examples of body

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Examples of Body Language

JAMIE FRATERNOVEMBER 8, 2007

They say a picture paints a thousand wordsand the same can certainly be said

for gestures. We all subconsciously give away hints as to our true feelings,through our movements and gestures. This is a list of 25 examples of body

language.

Gestures 15

Gesture:Brisk, erect walk

Meaning:Confidence

Gesture:Standing with hands on hips

Meaning:Readiness, aggression

Gesture:Sitting with legs crossed, foot kicking slightly

Meaning:Boredom

Gesture:Sitting, legs apartMeaning:Open, relaxed

Gesture:Arms crossed on chest

Meaning:Defensiveness

Gestures 610
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Gesture:Walking with hands in pockets, shoulders hunched

Meaning:Dejection

Gesture:Hand to cheek

Meaning:Evaluation, thinking

Gesture:Touching, slightly rubbing nose

Meaning:Rejection, doubt, lying

Gesture:Rubbing the eye

Meaning:Doubt, disbelief

Gesture:Hands clasped behind back

Meaning:Anger, frustration, apprehension

Gestures 1115
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Gesture:Locked ankles

Meaning:Apprehension

Gesture:Head resting in hand, eyes downcast

Meaning:Boredom

Gesture:Rubbing hands

Meaning:Anticipation

Gesture:Sitting with hands clasped behind head, legs crossed

Meaning:Confidence, superiority

Gesture:Open palm

Meaning:Sincerity, openness, innocence

Gestures 1620
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Gesture:Pinching bridge of nose, eyes closed

Meaning:Negative evaluation

Gesture:Tapping or drumming fingers

Meaning:Impatience

Gesture:Steepling fingers

Meaning:Authoritative

Gesture:Patting/fondling hair

Meaning:Lack of self-confidence; insecurity

Gesture:Quickly tilted head

Meaning:Interest

Gestures 2125
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Gesture:Stroking chin

Meaning:Trying to make a decision

Gesture:Looking down, face turned away

Meaning:Disbelief

Gesture:Biting nails

Meaning:Insecurity, nervousness

Gesture:Pulling or tugging at ear

Meaning:Indecision

Gesture:Prolonged tilted head

Meaning:Boredom

Types of Nonverbal Communication

8 Major Nonverbal Beahviors

ByKendra Cherry

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Different types of nonverbal communication include facial expressions, gestures

and posture.

Photo by John Evans

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Manipal University (MU)manipal.edu/Apply_NowTop Ranking Institute in India.

Admission Open For 2014 Batch.

According to experts, a substantial portion of our communication is nonverbal.

Every day, we respond to thousands on nonverbal cues and behaviors including

postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. From our

handshakes to our hairstyles, nonverbal details reveal who we are and impact

how we relate to other people.

Scientific research on nonverbal communication and behavior began with the

1872 publication of Charles Darwin'sThe Expression of the Emotions in Man and

Animals. Since that time, there has been an abundance of research on the types,

effects and expressions of unspoken communication and behavior. While these

signals are often so subtle that we are not consciously aware of them, research

has identified several different types of nonverbal communication.

In many cases, we communicate information in nonverbal ways using groups of

behaviors. For example, we might combine a frown with crossed arms and

unblinking eye gaze to indicate disapproval.

1. Facial Expression

Facial expressions are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal

communication. Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or

a frown. While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically

between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear

are similar throughout the world.

2. Gestures

Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate

meaning without words. Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using

fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to

culture.

3. Paralinguistics

Paralinguistics refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual

language. This includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection and

pitch. Consider the powerful effect that tone of voice can have on the meaning of
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a sentence. When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret approval

and enthusiasm. The same words said in a hesitant tone of voice might convey

disapproval and a lack of interest.

4. Body Language and Posture

Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Research on

body language has grown significantly since the 1970's, but popular media have

focused on the over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-

crossing, especially after the publication of Julius Fast's bookBody Language.

While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings andattitudes,research

suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously

believed.

5. Proxemics

People often refer to their need for "personal space," which is also an important

type of nonverbal communication. The amount of distance we need and the

amount of space we perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of

factors including social norms, situational factors, personality characteristics and

level of familiarity. For example, the amount of personal space needed when

having a casual conversation with another person usually varies between 18

inches to four feet. On the other hand, the personal distance needed when

speaking to a crowd of people is around 10 to 12 feet.

6. Eye Gaze

Looking, staring and blinking can also be important nonverbal behaviors. When

people encounter people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases

and pupils dilate. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions,

including hostility, interest and attraction.

7. Haptics

Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There

has been a substantial amount of research on the importance of touch in infancy

and early childhood.Harry Harlow's classic monkey studydemonstrated how the

deprivation of touch and contact impedes development. Baby monkeys raised by

wire mothers experienced permanent deficits in behavior and social interaction.
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Touch can be used to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy and other

emotions.

8. Appearance

Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles and other factors affecting appearanceare also considered a means of nonverbal communication. Research oncolor

psychologyhas demonstrated that different colors can evoke different moods.

Appearance can also alter physiological reactions, judgments and interpretations.

Just think of all the subtle judgements you quickly make about someone based on

his or her appearance. These first impressions are important, which is why

experts suggest that job seekers dress appropriately for interviews with potential

employers.

What are the various causes of Conflict ?

SUNIL

Conflict arises due to various reasons. Malthus, the eminent economist says that

reduced supply of the means of subsistence is the root cause of conflict. According

to him, conflict is caused by the increase of population in geometrical progression

and the food supply in arithmetical progression.

According to Charles Darwin, the biological principles of "Struggle for existence"

and "the survival of the fittest" are the main cause of conflict.

Sigmund Freud and other psychologist hold the view that the innate instinct for

aggression in man is the main cause of conflict. Thus, various causes lead to

conflict.

The main cause of conflict may be briefly stated as follows:

1. Individual Difference:

Inn society, men are not alike in their nature, attitudes, ideal, interest and

aspirations. Due to this difference, they fail to accommodate themselves which

may lead to conflict among them.

2. Cultural Difference: Culture is the way of life of a group. It differs from society

to society. The culture of one group differs from the culture of the other group.

These cultural differences among the group, sometimes cause tension and lead to

conflict.
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3. Clashes of Interests: The clash of interests of different people makes conflict

inevitable. The interests of the workers clash with those of employers lead to

conflict among them.

4. Social Change: Conflict also arises due to the difference between rates of social

change. The change in the moral norms of a society and man's hopes, aspirationsand demands leads to conflict .The conflict between the old and new generations

is owing to social changes. Conflict is an expression of social disequilibrium.

Types of Conflict

George Simmel has mentioned four types of conflict: (i) War (ii) Feud or factional

Strife (iii) Litigation and (iv) Conflict of impersonal ideals.

(i) War:

According to Simmle, war represents a deep seated antagonistic impulse in man.It is a worst type of conflict which aims at the destruction of the opponent. When

all the efforts to resolve the conflict between two nations fail, war finally breaks

out as it in the only alternative to the peaceful means of solution.

(ii) Feud or Factional strife:

It is an intra- group conflict. It takes place among the members of the same

group. The degree of feud varies in groups.

(iii) Litigation:

Litigation is a judicial form of conflict. People take recourse to legal means in the

courts of law to protect their right to possessions. This type of conflict is more

objective in nature.

(iv) Conflict of impersonal ideals:

When individuals fight not for their personal gain, but for some ideal, it is called

the conflict of impersonal ideals. In such a conflict, each party attempts to justify

truthfulness of its own ideals. For example, a political party always tries to prove

that its ideals are better than that of the other political parties.

There are eminent sociologists like Gillin and Gillin and others who have pointed

out five forms of conflict namely, personal, racial, political, and international and

class conflict.

Types of conflict


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1) Personal Conflict:

Personal conflict occurs on personal level. It arises when the ideals and aims of

two individuals clash with each other. The fight of the students for the office of

the Secretary of college Union provides a bright example of Personal Conflict.

2) Racial Conflict:

Racial conflict is mostly due to the physical differences. Some races consider

themselves superior to other races and there are also races which feel that they

are inferior to other. The feeling of superiority or inferiority is the root cause of

racial conflict. Conflict between the Whites and Negroes in the U.S.A. provides an

example of racial conflict.

3) Political Conflict:

Political conflict arises when different political parties with their own ideologiestry to achieve their interest. The main cause of this kind of conflict is power which

they want to capture. The conflict between different political parties is an

example of this type of conflict.

4) International Conflict:

International conflict occurs among the different nations of the world. It may take

place for political, religious economic, ideological or for any other reasons. The

conflict between India and Pakistan is an example of such type of conflict.

5) Class Conflict:

Class conflict takes place among classes with their differing interests. In the

feudal society there was conflict between the landlords and the peasants. The

capitalist society is characterised by the bourgeoisie and proletariat.

In addition to the conflicts discussed above there are a few other forms of conflict.

They are stated below:

(i) Personal and Corporate Conflict:

Conflict may be personal as well as corporate. Personal conflict takes place within

the groups. It arises on account of various motives, envy, hostility, treachery etc.

The group does not derive any benefit from this kind of internal conflict.

Corporate conflict occurs among the groups within a society or between two

societies. Race-riots, communal riots, war between nations are some of the

examples of corporal conflict Latent and Overt Conflic


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Conflict may be latent or overt. Sometimes individuals or groups do not want to

express their feeling of conflict due to some reasons. This unexpressed conflict is

known as the latent conflict. In other words, Social tension and dissatisfactions,

before their expression in the form of hostile action, are two important kinds of

latent conflict.

On the other hand, the overt conflict is the conflict expressed by a part or parties.

Latent conflict becomes overt conflict when an issue is declared and when hostile

action is taken. The war between India and Pakistan is an example of overt

conflict.sss


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