1967)
R.Michel(1979)
R.Michel(1997)
TALYS
natFe(p,x)
51Cr
20 30 40 50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(mb
)
Proton Energy(MeV)
This work
I.R.Williams(1967)
M.C.Lagunas-Solar(1979)
TALYSnat
Fe(p,x)52
Mn
10 20 30 40 50 60
0
50
100
150
200
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(mb
)
Proton Energy(MeV)
This work
E.Daum(1997)
I.F.Barchuk(1987)
I.R.Williams(1967)
M.Al-Abyad(2009)
R.L.Brodzinski(1971)
R.Michel(1979)
R.Michel(1997)
TALYS
natFe(p,x)
54Mn
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Excitation functions of the measured radionuclides
10 20 30 40 50
0
20
40
60
80
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(mb
)
Proton Energy(MeV)
This work
E.Daum(1997)
I.R.Williams(1967)
J.N.Barrandon(1975)
M.Al-Abyad(2009)
M.C.Lagunas-Solar(1979)
R.L.Brodzinski(1971)
ZhaoWenrong(1993)
R.Michel(1979)
R.Michel(1997)
TALYS
natFe(p,x)
55Co
0 10 20 30 40
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(mb
)
Proton Energy(MeV)
This work
E.Daum(1997)
I.F.Barchuk(1987)
I.R.Williams(1967)
J.N.Barrandon(1975)
M.Al-Abyad(2009)
M.C.Lagunas-Solar(1979)
N.C.Schoen(1979)
P.Jung(1991)
R.L.Brodzinski(1971)
S.Sudar(1994)
ZhaoWenrong(1993)
S.Takacs(1994)
R.Michel(1979)
R.Michel(1980)
R.Michel(1997)
TALYS
natFe(p,x)
56Co
0 10 20 30 40
0
5
10
15
20
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(mb
)
Proton Energy(MeV)
This work
E.Daum(1997)
E.Daum(1997)
M.Al-Abyad(2009)
N.C.Schoen(1979)
S.Sudar(1994)
ZhaoWenrong(1993)
R.Michel(1979)
R.Michel(1980)
R.Michel(1997)
TALYS
natFe(p,x)
57Co
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Deduction of Integral Yield
10 20 30 40
10
20
30
40
50
Inte
gral
Yie
ld (
MB
q/u
A-h
)
Proton Energy (MeV)
51Cr
54Mn
55Co
57Co
10 20 30 40
200
400
600
800
1000
Inte
gra
l Y
ield
(M
Bq
/uA
-h)
Proton Energy (MeV)
52Mn
56Co
natFe(p, x) natFe(p, x)
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
We measured the production cross-sections of 52,54Mn, 55,56,57Co, and 51Cr
radionuclides from 3-40 MeV proton-induced reactions on natural iron at the
MC50 cyclotron of the KIRAMS(Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical
Sciences).
The results are compared with the available literature values as well as the
theoretical data calculated by the TALYS codes.
The thick target integral yields were also deduced using the measured cross-
sections of the produced radionuclides.
4. Conclusions
Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM
Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.
Thank you