exam 1 tcom 503
DESCRIPTION
TCP IP TESTTRANSCRIPT
Universidad Del TuraboTCOM 503 – Introduction to TCP/IPExam 1
Roberto Clausell-Rivera S00573311September 19, 2008
Question 1
OSI Model and TCP/IP are related because both of them are layered models. The first four layers functions of the OSI model corresponds to the first four layers of the TCP/IP. The three uppermost layers of OSI model are represented by the Application layer of TCP/IP. In both models each layer receives services from the immediate layer below it and the communication is peer-to-peer between layers. In other words, the information send from the application layer is understandable only by the application layer at the receiving node, and so on.
Question 2
Tasks OSI Model Layer TCP/IP Layer
Route Determination Network Internetwork
Flow Control Data Link and Transport
Data Link and Transport
Interface Transmission Media Physical Physical
Provides access for the end user Application Application
Reliable process-to-process message delivery Transport Transport
Route Selection Network Internetwork
Defines frames Data Link Data Link
Provides user services such as email and file transfer Application Application
Transmission of bit stream across physical medium Physical Physical
Format and code conversion services Presentation Application
Question 3
Routers, switches and bridges are networking equipments that break up collisions. IPX uses 10 byte addresses or 80 bits. IPX is a 32 bit network address followed by a 48 bit host. Routers supports from Layer 1 to Layer 3 of the OSI Model (Physical, Data Link and Network Layers). ICMP, IGMP and IP are three of the TCP/IP Internetwork Layer Protocols. Besides ARP and RARP TCP/IP Internetwork Layer Protocols too. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is the TCP/IP Transport Layer Protocol that provides end-to-end, best effort, transaction oriented, and connectionless service.
Question 4
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and OSI model are similar because both of them are layered models. TCP/IP Protocol Suite is a made of five layers while OSI model is a seven layers model. The Application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session, presentation and application layers of the OSI model. Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical are present on both models.
The layers in TCP/IP Protocol suite are not necessarily interdependent, but contain relatively independent protocols that can be mixed and match depending on the needs. In the OSI model, each layer functions are specified, and these functions are independent from layer to layer.
Another important difference is that TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol suite, while the OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows communication between any kinds of computer systems. OSI model is not a protocol, but it is a guideline for understanding and designing a network infrastructure flexible, robust and interoperable.
Problem 5
IP address Binary Notation Hexadecimal Class
114.34.2.8 01110010.00100010.00000010.00001000 0x72220208 Class A 114.0.0.0
129.14.6.8 10000001.00001110.00000110.00001000 0x810E0608 Class B 129.14.0.0
208.31.54.12 11010000.00011111.00110110.00001100 0xD01F360C Class C 208.31.54.0
238.34.2.1 11101110.00100010.00000010.00000001 0xEE220201 Class D It is a multicast address It is a
241.34.2.8 11110001.00100010.00000010.00001000 0xF1220208 Class E
14.34.2.8 00001110.00100010.00000010.00001000 0x0E220208 Class A 14.0.0.0
229.14.6.8 11100101.00001110.00000110.00001000 0xE50E0608 Class D It is a multicast address It is a
28.31.54.12 00011100.00011111.00110110.00001100 0x1C1F360C Class A 28.0.0.0
138.34.2.1 10001010.00100010.00000010.00000001 0x8A220201 Class B 138.34.0.0
191.34.2.8 10111111.00100010.00000010.00001000 0xBF220208 Class B 191.34.0.0
Problem 6
Source Address 128.23.67.3 10000000.00010111.01000011.00000011
Mask 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Net id = 128.23.0.0
Destination Address 128.45.23.3 10000000.00101101.00010111.00000011
Mask 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
AND 10000000.00101101.00000000.00000000
Net id = 128.45.0.0
They are both class B networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses (assuming no subnetting) they are in different networks, therefore the message needs to travel through a router to get to the destination.
Source Address 128.23.67.3
Mask 255.255.0.0 Class B
Net id =128.23.0.0
Destination Address 128.45.23.70
Mask 255.255.0.0 Class B
Net id = 128.45.0.0
They are both class B networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses (assuming no subnetting) they are in different networks, therefore the message needs to travel through a router to get to the destination.
Source Address 18.23.67.3
Mask 255.0.0.0 Class A
Net id = 18.0.0.0
Destination Address 18.23.23.7
Mask 255.0.0.0 Class A
Net id = 18.0.0.0
They are both class A networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses (assuming no subnetting) they are in the same network, therefore the message does not need to travel through a router to get to the destination.
Source Address 198.23.67.3
Mask 255.255.255.0 Class C
Net id = 198.23.67.0
Destination Address 198.45.23.7
Mask 255.255.255.0 Class C
Net id = 198.45.23.0
They are both class C networks. When we compare the network ids of both ip addresses (assuming no subnetting) they are in different networks, therefore the message needs to travel through a router to get to the destination.
Source Address 193.23.67.65 11000001.00010111.01000011.01000001
Class C
Default Netmask 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Net id 11000001.00010111.01000011.01000000
193.24.67.64
First Address 193.24.67.65
Last Address 193.24.67.126
Broadcast Address 193.24.67.127
Destination Address 193.23.67.147 11000001.00010111.01000011.10010011
Class C
Default Netmask 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Net id 11000001.00010111.01000011.10000000
193.24.67.128
First Address 193.24.67.129
Last Address 193.24.67.190
Broadcast Address 193.24.67.191
The network address for the first ip address is 193.24.67.63 and for the second one is 193.24.67.128. . The hosts are in different networks; therefore the message needs to travel through a router to get to the destination host.
Problem 7
IP: 135.134.11.66 Mask: 255.255.192.0
Default Mask Class B (255.255.0.0)
#bit = 2 ->4 subnets
# hosts/subnet = 214-2=16382
135.134.11.66 10000111.10000110.00001011.01000010
First Subnet 10000111.10000110.00000000.00000000
135.134.0.0
10000111.10000110.00111111.11111111
135.134.63.255
Second Subnet 10000111.10000110.01000000.00000000
135.134.64.0
10000111.10000110.01111111.11111111
135.134.127.255
Target IP Address Target IP Address Subnet mask Subnet mask
135.134.11.66 135.134.11.66 255.255.192.0 255.255.192.0
Network ID Network Address Subnet Usable Address
Range Broadcast
1 135.134.0.0 135.134.0.1-135.134.63.254 135.134.63.255
2 135.134.64.0 135.134.64.1-135.134.127.254 135.134.127.255
3 135.134.128.0 135.134.128.1-135.134.191.254 135.134.191.255
4 135.134.192.0 135.134.192.1-135.134.255.254 135.134.255.255
Note: In classful subnetting the first and last networks are not usable because they are reserved for network and broadcast addresses, respectively.
IP: 192.44.82.16 Mask 255.255.255.192
Default Mask Class C (255.255.255.0)
#bit = 2 ->4 subnets
# hosts/subnet = 26-2 = 62
Target IP Address Target IP Address Subnet mask Subnet mask
192.44.82.16 192.44.82.16 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.192
Network ID Network Address Subnet Usable Address
Range Broadcast
1 192.44.82.0 192.44.82.1-192.44.82.62 192.44.82.63
2 192.44.82.64 192.44.82.65-192.44.82.126 192.44.82.127
3 192.44.82.128 192.44.82.129-192.44.82.190 192.44.82.191
4 192.44.82.192 192.44.82.193-192.44.82.254 192.44.82.255
Note: In classful subnetting the first and last networks are not usable because they are reserved for network and broadcast addresses, respectively.
IP: 25.34.12.56 Mask: 255.224.0.0
Default Mask Class A (255.0.0.0)
#bit = 3 ->8 subnets
# hosts/subnet = 221-2 = 2097150
Target IP Address Target IP Address Subnet mask Subnet mask
25.34.12.56 25.34.12.56 255.224.0.0 255.224.0.0
Network ID Network Address
Subnet Usable Address Range Broadcast
1 25.0.0.0 25.0.0.1-25.31.255.254 25.31.255.255
2 25.32.0.0 25.32.0.1-25.32.255.254 25.32.255.255
3 25.64.0.0 25.64.0.1-25.64.255.254 25.64.255.255
4 25.96.0.0 25.96.0.1-25.96.255.254 25.96.255.255
5 25.128.0.0 25.128.0.1-25.128.255.254 25.128.255.255
6 25.160.0.0 25.160.0.1-25.160.255.254 25.160.255.255
7 25.192.0.0 25.192.0.1-25.192.255.254 25.192.255.255
8 25.224.0.0 25.224.0.1-25.224.255.254 25.224.255.255
Note: In classful subnetting the first and last networks are not usable because they are reserved for network and broadcast addresses, respectively.
IP: 133.135.112.66 Mask: 255.255.224.0
Default Mask Class B (255.255.0.0)
#bit = 3 ->8 subnets
# hosts/subnet = 213-2 = 8190
Target IP Address Target IP Address Subnet mask Subnet mask
133.135.112.66 133.135.112.66 255.255.224.0 255.255.224.0
Network ID Network Address Subnet Usable Address
Range Broadcast
1 133.135.0.0 133.135.0.1-133.135.31.254 133.135.31.255
2 133.135.32.0 133.135.32.1-133.135.63.254 133.135.63.255
3 133.135.64.0 133.135.64.1-133.135.95.254 133.135.95.255
4 133.135.96.0 133.135.96.1- 133.135.127.255
133.135.127.254
5 133.135.128.0 133.135.128.1-133.135.159.254 133.135.159.255
6 133.135.160.0 133.135.160.1-.133.135.191.254 133.135.191.255
7 133.135.192.0 133.135.192.1-133.135.223.255 133.135.223.255
8 133.135.224.0 133.135.224.1-133.135.255.254 133.15.255.255
Note: In classful subnetting the first and last networks are not usable because they are reserved for network and broadcast addresses, respectively.
IP: 10.34.12.56 Mask: 255.240.0.0
Default Mask Class A (255.255.0.0)
#bit = 4 ->16 subnets
# hosts/subnet = 220-2 = 1048574
Target IP Address Target IP Address Subnet mask Subnet mask
10.34.12.56 10.34.12.56 255.240.0.0 255.240.0.0
Network ID Network Address
Subnet Usable Address Range Broadcast
1 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1-10.15.255.254 10.15.255.255
2 10.16.0.0 10.16.0.1-10.31.255.254 10.31.255.255
3 10.32.0.0 10.32.0.1-10.47.255.254 10.47.255.255
4 10.48.0.0 10.48.0.1-10.63.255.254 10.63.255.255
5 10.64.0.0 10.64.0.1-10.79.255.254 10.79.255.255
6 10.80.0.0 10.80.0.1-10.95.255.254 10.95.255.255
7 10.96.0.0 10.96.0.1-10.111.255.254 10.111.255.255
8 10.112.0.0 10.112.0.1-10.127.255.254 10.127.255.255
9 10.128.0.0 10.128.0.1-10.143.255.254 10.143.255.255
10 10.144.0.0 10.144.0.1-10.159.255.254 10.159.255.255
11 10.160.0.0 10.160.0.1-10.175.255.254 10.175.255.255
12 10.176.0.0 10.176.0.1-10.191.255.254 10.191.255.255
13 10.192.0.0 10.192.0.1-10.207.255.254 10.207.255.255
14 10.208.0.0 10.208.0.1-10.223.255.254 10.223.255.255
15 10.224.0.0 10.224.0.1-10.239.255.254 10.239.255.255
16 10.240.0.0 10.240.0.1-10.255.255.254 10.255.255.255
Note: In classful subnetting the first and last networks are not usable because they are reserved for network and broadcast addresses, respectively.
Problem 8
Data given:
115 remote offices
Class B 190.17.0.0/16
200 hosts per subnet initially
500 hosts per subnet expected
10 networks reserved for future use
Solution:
#bit hosts = [log2 500] = 9
16 7 9
Net id Subnet id Hosts
I would choose 190.17.0.0/23.
Total Subnets = 27 = 128 subnets
Usable subnets = 128 subnets
Total hosts per subnet = 29-2 = 510
Total hosts per subnet left unused after expected growth met = 10
Networks for future use = 10
Subnets left over = 128-115-10 = 3 networks available
Problem 9
Data given:
14 remote offices
Class B 190.18.0.0/16
200 hosts per subnet initially
500 hosts per subnet expected growth
10 networks reserved for future use
Solution:
#bit hosts = [log2 500] = 9
16 bits 7 bits 9 bits
Net id Subnet id Hosts
I would choose 190.18.0.0/23.
Total Subnets = 27 = 128 subnets
Usable subnets = 128 subnets
Total hosts per subnet = 29-2 = 510
Total hosts per subnet left unused after expected growth met = 10
Networks for future use = 10
Subnets left over = 128-14-10 = 104
Note: for the design I used the network 190.18.254.255/23 and subnet it on /30 addresses to assign them on the WAN links. Besides, we have to reserve 10 more of this /30 networks for the future wan links. Therefore, we have to subtract this addresses to the subnets left over, hence we still have 103 /23 subnets to use and 103 /30 network for future use.
Network Scheme Drawing
In each LAN site the router will have assigned the first usable address of each sub-network. At the WAN site, the remote office router will have the odd ip address of the two usable ip addresses, in the /30 sub-networks, and the Main Office Core Router will have assigned the even ip address.
For the internet WAN link the Main Office Core Router will have assigned the odd ip address of the two usable ip addresses, in this case 190.18.254.57/30.
IP Table for above drawing
190.18.0.0/23 for LAN Segments 190.18.0.0/23 for LAN Segments 190.18.0.0/23 for LAN Segments 190.18.0.0/23 for LAN Segments 190.18.0.0/23 for LAN Segments 190.18.0.0/23 for LAN Segments
Net ID
Network address Usable range Usable range
Broadcast Comments
1 190.18.0.0/23 190.18.0.1/23 190.18.1.254/23 190.18.1.255/23 USED
2 190.18.2.0 190.18.2.1 190.18.3.254 190.18.3.255 USED
3 190.18.4.0 190.18.4.1 190.18.5.254 190.18.5.255 USED
4 190.18.6.0 190.18.6.1 190.18.7.254 190.18.7.255 USED
5 190.18.8.0 190.18.8.1 190.18.9.254 190.18.9.255 USED
6 190.18.10.0 190.18.10.1 190.18.11.254 190.18.11.255 USED
7 190.18.12.0 190.18.12.1 190.18.13.254 190.18.13.255 USED
8 190.18.14.0 190.18.14.1 190.18.15.254 190.18.15.255 USED
9 190.18.16.0 190.18.16.1 190.18.17.254 190.18.17.255 USED
10 190.18.18.0 190.18.18.1 190.18.19.254 190.18.19.255 USED
11 190.18.20.0 190.18.20.1 190.18.21.254 190.18.21.255 USED
12 190.18.22.0 190.18.22.1 190.18.23.254 190.18.23.255 USED
13 190.18.24.0 190.18.24.1 190.18.25.254 190.18.25.255 USED
14 190.18.26.0 190.18.26.1 190.18.27.254 190.18.27.255 USED
15 190.18.28.0 190.18.28.1 190.18.29.254 190.18.29.255 RESERVED
16 190.18.30.0 190.18.30.1 190.18.31.254 190.18.31.255 RESERVED
17 190.18.32.0 190.18.32.1 190.18.33.254 190.18.33.255 RESERVED
18 190.18.34.0 190.18.34.1 190.18.35.254 190.18.35.255 RESERVED
19 190.18.36.0 190.18.36.1 190.18.37.254 190.18.37.255 RESERVED
20 190.18.38.0 190.18.38.1 190.18.39.254 190.18.39.255 RESERVED
21 190.18.40.0 190.18.40.1 190.18.41.254 190.18.41.255 RESERVED
22 190.18.42.0 190.18.42.1 190.18.43.254 190.18.43.255 RESERVED
23 190.18.44.0 190.18.44.1 190.18.45.254 190.18.45.255 RESERVED
24 190.18.46.0 190.18.46.1 190.18.47.254 190.18.47.255 RESERVED
IP addresses for the WAN (point to point connection) IP addresses for the WAN (point to point connection) IP addresses for the WAN (point to point connection) IP addresses for the WAN (point to point connection) IP addresses
for the WAN (point to point connection) IP addresses for the WAN (point to point connection)
Net ID
Network address Usable range Usable range
Broadcast Comments
25 190.18.254.0/30 190.18.254.1/30 190.18.254.2/30 190.18.254.3/30 USED
26 190.18.254.4 190.18.254.5 190.18.254.6 190.18.254.7 USED
27 190.18.254.8 190.18.254.9 190.18.254.10 190.18.254.11 USED
28 190.18.254.12 190.18.254.13 190.18.254.14 190.18.254.15 USED
29 190.18.254.16 190.18.254.17 190.18.254.18 190.18.254.19 USED
30 190.18.254.20 190.18.254.21 190.18.254.22 190.18.254.23 USED
31 190.18.254.24 190.18.254.25 190.18.254.26 190.18.254.27 USED
32 190.18.254.28 190.18.254.29 190.18.254.30 190.18.254.31 USED
33 190.18.254.32 190.18.254.33 190.18.254.34 190.18.254.35 USED
34 190.18.254.36 190.18.254.37 190.18.254.38 190.18.254.39 USED
35 190.18.254.40 190.18.254.41 190.18.254.42 190.18.254.43 USED
36 190.18.254.44 190.18.254.45 190.18.254.46 190.18.254.47 USED
37 190.18.254.48 190.18.254.49 190.18.254.50 190.18.254.51 USED
38 190.18.254.52 190.18.254.53 190.18.254.54 190.18.254.55 USED
39 190.18.254.56 190.18.254.57 190.18.254.58 190.18.254.59 Internet
WAN link
40 190.18.254.60 190.18.254.61 190.18.254.62 190.18.254.63 RESERVED
41 190.18.254.64 190.18.254.65 190.18.254.66 190.18.254.67 RESERVED
42 190.18.254.68 190.18.254.69 190.18.254.70 190.18.254.71 RESERVED
43 190.18.254.72 190.18.254.73 190.18.254.74 190.18.254.75 RESERVED
44 190.18.254.76 190.18.254.77 190.18.254.78 190.18.254.79 RESERVED
45 190.18.254.80 190.18.254.81 190.18.254.82 190.18.254.83 RESERVED
46 190.18.254.84 190.18.254.85 190.18.254.86 190.18.254.87 RESERVED
47 190.18.254.88 190.18.254.89 190.18.254.90 190.18.254.91 RESERVED
48 190.18.254.92 190.18.254.93 190.18.254.94 190.18.254.95 RESERVED
49 190.18.254.96 190.18.254.97 190.18.254.98 190.18.254.99 RESERVED
Problem 10
Data given:
Block of addresses 121.88.0.0/16
300 medium size businesses with 128 addresses each 500 small business with 16 addresses each 1200 households with 4 addresses each
Solution:
# bits hosts = [log2128] = 7 bits
16 bits 9 bits 7 bits
Net id Subnet id Hosts
121.88.0.0/25
First Network 121.88.0.0/25 to 121.88.0.127/25
Second Network 121.88.0.128/25 to 121.88.0.255/25
Third Network 121.88.1.0/25 to 121.88.1.127/25
Fourth Network 121.88.1.128/25 to 121.88.1.255/25
300 Networks/2 addresses blocks =150
Total Block for 300 networks of 128 addresses each = 121.88.0.0/25 to 121.88.149.255/25
#bits hosts = [log216] = 4 bits
16 bits 12 bits 4 bits
Net id Subnet id Hosts
121.88.150.0/28
First Network 121.88.150.0/28 to 121.88.150.15/28
Second Network 121.88.150.16/28 to 121.88.150.31/28
256 IP addresses/16 IP addresses per network = 16 addresses blocks
500 Networks/16 addresses blocks =32
Total Block for 500 networks of 16 addresses each = 121.88.150.0/28 to 121.88.181.255/28
#bits hosts = [log24] = 2
16 bits 14 bits 2 bits
Net id Subnet id Hosts
121.88.182.0/30
First Network 121.88.182.0/30 to 121.88.182.3/30
Second Network 121.88.182.4/30 to 121.88.182.7/30
256 IP addresses/4 IP addresses per subnet = 64 addresses blocks
1200 Networks/64 addresses blocks = 19
Total Block for 1200 networks of 4 addresses each = 121.88.150.0/30 to 121.88.168.255/30
Total IP addresses = 216 =65536
IP addresses used:
300*128 = 38400
500*16 = 8000
1200*4 = 480051200
Total Available IP addresses = 65536-51200 = 14336 still available IP addresses for future use