exam #1 w 2/11 at 7:30-9pm in bur 106 (bring cheat sheet) bonuses posted
TRANSCRIPT
PhenotypeGenotype
Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits…
It is rarely this simple.
Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits, but there are some caveats:How many twins have been studied?How different are the environments?
Correlation of weight (BMI) %
Identical twins reared together 80
Identical twins reared apart 72
Fraternal twins reared together 43
Biological siblings 34
Parents and children living together 26
Adopted children and parents 4
Unrelated children living together 1
*But food preference shows little genetic correlation
Correlation of weight and relatedness
The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo, Carlos M.; Pogue-Geile, Michael F.; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)
IntelligenceCorrelation of IQ Inheritance : %
The same person tested twice 87
Identical twins reared together 86
Identical twins reared apart 76
Fraternal twins reared together 55
Biological siblings 47
Parents and children living together 40
Parents and children living apart 31
Adopted children living together 0
Unrelated people living apart 0From two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)
When the environment is equal (everyone has access to resources), genetic differences are magnified.
When environments are different (only a few have access to
resources), environmental differences are
magnified.
Proof or disproof?Correlation of weight (BMI) %
Identical twins reared together 80
Identical twins reared apart 72
Fraternal twins reared together 43
Biological siblings 34
Parents and children living together 26
Adopted children and parents 4
Unrelated children living together 1
The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo, Carlos M.; Pogue-Geile, Michael F.; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous
• Both parents care for young
Montane
• Nonmonogamous
• Mother cares for young briefly
Oxytocin(hormone)
Water/salt balance
Contraction of womb and milk production
Encourages bonding between individuals
Oxytocin(hormone)
Water/salt balance
Contraction of womb and milk production
Encourages bonding between individuals
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous
• Both parents care for young
Montane
• Nonmonogamous
• Mother cares for young briefly
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous
• Both parents care for young
Montane
• Nonmonogamous
• Mother cares for young briefly
Same levels of oxytocin
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous
• Both parents care for young
• More receptors
Montane
• Nonmonogamous
• Mother cares for young briefly
• Less receptorsSame levels of oxytocin
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous
• Both parents care for young
• More receptors
• ?
Montane
• Nonmonogamous
• Mother cares for young briefly
• Less receptors
• ?
Same levels of oxytocin
Inject hormone into brain
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous
• Both parents care for young
• More receptors
• Monogamous
Montane
• Nonmonogamous
• Mother cares for young briefly
• Less receptors
• Nonmonogamous
Same levels of oxytocin
Inject hormone into brain
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More oxytocin receptors
• ?
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less oxytocin receptors
• ?
Same levels of oxytocin
Block receptors
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More oxytocin receptors
• Nonmonogamous
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less oxytocin receptors
• Nonmonogamous
Same levels of oxytocin
Block receptors
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous• Both parents care
for young
• More oxytocin receptors
• Monogamous
Montane• Nonmonogamous• Mother cares for
young briefly
• Less oxytocin receptors
• Monogamous
Same levels of oxytocin
Increase levels of receptors (genetically) in ventral pallidum
VolesPrairie
• Monogamous
• Both parents care for young
• More receptors
Montane
• Nonmonogamous
• Mother cares for young briefly
• Less receptorsSame levels of oxytocin
See:http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/203/3?rss=1(and/or)
Disentangling prenatal and inherited influences in humans with an experimental designFrances Ricea, Gordon T. Haroldb, Jacky Boivinb, Dale F. Hayb, Marianne van den Breea, and Anita ThaparaPNAS early editioncgidoi10.1073pnas.0808798106
Fetal exposure to smoking can have several affects, including:•decreased birth weight•increased anti-social behavior
Smoke exposure during pregnancy can also have affects delayed affects in adulthood.
17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33.
Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of adult obesity and more smoking meant more obesity.
Smoke exposure during pregnancy can also have affects delayed affects in adulthood.
17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33.
Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of adult obesity and more smoking meant more obesity.
For Mom’s who abstained during pregnancy, no effect on fetus or as adult.
Smoke exposure during pregnancy can also have affects delayed affects in adulthood.
17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33.
Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of adult obesity and more smoking meant more obesity.
Smoking during first trimester had same effect as during whole pregnancy.
See:http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2009/203/3?rss=1(and/or)
Disentangling prenatal and inherited influences in humans with an experimental designFrances Ricea, Gordon T. Haroldb, Jacky Boivinb, Dale F. Hayb, Marianne van den Breea, and Anita ThaparaPNAS early editioncgidoi10.1073pnas.0808798106
Fetal exposure to smoking can have several affects, including:-decreased birth weight-increased anti-social behavior
Are these affects genetic or environmental?
In Vitro Fertilization- fertilization occurs in a lab, and then the embryo is implanted into a woman's uterus.
Usually the pregnant woman is related to the embryo, but sometimes they are unrelated.
Nature and Nurture:
Are traits coded for by genes fixed while traits coded for by the environment are under our control?