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El Salvador

El Salvador; Republic of The Savior) is the smallest and the most densely populated

country in Central America. It is currently undergoing rapid industrialization. El

Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean betweenGuatemala and Honduras and lies on

the Gulf of Fonseca, as do Honduras and Nicaraguafurther south.

El Salvador has a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, as of 2009, composedpredominantly Mestizo, mixed biracial Native American/European ancestry.[2]The

capital city ofSan Salvador is the largest city of the Republic. The coln was the

currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when El Salvador adopted the U.S. Dollar.

The people from El Salvador are called Salvadorans and/or Central Americans. The

country has a long history, with origins dating back to the Spanish conquest of the Pipil

people of Cuzcatln, which means The Place of Precious Diamonds and Jewels. The

term Cuzcatleco is commonly used to identify someone of Salvadoran heritage. The

country is also popularly known in Spanish as "La Tierra de Volcanes Soberbios" which

means "The land of Proud and Arrogant Volcanoes" in English, and it is also referred as

El Pequeo Coloso (The Small Colossus).
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Theflag ofEl Slvador

was inspired by the flag of the Federal Republic of Central America, and by the flag ofArgentina, the country that sent one of the first fleets to help consummate the

independence of Central American republics from Spain.

There are two versions of the flag, one containing the national coat of arms and the

other the words "DIOS UNION LIBERTAD" (Spanish:God, Union, Liberty). The one

bearing the coat of arms is used by the government and state organizations. The other

version is used for civil purposes. Both flags have a 3:5 aspect ratio.

From 1865 to 1912, a different flag was in use, with a field of alternating blue and

white stripes and a red canton containing white stars.

The actual blue and white stripes in flag are based on the importance

ofailexports, ailwas commonly used as a source for indigo dye.

History

Pre-Columbian

In pre-Columbian times, territory was

inhabited by various Native Americans,

highlighting the Pipil, a Nahuatl-origin

population that occupied the central and

western regions of the territory; who settled in

the east of the country. But the larger domain

until the Spanish conquest of the kingdom was

Cuzcatln. The Maya inhabited El Salvador

with ruins such as Tazumal, Joya De Ceren, San Andres, Casa Blanca, Cihuatan, and

Chalchuapa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_(flag)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_(flag)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador


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Spanish rule

Dios Union Libertad (God Union Liberty) El

Salvador 1912 Flag

In the early sixteenth century, the

Spanish conquistadorsventured into ports to

extend their dominion to the area. They

called the land "Provincia De Nuestro Seor Jesus Cristo, El Salvador Del Mundo"

("Province Of Our Lord Jesus Christ, The Savior Of The World"), which was

subsequently abbreviated to "El Salvador".

Main Political Parties

Although El Salvador has 6 political parties, the main ones, or the one which receive

the most votes are ARENA, and FMLN, the retired GANA, PDC, PCN, and CD.El Salvador Political Parties (alphabetical order)

Acronym Name

ARENA Alianza Republicana Nacionalista

FMLN Frente Farabundo Mart para la Liberacin Nacional

GANA Gran Alianza por la Unidad Nacional

PCN Partido de Conciliacin Nacional

PDC Partido Demcrata Cristiano
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Department of El

Salvador

El Salvador is divided into 14 departments (departamentos),

which, in turn, are subdivided into 262municipalities (municipios).

Department names and abbreviations for the 14 Salvadoran Departments:

1. AH Ahuachapn2. CA Cabaas3. CH Chalatenango4. CU Cuscatln5. LI La Libertad6. PA La Paz7. UN La Unin

8. MO Morazn

9. SM San Miguel

10. SS SanSalvador

11. SV San Vicente

12. SA Santa Ana

13. SO Sonsonate

14. US Usulutn

Geography

Torogoz is El Salvador national bird. (photographed by

Leonardo C. Fleck)

El Salvador is located in Central America. It has a total area of

8,123 square miles (21,040 km) (about the size

ofMassachusetts or Wales). It is the smallest country in

continental America and is affectionately called ("Pulgarcito

de America"), the "Tom Thumb of the Americas". It has 123.6

square miles (320 km) of water within its borders. It lies

between latitudes 13 and 15N, and

longitudes 87 and 91W.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caba%C3%B1as_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalatenango_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscatl%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libertad_Department,_El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(El_Salvador)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraz%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_Department_(El_Salvador)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vicente_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonsonate_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulut%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Thumbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_meridian_westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_meridian_westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_meridian_westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_meridian_westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Thumbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulut%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonsonate_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vicente_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_Department_(El_Salvador)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraz%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(El_Salvador)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Libertad_Department,_El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscatl%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalatenango_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caba%C3%B1as_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_El_Salvador


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Several small rivers flow through El Salvador into the Pacific Ocean, including

the Goascorn, Jiboa, Torola,Paz and the Ro Grande de San Miguel. Only the largest

river, the Lempa River, flowing from Guatemala andHonduras across El Salvador to the

ocean, is navigatable for commercial traffic.

Volcanic craters enclose lakes, the most important of which are Lake

Ilopango(70 km/27 sq mi) and Lake Coatepeque (26 km/10 sq mi). Lake Gija is El

Salvador's largest natural lake (44 km/17 sq mi). Several artificial lakes were created

by the damming of the Lempa, the largest of which is Embalse Cerrn

Grande (135 km).

El Salvador shares borders with Guatemala and

Honduras. It is the only Central

American country that does not have

a Caribbean coastline. The highest point in the

country is Cerro El Pital at 8,957 feet (2,730 m),

which shares a border with Honduras.

Climate

El Salvador has a tropical climate with pronounced wet

and dry seasons. Temperatures vary primarily with

elevation and show little seasonal change. The Pacific

lowlands are uniformly hot; the central plateau and

mountain areas are more moderate. The rainy season

extends from May to October. Almost all the annual rainfall occurs during this time,

and yearly totals, particularly on southern-facing mountain slopes, can be as high as

2,170 millimetres (85.4 in). The best time to visit El Salvador would be at the beginning

or end of the dry season. Protected areas and the central plateau receive less,

although still significant, amounts. Rainfall during this season generally comes from

low pressure over the Pacific and usually falls in heavy afternoon

thunderstorms. Hurricanes occasionally form in the Pacific with the notable exception

ofHurricane Mitch.
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From November through April, the northeast trade winds control weather patterns.

During these months, air flowing from the Caribbean has lost most of the precipitation

while passing over the mountains in Honduras. By the time this air reaches El Salvador,

it is dry, hot, and hazy.

Biodiversity and endangered species

Globally there are eight species of sea turtles,

six nests on the coast of Central America and

four in the Salvadoran coast: the leatherback

turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill

(Eretmochelys imbricata), green sea turtle

(Chelonia agasizzii) and the olive ridley

(Lepidochelys olivacea).

Of these four the most common is the olive ridley, followed by the brown (black). The

other two species are much more difficult to find as they are critically endangered

(hawksbill and leatherback), while the olive ridley and brown (black), are in danger of

extinction.

Recent conservation efforts provide hope for the future of the country's biological

diversity. In 1997 the government established the Ministry of the Environment and

Natural Resources. A general environmental framework law was approved by theNational Assembly in 1999. Specific legislation to protect wildlife is still pending.

In addition, a number of non-governmental organizations are doing important work to

safeguard some of the country's most important forested areas. Foremost among

these is SalvaNatura which manages El Impossible, the country's largest national park,

under an agreement with El Salvador's environmental authorities.

Despite these efforts much remains to be done.

In El salvador it is estimated that there are 500 species of birds, 1,000 species of

butterflies, 400 species of orchids, 800 species of trees, and 800 species of marine fish.
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Natural disasters

El Salvador lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire,

and is thus subject to

significanttectonic activity, including

frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Recent examples include the earthquake on

January 13, 2001, that measured 7.7 on

the Richter scale and caused a landslide that

killed more than 800 people; and another earthquake only a month after the first one,February 13, 2001, killing 255 people and damaging about 20% of the nation's housing.

Luckily, many families were able to find safety from the landslides caused by the

earthquake.

The San Salvador area has been hit by earthquakes in 1576, 1659, 1798, 1839, 1854,

1873, 1880, 1917, 1919, 1965, 1986, 2001 and 2005. The 5.7 Mw-earthquake of 1986

resulted in 1,500 deaths, 10,000 injuries, and 100,000 people left homeless.[

El Salvador's most recent destructive volcanic eruption took place on October 1, 2005,

when the Santa Ana Volcano spewed up a cloud of ash, hot mud and rocks, which fell

on nearby villages and caused two deaths.[12][16]The most severe volcanic eruption in

this area occurred in the 5th century A.D. when the Ilopango erupted with

a VEI strength of 6, producing widespread pyroclastic flows and devastating Mayan

cities.

El Salvador's position on the Pacific Ocean also makes it subject to severe weather

conditions, including heavy rainstorms and severe droughts, both of which may be

made more extreme by the El Nio and La Niaeffects. In the summer of 2001, a

severe drought destroyed 80% of the country's crops, causing famine in the

countryside. On October 4, 2005, severe rains resulted in dangerous flooding

and landslides, which caused a minimum of fifty deaths. El Salvador's location in

Central America also makes it vulnerable tohurricanes coming off the Caribbean,

however this risk is much less than for other Central American countries.

The Santa Ana Volcano in El Salvador is currently dormant, the last eruptions were in

1904 and 2005. Lago de Coatepeque (one of El Salvador's lakes) was caused by a

massive eruption.
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The British Imperial College's El Salvador Project aims to build earthquake-proof

buildings in remote areas of the country.

Economy

According to the IMF and CIA World Factbook, El Salvador has the third largest

economy in the region (behind Costa Rica and Panama) when comparing nominal

Gross Domestic Product and purchasing power GDP.[20]El Salvador's GDP per capitastands at US$4,365.

Most of El Salvador's economy has been hampered by natural disasters such as

earthquakes and hurricanes, but El Salvador currently has a steadily growing economy.
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GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2008 was estimated at $ 25.895 billion USD.

The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 64.1%, followed by the industrial

sector at 24.7% (2008 est.). Agriculture represents only 11.2% of GDP (2010 est.).

The GDP has been growing since 1996 at an annual rate that averages 3.2% real

growth. The government has recently committed to free market initiatives, and the

2007 GDP's real growth rate was 4.7%

In December 1999, net international reserves equaled US$1.8 billion or roughly five

months of imports. Having this hard currency buffer to work with, the Salvadoran

government undertook a monetary integration plan beginning January 1, 2001 by

which the U.S. dollar became legal tender alongside the Salvadoran coln and all

formal accounting was done in U.S. dollars. This way, the government has formally

limited its possibility of implementing open market monetary policies to influenceshort term variables in the economy. As of September 2007, net international

reserves stood at $2.42 billion.[

In 2004, the coln stopped circulating and is now never used in the country for any

type of transaction.

A challenge in El Salvador has been developing new growth sectors for a more

diversified economy. In the past the country produced gold and silver.[25]As many

other former colonies, for many years El Salvador was considered a mono-export

economy (an economy that depended heavily on one type of export). During colonialtimes, the Spanish decided that El Salvador would produce and export indigo, but after

the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, Salvadoran authorities and the

newly created modern state turned to coffee as the main export.

El Salvador signed the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) negotiated

by the five countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic with the United

States in 2004. CAFTA requires that the Salvadoran government adopt policies that

foster free trade. El Salvador has signed free trade agreements with Mexico, Chile, the

Dominican Republic, and Panamaand increased its trade with those countries. El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua also are negotiating a free trade

agreement with Canada. In October 2007, these four countries and Costa Rica began

free trade agreement negotiations with the European Union. Negotiations started in

2006 for a free trade agreement with Colombia.

The government has focused on improving the collection of its current revenues with a

focus on indirect taxes. A 10% value-added tax (IVA in Spanish), implemented in

September 1992, was raised to 13% in July 1995.
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Inflation has been steady and among the lowest in the region. Since 1997 inflation has

averaged 3%, with recent years increasing to nearly 5%. As a result of the free trade

agreements from 2000 to 2006 total exports have grown 19% from $2.94 billion to

$3.51 billion, and total imports have risen 54% from $4.95 billion to $7.63 billion. This

has resulted in a 102% increase in the trade deficit from $2.01 billion to $4.12

billion.[26]

Remittances from Salvadorans living and working in the United States, sent to family in

El Salvador, are a major source of foreign income and offset the substantial trade

deficit of $4.12 billion. Remittances have increased steadily in the last decade and

reached an all-time high of $3.32 billion in 2006 (an increase of 17% over the previous

year). approximately 16.2% ofgross domestic product(GDP).

Remittances have had positive and negative effects on El Salvador. In 2005 the numberof people living inextreme poverty in El Salvador was 20%,[28]according to a United

Nations Development Program report, without remittances the number of Salvadorans

living in extreme poverty would rise to 37%. While Salvadoran education levels have

gone up, wage expectations have risen faster than either skills or productivity. For

example, some Salvadorans are no longer willing to take jobs that pay them less than

what they receive monthly from family members abroad. This has led to an influx of

Hondurans and Nicaraguans who are willing to work for the prevailing wage. Also, the

local propensity for consumption over investment has increased. Money

from remittances has also increased prices for certain commodities such as real estate.

Many Salvadorans abroad earning much higher wages can afford higher prices for

houses in El Salvador than local Salvadorans and thus push up the prices that all

Salvadorans must pay.

Despite being the smallest country geographically in Central America, El Salvador has

the third largest economy with a per capita income that is roughly two-thirds that of

Costa Rica and Panama, but more than double that of Nicaragua. Growth has been

modest in recent years and the economy contracted nearly 3% in 2009. El Salvador

leads the region in remittances per capita with inflows equivalent to nearly all export

income and about a third of all households receive these financial inflows. In 2006 El

Salvador was the first country to ratify the Central America-Dominican Republic Free

Trade Agreement. CAFTA has bolstered exports of processed foods, sugar, and

ethanol, and supported investment in the apparel sector, which faced Asian

competition with the expiration of the Multi-Fiber Agreement in 2005. In anticipation

of the declines in the apparel sector's competitiveness, the previous administration

sought to diversify the economy by promoting the country as a regional distribution

and logistics hub, and by promoting tourism investment through tax incentives. El
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Salvador has promoted an open trade and investment environment, and has embarked

on a wave of privatizations extending to telecom, electricity distribution, banking, and

pension funds. In late 2006, the government and the Millennium Challenge

Corporation signed a five-year, $461 million compact to stimulate economic growth

and reduce poverty in the country's northern region, the primary conflict zone during

the civil war, through investments in education, public services, enterprise

development, and transportation infrastructure. With the adoption of the US dollar as

its currency in 2001, El Salvador lost control over monetary policy. Any counter-cyclical

policy response to the downturn must be through fiscal policy, which is constrained by

legislative requirements for a two-thirds majority to approve any international

financing.

Language

Spanish is the official language and is spoken by virtually all inhabitants. Some

indigenous people still speak their native tongues, salvadoran indigenous are

extremely low in number, almost extinct, however all speak Spanish. Q'eqchi' is spoken

as the result of recent migrations ofGuatemalan and Belizean indigenous people

looking for a better life opportunities in El Salvador. There have also been recent large

migrations ofHondurans and Nicaraguans.[44] English is also spoken by many

throughout the republic. German, Dutch and French are taught as a secondary

language only in private international schools, such as the Liceo Frances (France),

Escuela Alemana (Germany), Academia Britanica Cuscatleca (U.K.) and the Escuela

Americana (United States). English has been taught by Americans and the British in El

Salvador for several decades, at least 50 years. However most formal education is

given in private schools, which sometime may make it hard to access for most of the

population, who have to attend public schools and receive a very elementary level of

English. There has been anAmerican school in the country for a few decades.[citation

needed] Japanese is also spoken. There has been a small Japanese community in El

Salvador since World War II.[citation needed], as well as a considerable Taiwanese

community.

The local Spanish vernacular is calledCaliche. Salvadoreans use voseo, which is also

used in Uruguay and Argentina. This refers to the use of "vos" as the second person

pronoun, instead of "t".However "caliche" is considered informal and some people

choose not to use it.Nahuat is the indigenous language that has survived, though it is

only used by small communities of some elderly Salvadorans in western El Salvador.
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Religion

scar Romero was a bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in El Salvador. He became

the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador, succeeding Luis Chvez. He was assassinated on

24 March 1980.

According to a survey in 2008, 52.6% of El Salvador's residents are Catholic and 27.9%

are Protestant. Pentecostals and Latter-Day Saints or Mormons are new religious

beliefs since the Salvadoran post-civil war era.

Health

For the period 2005-2010 El Salvador has the third lowest birth rate in Central

America, 22.8 per 1,000. However, it has the highest death rate in Central America

during the same period, 5.9 per 1,000. According to the most recentUnited

Nations survey, life expectancy for men was 68 years and 74 years for women. Healthy

life expectancy was 57 for males and 62 for females in 2003. There are about 148

physicians per 100,000 people.

Cultura.

Mestizo culture dominates the country heavy in Native American Indigenous and

European Spanish influences. A new mix of population began as a result of the
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European settlers intermixing at great extent with the

nativeMesoamericans population ofCuzcatlan. The Catholic Church plays an important

role in the Salvadoran culture. Archbishop Oscar Romero is a national hero for his role

in resisting human rights violations that were occurring in the lead-up to the

Salvadoran Civil War. Significant foreign personalities in El Salvador were

theJesuit priests and professors Ignacio Ellacuria, Ignacio Martn-Bar, and Segundo

Montes, who were murdered in 1989 by the Salvadoran Army during the height of the

civil war.

Painting, ceramics and textile goods are the main manual artistic expressions.

Writers Francisco Gavidia(18631955), Salarru (Salvador Salazar Arru) (1899

1975), Claudia Lars, Alfredo Espino, Pedro Geoffroy Rivas, Manlio Argueta, Jos

Roberto Cea, and poet Roque Dalton are among the most important writers to stem

from El Salvador. Notable 20th century personages include the late filmmaker Baltasar

Polio, female film director Patricia Chica, artist Fernando Llort, and caricaturist Too

Salazar.

Amongst the more renowned representatives of the graphic arts are the

painters Augusto Crespin, Noe Canjura, Carlos Caas, Julia Daz, Mauricio Mejia, Maria

Elena Palomo de Mejia, Camilo Minero, Ricardo Carbonell, Roberto Huezo, Miguel

Angel Cerna, (the painter and writer better known as MACLo), Esael Araujo, and many

others. For more information on promiment citizens of El Salvador check the List of

Salvadorans.

Cuisine

One of the Salvadoran notable dishes is the Pupusa. Pupusas are a thick hand-made

corn tortilla (made using masa de maz or masa de arroz, a maize or rice flour doughused in Latin American cuisine) stuffed with one or more of the following: cheese

(usually a soft Salvadoran cheese, a popular example is Quesillo con loroco,or

mozarella), chicharrn, and refried beans. Pupusas Revueltas are Pupusas filled with

beans, cheese and pork. Loroco is a vine flower bud native to Central America. There

are also vegetarian options. Some adventurous restaurants even offer pupusas stuffed

with shrimp or spinach. Pupusa comes from the pipil-nahuatl word,pupushahua. The

pupusa's exact origins are debated, although its presence in El Salvador is known to

predate the arrival of Spaniards.
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Two other typical Salvadoran dishes are yuca frita and panes rellenos. Yuca frita, which

is deep fried cassava root served with curtido (a pickled cabbage, onion and carrot

topping) and pork rinds with pescaditas (fried baby sardines). The Yuca is sometimes

served boiled instead of fried. Panes con Pavo (turkey sandwiches) are warm turkey

submarines. The turkey is marinated and then roasted with Pipilspices and handpulled.

This sandwich is traditionally served with chicken, tomato, and watercress along

with cucumber, onion, lettuce,mayonnaise, and mustard.

One of the most noticeable breakfast plates in El Salvador is fried plantain, usually

accompanied with cream and cheese. This is one of El Salvador's typical breakfasts,

common in Salvadoran restaurants and homes extending across the United States.

Maria Luisa is an elegant dessert in El Salvador. It is a layered cake that is soaked in

orange marmalade and sprinkled with powdered sugar.Another drink that Salvadorans enjoy is Horchata. Horchata is most commonly made of

the Morro seed, ground into a powder and added to milk or water, and sugar.

Horchata is drunk year round and can be drunk anytime of day. It mostly is

accompanied by a plate of pupusas or fried yucca. Horchata from El Salvador has a

very distinct taste and is not to be confused with Mexican horchata, which is rice

based. Coffee is also a common drink in the morning.

Colombia
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Colombia officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: Repblica de Colombia, is aconstitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to theeast by Venezuela[ and Brazil;[ to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by theCaribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the DominicanRepublic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.[10][11] With a population of over 45million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the secondlargest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the third largest population of anySpanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico and Spain.

The territory of what is now "Colombia" was originally inhabited by indigenous peopleincluding the Muisca, Quimbaya, and Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiateda period of conquest and colonization creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada(comprising modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, the northwest region of Braziland Panama) with its capital in Bogot. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, butby 1830 "Gran Colombia" had collapsed with the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador.What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. Thenew nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and

then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finallydeclared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903 under pressure to fulfill financialresponsibilities towards the United States government to build the Panama Canal.

Colombia has a long tradition of constitutional government. The Liberal andConservative parties, founded in 1848 and 1849 respectively, are two of the oldestsurviving political parties in the Americas. However, tensions between the two havefrequently erupted into violence, most notably in the Thousand Days War (18991902)and La Violencia, beginning in 1948. Since the 1960s, government forces, left-winginsurgents and right-wing paramilitaries have been engaged in the continent's longest-

running armed conflict. Fuelled by the cocaine trade, this escalated dramatically in the1980s. Nevertheless, in the recent decade (2000s) the violence has decreasedsignificantly. Many paramilitary groups have demobilized as part of a controversialpeace process with the government, and the guerrillas have lost control in many areaswhere they once dominated. Meanwhile Colombia's homicide rate, for many years oneof the highest in the world, almost halved between 2002 and 2006. 2009 and 2010 sawan increase in the urban homicide rate, particularly in the city of Medelln, attributedto gang warfare and paramilitary successor groups.[14][15][16] According to theMaplecroft research institute, in 2010 Colombia had the world's sixth highest risk ofterrorism.
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Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language


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Colombia is a standing middle power with the fourth largest economy in Latin America.However, inequality and unequal distribution of wealth are still widespread. In 1990,the ratio of income between the poorest and richest 10 per cent was 40-to-one.Following a decade of economic restructuring and a recession, this ratio had climbedto 80-to-one in the year 2000. By 2009, Colombia had reached a Gini coefficient of

0.587, which was the highest in Latin America. According to the Office of the UnitedNations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "there has been a decrease in thepoverty rate in recent years, [but] around half of the population continues to liveunder the poverty line" as of 2008-2009. Official figures for 2009 indicate that about46% of Colombians lived below the poverty line and some 17% in "extreme poverty".

Colombia is very ethnically diverse, and the interaction between descendants of theoriginal native inhabitants, Spanish colonists, Africans brought as slaves and twentieth-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle East has produced a rich culturalheritage. This has also been influenced by Colombia's varied geography. The majority

of the urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains, butColombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and bothCaribbean and Pacific coastlines. Ecologically, Colombia is one of the world's 17megadiverse countries (the most biodiverse per unit area).

Etymology

The word "Colombia" comes from Christopher Columbus (Spanish: Cristbal Coln). Itwas conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to

all the New World, but especially to those territories and colonies under Spanish andPortuguese rule. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819,formed out of the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-dayColombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador).

In 1835, when Venezuela and Ecuador broke away, the Cundinamarca region thatremained became a new country the Republic of New Granada. In 1858 NewGranada officially changed its name to the Grenadine Confederation, then in 1863 theUnited States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name the Republic ofColombia in 1886.

Geography

Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuelaand Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to

the north by Panama and the Caribbean Sea; andto the west by Ecuador and the Pacific Ocean.
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Including its Caribbean islands, it lies between latitudes 14N and 5S, and longitudes66 and 82W.

Part of the Ring of Fire, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and volcaniceruptions, Colombia is dominated by the Andes mountains. Beyond the Colombian

Massif(in the south-western departments ofCauca and Nario) these are divided intothree branches known as cordilleras (mountain ranges): the Cordillera Occidental,running adjacent to the Pacific coast and including the city of Cali; the CordilleraCentral, running between the Cauca and Magdalena river valleys (to the west and eastrespectively) and including the cities ofMedelln, Manizales, Pereira and Armenia ; andthe Cordillera Oriental, extending north east to the Guajira Peninsula and includingBogot, Bucaramanga and Ccuta. Peaks in the Cordillera Occidentalexceed 13,000 ft(3,962 m), and in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental they reach 18,000 ft(5,486 m). At 8,500 ft (2,591 m), Bogot is the highest city of its size in the world.

East of the Andes lies the savanna of theLlanos, part of the Orinoco River basin, and, inthe far south east, the jungle of the Amazon rainforest. Together these lowlandscomprise over half Colombia's territory, but they contain less than 3% of thepopulation. To the north the Caribbean coast, home to 20% of the population and thelocation of the major port cities of Barranquilla and Cartagena, generally consists oflow-lying plains, but it also contains the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range,which includes the country's tallest peaks (Pico Cristbal Coln and Pico SimnBolvar), and the Guajira Desert. By contrast the narrow and discontinuous Pacificcoastal lowlands, backed by the Serrana de Baud mountains, are covered in densevegetation and sparsely populated. The principal Pacific port is Buenaventura.

History

Pre-Columbian era

Approximately 10,000 BC, hunter-gatherersocieties existed near present-day Bogot (at "ElAbra" and "Tequendama") which traded with oneanother and with cultures living in the MagdalenaRiver Valley.[ Beginning in the first millennium BC,groups of Amerindians developed the politicalsystem of "cacicazgos" with a pyramidal structure

of power headed by caciques. Within Colombia, the two cultures with the mostcomplex cacicazgo systems were the Tayronas in the Caribbean Region, and theMuiscas in the highlands around Bogot, both of which were of the Chibcha languagefamily. The Muisca people are considered to have had one of the most developedpolitical systems in South America, after the Incas.

Independence from Spain
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Francisco de Paula Santander, Simn Bolivar and otherheroes of the Independence of Colombia in the Congressof Ccuta.

Since the beginning of the periods of Conquest and

Colonization, there were several rebel movements underSpanish rule, most of them either being crushed orremaining too weak to change the overall situation. Thelast one which sought outright independence from Spainsprang up around 1810, following the independence of St.Domingue in 1804 (present-day Haiti), who provided anon-negligible degree of support to the eventual leaders ofthis rebellion: Simn Bolvar and Francisco de Paula

Santander.

A movement initiated by Antonio Nario, who opposed Spanish centralism and led theopposition against the viceroyalty, led to the independence ofCartagena in November1811. This led to the formation of two independent governments which fought a civilwar, a period known as La Patria Boba. The following year Nario proclaimed theUnited Provinces of New Granada, headed by Camilo Torres Tenorio. Despite thesuccesses of the rebellion, the emergence of two distinct ideological currents amongthe liberators (federalism and centralism) gave rise to an internal clash between thesetwo, thus contributing to the reconquest of territory by the Spanish, allowingrestoration of the viceroyalty under the command of Juan de Samano, whose regimepunished those who participated in the uprisings. This stoked renewed rebellion,

which, combined with a weakened Spain, made possible a successful rebellion led bySimn Bolvar, who finally proclaimed independence in 1819. The pro-Spanishresistance was finally defeated in 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823in Venezuela.

The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Colombiaorganized as a union of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela (Panama was then anintegral part of Colombia). The Congress of Cucuta in 1821 adopted a constitution forthe new Republic. The first President of Colombia was the Venezuelan-born SimnBolvar, and Francisco de Paula Santander was Vice President. However, the new

republic was very unstable and ended with the rupture of Venezuela in 1829, followedby Ecuador in 1830.

Administrative divisions
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Department Capital city

1 Amazonas Leticia

2 Antioquia Medelln

3 Arauca Arauca

4 Atlntico Barranquilla

5 Bolvar Cartagena

6 Boyac Tunja7 Caldas Manizales

Department Capital city

18 La Guajira Riohacha

19 Magdalena Santa Marta

20 Meta Villavicencio

21 Nario Pasto

22Norte de

Santander

Ccuta

23 Putumayo Mocoa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leticia,_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca,_Araucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_La_Guajirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_La_Guajirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riohachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Martahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villavicenciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_Santander_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villavicenciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Martahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riohachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_La_Guajirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manizaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca,_Araucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leticia,_Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_Department


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8 Caquet Florencia

9 Casanare Yopal

10 Cauca Popayn

11 Cesar Valledupar

12 Choc Quibd

13 Crdoba Montera

14 Cundinamarca Bogot

15 Guaina Inrida

16 GuaviareSan Jos delGuaviare

17 Huila Neiva

24 Quindo Armenia

25 Risaralda Pereira

26San Andrs,

Providencia

and Santa Catalina

San Andrs

27 Santander Bucaramanga

28 Sucre Sincelejo

29 Tolima Ibagu

30 Valle del Cauca Cali

31 Vaups Mit

32 Vichada Puerto Carreo

33Bogot Capital

DistrictBogot CapitalDistrict

Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district, which is treated as adepartment (Bogot also serves as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca).Departments are subdivided into municipalities, each of which is assigned a municipalseat, and municipalities are in turn subdivided intocorregimientos. Each departmenthas a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-yearterms. Each municipality is headed by a mayor and council, and each corregimiento byan elected corregidor, or local leader.

In addition to the capital nine other cities have been designated districts (in effect

special municipalities), on the basis of special distinguishing features. These areBarranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Ccuta, Popayn, Bucaramanga, Tunja, Turbo,Buenaventura and Tumaco. Some departments have local administrative subdivisions,where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are neareach other (for example in Antioquia and Cundinamarca). Where departments have alow population and there are security problems (for example Amazonas, Vaups andVichada), special administrative divisions are employed, such as "departmentcorregimientos", which are a hybrid of a municipality and a corregimiento.

Politics

For over a century Colombian politics weremonopolized by the Liberal Party (founded in 1848on an anti-clerical, broadly economically liberal and

federalist platform), and the Conservative Party(founded in 1849 espousing Catholicism,
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