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Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following is/are associated with the gastrointestinal system? 1)A) blood vesselsB) adrenal glandC) bronchiD) esophagusE) brain

Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

2) The fluid (non-cellular) portion of blood is called 2)A) interstitial fluid.B) the internal environment.C) intracellular matrix.D) intracellular fluid.E) plasma.

Answer: EExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

3) The ________ is the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel. 3)A) epitheliumB) cavityC) basement membraneD) lumenE) intracellular matrix


B)C)D)E)

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Full file at http://testbanksite.eu/Principles-of-Human-Physiology-5th-Edition-Test-Bank

4) Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of thebody, from least to most complex?

4)

A) cells, tissues, organ systems, organsB) organ systems, cells, tissues, organsC) tissues, cells, organs, organ systemsD) organ systems, organs, tissues, cellsE) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems


B)C)D)E)

5) Which of the following is a normal blood glucose level? 5)A) 50 mg/dLB) 50 mmolarC) 200 mmolarD) 100 mg/dLE) 100 gm/mL


B)C)D)E)

6) Movement from the blood into the kidney tubules would represent which of the followingprocesses?

6)

A) filtrationB) absorptionC) reabsorptionD) excretionE) secretion

Answer: AExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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7) The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlledboth on a voluntary and involuntary level, is ________ tissue.

7)

A) connectiveB) nervousC) skeletalD) epithelialE) muscle


B)C)D)E)

8) The process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys is called 8)A) reabsorption.B) secretion.C) filtration.D) excretion.E) absorption.

Answer: CExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

9) The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called 9)A) cells.B) organs.C) tissues.D) organ systems.E) organelles.


B)C)D)E)

10) Where is most of the water in the body found? 10)A) in the extracellular fluidB) in the plasmaC) in the lumen of the stomachD) in the intracellular fluidE) in the interstitial fluid


B)C)D)E)

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11) Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, andthat information is sent to the integrator.

11)

A) error signal : regulated variableB) sensor : regulated variableC) set point : regulated variableD) regulated variable : sensorE) regulated variable : set point


B)C)D)E)

12) Total body water is composed of 12)A) intracellular and extracellular fluid.B) plasma and intracellular fluid.C) extracellular fluid only.D) intracellular fluid only.E) intracellular and interstitial fluid.


B)C)D)E)

13) What cells secrete insulin? 13)A) neuronsB) collagen cellsC) exocrine cellsD) alpha cellsE) beta cells


B)C)D)E)

14) Epithelial cells are associated with a noncellular material called a(n) 14)A) basement membrane.B) fibroblast.C) connective tissue.D) muscle fiber.E) endocrine gland.


B)C)D)E)

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15) Glands are derived from what type of tissue? 15)A) epithelial B) connective C) reticular D) muscle E) nerve


B)C)D)E)

16) Which statement below best defines homeostasis? 16)A) Homeostasis means all regulated variables are at the set point.B) Homeostasis refers to the regulation of temperature in the human body.C) Homeostasis is maintained through positive feedback loops.D) Homeostasis is the process whereby the body maintains the internal environment in a state

compatible for life.E) Homeostasis is the process whereby the body changes with the external environment.


B)C)D)E)

17) Body mass index is a measure of weight in kilograms relative to 17)A) arm length.B) weight (in kilograms in water).C) height in meters (squared).D) waste circumference.E) gender.


B)C)D)E)

18) Which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen andelastin?

18)

A) nervous tissueB) connective tissueC) endocrine tissueD) muscle tissueE) epithelial tissue

Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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19) Movement from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to the blood would represent which of thefollowing processes?

19)

A) secretionB) absorptionC) filtrationD) excretionE) reabsorption


B)C)D)E)

20) Which of the following people would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II? 20)A) a thin, malnourished, African American childB) an obese Hispanic childC) a thin white adultD) an obese Hispanic adultE) an obese white adult


B)C)D)E)

21) Which of the following types of diabetes mellitus was formerly referred to as insulin-dependent orjuvenile-onset diabetes mellitus?

21)

A) type 2B) prediabetesC) type 1D) gestational diabetesE) diabetes insipidus


B)C)D)E)

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22) Luteinizing hormone-mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women is an example of 22)A) both a positive and a negative feedback loop.B) a quasi-negative feedback loop.C) a quasi-positive feedback loop.D) a negative feedback loop.E) a positive feedback loop.


B)C)D)E)

23) Which statement below lists the essential components of a feedback loop and describes theirfunction?

23)

A) Set point detects the regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it tothe appropriate effector; effector decides if it will react or not to the signal.

B) Sensor detects a regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it to theappropriate effector; effector alters the regulated variable; organ system returns the body backto normal

C) Sensor detects a regulated variable; set point is the value of the regulated variable; integratorinterprets the information and sends it to the appropriate effector; effector alters the regulatedvariable.

D) Integrator interprets the information; set point is the value of the regulated variable; effectoralters the regulated variable.

E) Set point is the value of the regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sendsit to the appropriate effector; effector alters the regulated variable; set point is the point thevariable must always return to.


B)C)D)E)

24) The fluid compartment with a high protein and potassium concentration is called 24)A) interstitial fluid.B) extracellular fluid.C) total body water.D) the internal environment.E) intracellular fluid.


B)C)D)E)

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25) Of the following conditions associated with excess heat, which is the most serious condition? 25)A) heat strokeB) dizzinessC) dehydrationD) heat exhaustionE) excessive sweating


B)C)D)E)

26) What tissue is specialized for separating fluids? 26)A) epithelial B) connective C) nervous D) muscle E) endocrine


B)C)D)E)

27) What cells secrete insulin? 27)A) I cells of the adrenal cortexB) several cells located throughout the bodyC) G cells of the adrenal cortexD) beta cells of the pancreasE) alpha cells of the pancreas


B)C)D)E)

28) What are the two major consequences for those who suffer from diabetes mellitus? 28)A) high blood glucose and excessive urinationB) low blood sugar and faintingC) high blood glucose and glucose in the urineD) high blood glucose and cells that cannot utilize that glucose for energyE) high blood glucose and excessive thirst


B)C)D)E)

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29) Prediabetics have a fasting blood glucose level of ________ and, according to the Centers forDisease Control (CDC), approximately ________ million Americans are prediabetic.

29)

A) 300-400 mg/dL : 100B) 500-1000 mg/dL : 300C) 70-100 mg/dL : 10D) 100-125 mg/dL : 80E) 200-250 mg/dL : 50


B)C)D)E)

30) What percentage of women will develop type 2 diabetes after developing gestational diabetes? 30)A) 1-2% B) 12-15% C) 25-30% D) 5-10% E) 3-4%


B)C)D)E)

31) The fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration is called 31)A) plasma.B) interstitial fluid.C) extracellular fluid.D) intracellular and extracellular fluids.E) intracellular fluid.


B)C)D)E)

32) Where is most of our total body water located? 32)A) in bloodB) in the lumen of the kidneysC) surrounding the cellsD) in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tractE) inside cells


B)C)D)E)

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33) Which tissue below contracts to generate force? 33)A) epithelial tissueB) connective tissueC) nervous tissueD) muscle tissueE) reticular tissue


B)C)D)E)

34) The fluid compartment with a high sodium concentration that contains only trace amounts ofprotein is called

34)

A) intracellular fluid.B) interstitial fluid.C) extracellular fluid.D) intracellular and extracellular fluids.E) plasma.


B)C)D)E)

35) Which of the following compartments contain most of the water found in the human body? 35)A) plasmaB) lumen of the intestinal tractC) intracellular fluidD) extracellular fluidE) interstitial fluid


B)C)D)E)

36) Cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream are called 36)A) lymphocytes.B) erythrocytes.C) karyocytes.D) hemoglobin.E) leukocytes.


B)C)D)E)

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37) Referring to a membrane as "selectively permeable" describes its ability to 37)A) provide a barrier that restricts the movement of all molecules across a membrane.B) restrict only the movement of potassium across the membrane.C) allow the movement of particular molecules across a membrane.D) provide a minimal barrier that allows almost any molecule to move across a membrane.E) restrict only the movement of sodium across a membrane.


B)C)D)E)

38) Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid? 38)A) rich in sodium and chlorideB) rich in proteins and potassiumC) rich in sodium, potassium, and chlorideD) rich in proteins and chlorideE) rich in potassium and chloride


B)C)D)E)

39) What are the structures that attach bone to muscle? 39)A) ligamentsB) aponeurosesC) intracellular matrix proteinsD) tendonsE) extracellular matrix proteins


B)C)D)E)

40) Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE? 40)A) Illness can result if homeostasis is disrupted.B) The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life.C) The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.D) Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment.E) The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback.


B)C)D)E)

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41) The specific structures that attach bone to bone are called 41)A) skeletal muscle.B) ligaments.C) sheathing.D) tendons.E) smooth muscle.


B)C)D)E)

42) The feedback loop involving luteinizing hormone and estrogen is terminated by 42)A) ovulation, which decreases estrogen secretion.B) nothing; the cycle cannot be terminated.C) ovulation, which directly inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion.D) birth.E) pregnancy.


B)C)D)E)

43) For a person weighing 150 pounds, how many liters of water are contained in all of the body'scompartments?

43)

A) 70 B) 11 C) 14 D) 42 E) 50Answer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

44) Which tissue below is specialized for lining the lumen of vessels material? 44)A) epithelial tissueB) connective tissueC) nervous tissueD) muscle tissueE) reticular tissue


B)C)D)E)

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45) Which tissue below conducts signals primarily via electrical impulses? 45)A) epithelial tissueB) connective tissueC) nervous tissueD) muscle tissueE) reticular tissue


B)C)D)E)

46) The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called 46)A) intercellular fluid.B) intracellular fluid.C) plasma.D) extracellular fluid.E) interstitial fluid.


B)C)D)E)

47) What tissue is specialized to contract? 47)A) epithelial B) connective C) nervous D) muscle E) endocrine


B)C)D)E)

48) What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus? 48)A) One causes diarrhea; the other causes diuresis.B) One is a deficit in insulin activity; the other a deficit in ADH activity.C) One causes increased fluid loss; the other causes increased thirst.D) One is a lack of ADH secretion; the other a resistance to ADH.E) One is a lack of insulin secretion; the other a resistance to insulin.


B)C)D)E)

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49) Organs of the body are defined as 49)A) a collection of cells that perform similar functions.B) two or more tissues combined to form a structure that allows each tissue to function

independently.C) a collection of tissues that function independently of one another.D) a collection of cells that function independently of one another.E) a combination of two or more tissues that make up a structure which performs a specific

function.Answer: EExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

50) John has type 2 diabetes. He has a sedentary lifestyle, is overweight, and recently went to thedoctor who gave him a hemoglobin A1c test which came back at 7%. What is the best course oftreatment for John?

50)

A) insulin shots and a healthy dietB) frequent monitoring of his blood glucose levels with insulin shotsC) insulin shots and exerciseD) a strict diet, frequent monitoring of his blood glucose, exercise, and oral glucose medicationE) measure his BMI, continued monitoring of his blood glucose levels with a hemoglobin A1c

test, and changes in lifestyleAnswer: DExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

51) The smallest living units, capable of carrying out their own basic life processes, are 51)A) tissues. B) cells. C) organs. D) atoms. E) molecules.


B)C)D)E)

52) What type of ductless gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream? 52)A) endocrine B) sweat C) exocrine D) salivary E) matrix


B)C)D)E)

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53) Vinnie has high blood glucose and must take insulin shots to control his blood sugar. Why must heoverride his normal homeostatic mechanisms by taking medication?

53)

A) An error signal has been sent to Vinnie's integrating center, which is not functioning properly.B) Vinnie's sensors are detecting high levels of glucose and therefore are not secreting insulin

due to positive feedback control.C) Vinnie's negative feedback controls are not functioning properly.D) Vinnie's positive feedback controls are not functioning properly.E) Vinnie's set point has changed telling him he needs more sugar.


B)C)D)E)

54) What is a general name for the noncellular material that holds the widely scattered cells ofconnective tissue together?

54)

A) elastinB) basement membraneC) collagenD) intracellular matrixE) extracellular matrix


B)C)D)E)

55) What is the primary reason the prevalence of diabetes is increasing in the U.S. population? 55)A) sedentary lifestylesB) lack of physical activityC) an aging populationD) the U.S. dietE) obesity


B)C)D)E)

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56) Although diabetes mellitus has many symptoms, the primary diagnostic symptoms of the diseaseare ________ and ________.

56)

A) dizziness : dehydrationB) elevated blood glucose : lethargyC) elevated blood glucose : poor healingD) elevated blood glucose : glucose in the urineE) lethargy : dizziness


B)C)D)E)

57) Which of the following is/are associated with the endocrine system? 57)A) pancreasB) adrenal glandC) esophagusD) bronchiE) blood vessels


B)C)D)E)

58) Obesity is identified using what measurement? 58)A) waist circumference scaleB) body type indexC) ethnicity scaleD) CDC disease scaleE) body mass index (BMI)


B)C)D)E)

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59) ________ are found in the linings of hollow organs where they separate fluids in the interior cavityfrom the surrounding body fluids. The interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel is known as a________.

59)

A) Endocrine cells : lumenB) Smooth muscle cells : cavityC) Connective tissues : basement membraneD) Elastin cells : cavityE) Epithelial : lumen


B)C)D)E)

60) If you were to take the temperature of everyone in class, assuming no one is sick, you would findthat not everyone has a temperature of 98.6°F. Which statement below best explains your findings?

60)

A) The measuring instrument is not working properly; everyone has a set point of 98.6°F.B) Most regulated variables, such as temperature, fluctuate continuously and oscillate about the

set point due to negative feedback control.C) An error signal has occurred and a positive feedback response has put the persons in question

out of the normal range of function.D) Their temperature is no doubt higher than 98.6°F because a positive feedback loop has

increased the subjects' metabolism.E) If the subject is not at 98.6°F then he or she is in a disease state


B)C)D)E)

61) What are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body? 61)A) intracellular fluid and bloodB) interstitial fluid and bloodC) intracellular fluid and plasmaD) interstitial fluid and plasmaE) intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid


B)C)D)E)

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62) What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis? 62)A) extrinsic controlB) inherent controlC) negative feedbackD) intrinsic controlE) positive feedback


B)C)D)E)

63) Extracellular fluid is composed of 63)A) intracellular fluid only.B) interstitial fluid only.C) interstitial fluid and plasma.D) plasma only.E) plasma and intracellular fluid.


B)C)D)E)

64) Pre-diabetics have fasting blood glucose levels of 64)A) 200-210 mg/dLB) 90-100 mg/dLC) 70-100 mg/dLD) 100-125 mg/dLE) 150-200 mg/dL


B)C)D)E)

65) What percentage of adults in the United States is obese? 65)A) 15% B) 10% C) 35% D) 20% E) 25%


B)C)D)E)

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66) Which of the following is/are associated with the respiratory system? 66)A) esophagusB) adrenal glandC) blood vesselsD) bronchiE) brain


B)C)D)E)

67) Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It is released when glucose levels increaseabove normal. Based on the concept of negative feedback, what effect will insulin have on bloodglucose levels?

67)

A) Insulin does not regulate blood glucose levels.B) Insulin will not affect glucose levels.C) It makes them go both up and down.D) It will decrease them.E) It will increase them.


B)C)D)E)

68) The elimination of unabsorbed materials from the body refers to which of the processes below? 68)A) reabsorptionB) absorptionC) filtrationD) excretionE) secretion


B)C)D)E)

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69) Which of the following is/are a component of the cardiovascular system? 69)A) adrenal glandB) esophagusC) bronchiD) blood vesselsE) brain


B)C)D)E)

70) Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? 70)A) During a blood clot, platelets release ADP, which stimulates platelet aggregation, causing

platelets to release more ADP.B) Consumption of caffeine increases urine output, causing dehydration.C) If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change

and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves thatcontrol the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vesselsincrease in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.

D) During an infection, the body temperature set point is increased. The hypothalamuscommunicates to skeletal muscles to shiver and to blood vessels to decrease blood flow to theskin, causing a rise in body temperature.

E) At the time of birth, uterine contractions push the baby toward the cervix. Receptors in thecervix detect the pressure caused by the baby and cause the release of a hormone calledoxytocin. This hormone stimulates stronger uterine contractions, which push more on thebaby, causing an increase in pressure and another increase in oxytocin. The cycle continuesuntil the baby is delivered from the mother.


B)C)D)E)

71) The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called________, and it occurs primarily through ________.

71)

A) homeostasis : negative feedbackB) positive feedback : intrinsic controlC) intrinsic control : homeostasisD) negative feedback : intrinsic controlE) intrinsic control : negative feedback


B)C)D)E)

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72) The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the internal environment? 72)A) gastrointestinal and urinary systemsB) gastrointestinal systemC) urinary systemD) respiratory systemE) cardiovascular system


B)C)D)E)

73) Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body 73)A) maintains a constant external environment.B) maintains a variable internal environment.C) maintains a constant internal and external environment.D) maintains a constant internal environment.E) affects the external environment.


B)C)D)E)

74) The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called 74)A) physiology.B) microbiology.C) anatomy.D) homeostasis.E) biochemistry.


B)C)D)E)

75) A patient has a high salt or sodium intake which draws fluid out of his cells to dilute the sodium.This process occurs as a result of

75)

A) excretion.B) negative feedback control.C) reabsorption.D) positive feedback control.E) absorption.


B)C)D)E)

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76) Which of the following is/are associated with the nervous system? 76)A) brainB) blood vesselsC) bronchiD) adrenal cortexE) esophagus


B)C)D)E)

77) The cell types blood, bone, fat, and lymph would be categorized into which of the following majorcell classes?

77)

A) neuronsB) connective tissue cellsC) endocrine cellsD) muscle cellsE) epithelial cells


B)C)D)E)

78) A ________ detects a change in a regulated variable and sends that information to a(n) ________which relays signals to a(n) ________, usually a muscle or a gland.

78)

A) stimulus : receptor : organ systemB) receptor : integrating center : negative feedback controlC) sensor : effector : integrating centerD) sensor : integrating center : effectorE) receptor : stimulus : regulated variable


B)C)D)E)

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79) Lisinopril is a medication that lowers high blood pressure back to within a desired range offunction. The action of this medication is similar to that of a(n) ________ in the human body.

79)

A) positive feedback responseB) regulated variableC) integrating centerD) negative feedback responseE) set point


B)C)D)E)

80) Which of the following is a protein found in connective tissue that provides the tensile strength toresist stretching?

80)

A) basement membraneB) erythropoietinC) collagenD) vimentinE) elastin


B)C)D)E)

81) The process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstreamis called

81)

A) secretion.B) excretion.C) reabsorption.D) filtration.E) absorption.


B)C)D)E)

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82) The process whereby enzymes are moved into the gastrointestinal tract to digest nutrients is called 82)A) excretion.B) secretion.C) reabsorption.D) absorption.E) filtration.


B)C)D)E)

83) The uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into thebloodstream is called

83)

A) absorption.B) secretion.C) excretion.D) filtration.E) reabsorption.


B)C)D)E)

84) What tissue is specialized for generating electrical signals? 84)A) epithelial B) connective C) nervous D) muscle E) endocrine


B)C)D)E)

85) Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffers from diabetesmellitus?

85)

A) 15% B) 8% C) 1% D) 0.1% E) 0.5%Answer: BExplanation: A)

B)C)D)E)

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86) The process whereby fluid and ions that have not been reabsorbed by the kidneys exit the body asurine is called

86)

A) absorption.B) secretion.C) excretion.D) filtration.E) reabsorption.


B)C)D)E)

87) What organ system includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland? 87)A) endocrineB) nervousC) cardiovascularD) integumentaryE) immune


B)C)D)E)

88) What lab test, often deemed the "lie detector test" by health care workers, measures the averageblood glucose levels for the past 2-3 months?

88)

A) siphon testB) glucose tolerance testC) fasting blood glucose testD) hemoglobin A1c testE) random blood glucose test


B)C)D)E)

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89) When people cut themselves, they have clotting factors in their blood that will be releasedcontinuously in a cascade until their blood clots and terminates the bleeding. What mechanismcaused their blood to clot?

89)

A) negative feedback controlB) positive feedback controlC) reabsorptionD) secretionE) homeostasis


B)C)D)E)

90) Which tissue below provides structural support? 90)A) epithelial tissueB) connective tissueC) nervous tissueD) muscle tissueE) reticular tissue


B)C)D)E)

91) Cells are classified into which of the following four broad categories? 91)A) squamous, cubodial, columnar, and basement membranesB) neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissueC) skeletal, cardiac, endocrine, and nervousD) atoms, tissues, organs, and organ systemsE) endocrine, nervous, integumentary, and reproductive


B)C)D)E)

92) What tissue is a major component of bone, ligaments, and blood? 92)A) epithelial B) connective C) nervous D) muscle E) endocrine


B)C)D)E)

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TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

93) Connective tissue forms both endocrine and exocrine glands. 93)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

94) The most abundant substance in the body is carbon. 94)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

95) People with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 are most prone to develop type 2 diabetesmellitus.

95)

Answer: True FalseExplanation:

96) Positive feedback loops are impossible to stop once they have begun. 96)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

97) The internal and external environments are separated by the selectively permeable membranes ofepithelial cells.

97)


98) Obesity predisposes a person to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus. 98)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

99) Diabetes mellitus requires insulin injections for maintenance. 99)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

100) Physiology is the study of function and can come in many forms, including plant physiology. 100)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

101) Exocrine glands secrete hormones. 101)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

102) The homeostatic mechanisms of the body are unlimited in their ability to respond to changes in theexternal environment.

102)


103) Effectors bring about a final response in a negative feedback loop. 103)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

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104) Diabetes mellitus causes hyperglycemia. 104)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

105) Pathophysiology is what happens when normal body functions are disrupted. 105)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

106) The immune system protects the body from invading microorganisms. 106)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

107) All forms of diabetes involve a decrease in plasma levels of insulin. 107)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

108) Most of the cells of the body are able to directly exchange materials with the external environment. 108)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

109) Once a woman develops gestational diabetes, she will have diabetes for life. 109)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

110) Blood glucose is a regulated variable. 110)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

111) Cases of diabetes mellitus are increasing throughout the world, not just in the United States. 111)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

112) Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are of the same ion composition. 112)Answer: True FalseExplanation:

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

113) Blood glucose is a regulated variable controlled by a negative feedback loop. Explain what is meant by the termnegative feedback and discuss how this mechanism would work in the case of high blood glucose.Answer: Negative feedback systems reverse the response of an increasing variable back to the set point for that

variable. In this case, the rising blood glucose levels are detected by the sensors or beta cells within thepancreas. The beta cells also act as the integrating center and release the hormone insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin causes glucose to move from the plasma of the blood into the cells of the body or effectorstherefore driving down the levels of glucose back to within normal ranges.

28


114) Water is the most abundant molecule in the human body. Identify both the amount of water and its locationwithin the body.Answer: TBW represents the total volume of fluid within the body and is approximately 42 liters for an ideal

human subject of 150 pounds. Most of the water in the body (28 liters) is found in intracellular fluid or thefluid found inside of cells. Extracellular fluid (14 liters of TBW), the fluid outside of cells, is composed oftwo compartments. One is the fluid component of blood (plasma), which is approximately 3 liters. Thesecond is the fluid that bathes cells (interstitial fluid), which makes up 11 liters of TBW.

115) Compare and contrast the different forms of diabetes.Answer: There are several types of diabetes, including diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, diabetes

insipidus, and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 are associated with insufficientactions of insulin causing hyperglycemia and a number of other symptoms. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by decreased secretion of insulin. Without sufficient insulin, cells donot uptake glucose to meet their metabolic needs. Liver and muscle cells do not uptake insulin to storeenergy for later needs. Thus hyperglycemia and fatigue are common symptoms. In diabetes mellitus type 2, beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin, but effector cells do not respond tothe insulin. Thus symptoms are similar to that of diabetes mellitus type 1. Diabetes insipidus is a disease affecting the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH promotes waterreabsorption from the kidneys, and in its absence (or a decrease in tissue responsiveness to it), excessivewater is lost in the urine causing dehydration. Gestational diabetes develops in some pregnant women. It is similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus, withhormones of pregnancy thought to induce the insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes often reversesfollowing delivery of the baby.

116) Describe the four general groups of cells (tissues) that are found in the body, outlining the importantcharacteristics of each group and their functions.Answer: Nervous tissue - Neurons are specialized for the transmission of information in the form of electrical

signals. They typically possess a number of branches that function to receive or transmit those electricalsignals. Some are even capable of detecting sensory information.Muscle tissue - Muscle cells are involved in force development and movement. They tend to beelongated in shape and can be under either voluntary or involuntary control.Epithelial tissue - Epithelial cells are arranged as a sheet-like layer of cells connected to a thin,non-cellular basement membrane. These cells are found in many shapes, sizes, and layer thicknesses.They are closely associated with their neighbors, providing a barrier separating body fluids from theexternal environment. Certain epithelial cells are specialized to transport specific molecules from onecompartment to another.Connective tissue - This tissue encompasses many cell types including blood cells, bone cells, and manyothers. In a narrow sense, these cells provide physical support for other structures like tendons andligaments. In a broader sense, the term connective tissue encompasses fluids like blood and lymph that"connect" parts of the body by providing an avenue for communication.

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Answer KeyTestname: C1

1) D2) E3) D4) E5) D6) A7) E8) C9) A

10) D11) D12) A13) E14) A15) A16) D17) C18) B19) B20) D21) C22) E23) C24) E25) A26) A27) D28) D29) D30) D31) A32) E33) D34) B35) C36) B37) C38) B39) D40) E41) B42) A43) D44) A45) C46) E47) D48) B49) E50) D

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51) B52) A53) C54) E55) C56) D57) B58) E59) E60) B61) D62) C63) C64) D65) C66) D67) D68) D69) D70) C71) A72) E73) D74) D75) B76) A77) B78) D79) D80) C81) C82) B83) A84) C85) B86) C87) A88) D89) B90) B91) B92) B93) FALSE94) FALSE95) FALSE96) FALSE97) TRUE98) FALSE99) FALSE

100) TRUE31



101) FALSE102) FALSE103) TRUE104) TRUE105) TRUE106) TRUE107) FALSE108) FALSE109) FALSE110) TRUE111) TRUE112) FALSE113) Negative feedback systems reverse the response of an increasing variable back to the set point for that variable. In this

case, the rising blood glucose levels are detected by the sensors or beta cells within the pancreas. The beta cells also actas the integrating center and release the hormone insulin into the blood stream. Insulin causes glucose to move fromthe plasma of the blood into the cells of the body or effectors therefore driving down the levels of glucose back towithin normal ranges.

114) TBW represents the total volume of fluid within the body and is approximately 42 liters for an ideal human subject of150 pounds. Most of the water in the body (28 liters) is found in intracellular fluid or the fluid found inside of cells.Extracellular fluid (14 liters of TBW), the fluid outside of cells, is composed of two compartments. One is the fluidcomponent of blood (plasma), which is approximately 3 liters. The second is the fluid that bathes cells (interstitialfluid), which makes up 11 liters of TBW.

115) There are several types of diabetes, including diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, diabetes insipidus, andgestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 are associated with insufficient actions of insulin causinghyperglycemia and a number of other symptoms. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by decreased secretion of insulin. Without sufficient insulin, cells do not uptakeglucose to meet their metabolic needs. Liver and muscle cells do not uptake insulin to store energy for later needs.Thus hyperglycemia and fatigue are common symptoms. In diabetes mellitus type 2, beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin, but effector cells do not respond to the insulin.Thus symptoms are similar to that of diabetes mellitus type 1. Diabetes insipidus is a disease affecting the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH promotes water reabsorptionfrom the kidneys, and in its absence (or a decrease in tissue responsiveness to it), excessive water is lost in the urinecausing dehydration. Gestational diabetes develops in some pregnant women. It is similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus, with hormones ofpregnancy thought to induce the insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes often reverses following delivery of the baby.

116) Nervous tissue - Neurons are specialized for the transmission of information in the form of electrical signals. Theytypically possess a number of branches that function to receive or transmit those electrical signals. Some are evencapable of detecting sensory information.Muscle tissue - Muscle cells are involved in force development and movement. They tend to be elongated in shape andcan be under either voluntary or involuntary control.Epithelial tissue - Epithelial cells are arranged as a sheet-like layer of cells connected to a thin, non-cellular basementmembrane. These cells are found in many shapes, sizes, and layer thicknesses. They are closely associated with theirneighbors, providing a barrier separating body fluids from the external environment. Certain epithelial cells arespecialized to transport specific molecules from one compartment to another.Connective tissue - This tissue encompasses many cell types including blood cells, bone cells, and many others. In anarrow sense, these cells provide physical support for other structures like tendons and ligaments. In a broader sense,the term connective tissue encompasses fluids like blood and lymph that "connect" parts of the body by providing anavenue for communication.

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